Exam 2 - Chapter 3 (Ethics)

Question 1

Who makes Ethical guidelines?

Answer 1

1. Individual Researchers
2. The Institutional Review Board (IRB)
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

Question 2

Creating Guidelines: Individual Researchers

Answer 2

when designing a study they must consider ethics

Question 3

Creating Guidelines: The Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Answer 3

The Institutional Review Board (IRB)

IRB is required at every institution that receives federal funds (basically any institution ever)

Every institution has their own personal IRB

Question 4

Creating Guidelines: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

Answer 4

Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP)
OHRP are above the IRB → they are not involved day-to-day, but get involved when needed

Question 5

Principles of Belmont Report

Answer 5

First set of standards (3 ethical principles)

1. Beneficence → Maximize benefits (societal), minimize risks (personal)
2. Autonomy → Respect for persons (informed consent)
   Informed Consent Document
3. Justice → Ensure that equity is not violated when selecting participants
   Decisions to include or exclude must be made on scientific grounds

Question 6

Assessment of Risk

Answer 6

No Risk → No informed consent needed

Minimal Risk → Some form of consent and debriefing required (but fully informed consent not required)

Greater than Minimal Risk → Must get a full and extensive IRB review. Fully Informed consent is often required.

Question 7

APA Ethics Code

Answer 7

5 Principles:

A. Beneficence & Nonmaleficence: Maximize Benefits, Minimize Risks

B. Fidelity & Responsibility: Be responsible and professional in interactions with people

C. Integrity: Don’t lie, cheat, steal, commit fraud, etc.

D. Justice: Fairness and Equity

E. Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity: Respect for persons (Informed consent)

Question 8

Informed Consent

Answer 8

Enough information must be given to make an informed decision

1. Purpose of the research
2. Procedures that will be used (including time involved)
3. Risks and Benefits
4. Any compensation
5. Ensure confidentiality
6. State that participation is fully voluntary (permission to withdraw)
7. Give contact info for questions

Question 9

Confidentiality

Answer 9

*(Principle E: Respect for People’s Rights and Dignity) *

• Any Identifiable data responses or measurements (ie: names, videos, recordings, etc) should only be accessible to people with permission.
• Important when studying sensitive topics

Question 10

Deception in Research

Answer 10

All forms of deception should be avoided unless it is the only option

** Active Deception:** Intentionally providing misinformation about the nature of a study

** Passive Deception:** Intentionally withholding information from a participant.

Question 11

Ethically Questionable Cases

Answer 11

(all unethical by todays standards)

1. Little Baby Albert
   * Classical conditioning (fear of rat + sound)
   * Ethics: why not condition a positive response? Why not decondition afterwards?
2. The Milgram Experiment
   * Obedience study (shocking from dif room)
3. Stanford Prison Experiment
   * power dynamics in a fake prison setting
4. Tuskegee Syphilis study (unethical AND immoral)
   * withheld medical information and treatment to study disease (syphilis)