Exam 2, chapter 3; elicited behaviors and classical conditioning

Question 1

Elicited Behavior (respondent behavior)

Answer 1

behavior drawn out by preceding stimulus (ex. walking into a pollen-filled garden and sneezing )

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

relatively simple automatic response to a stimulus

Question 3

Startle response

Answer 3

defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus causing automatic tightening of skeletal muscles as well as various hormonal and organ changes

Question 4

Orienting response

Answer 4

involves relatively major body movement (ex. jerk hand away from a hot stove)

Question 5

Reflex Arc

Answer 5

• Neural structure underlying some reflexes
• consists of sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron
• responding to pain messages sent through the spinal cord is faster than waiting for message to reach and be decoded by the brain

Question 6

Fixed action patterns

Answer 6

fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus (ex. web building spiders, during nuts by squirrels)

Question 7

habituation

Answer 7

decrease in strength of elicit behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

Question 8

sensitization

Answer 8

increase in strength of elicited behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus

Question 9

short-term habituation

Answer 9

response quickly decreases as result of repeated stimulation and ability to respond quickly recovers in absence of stimulation

Question 10

long-term habituation

Answer 10

response slowly decreases as a result of repeated stimulation and ability to respond slowly recovers in absence of stimulation

Question 11

Dishabituation

Answer 11

habituated responses can also reappear following presentation of seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus

Question 12

Opponent-Process theory of emotion

Answer 12

explains aftereffects of strong emotional responses

• proposes that emotional event elicits two competing processes:
• -1. a-process (or primary process) that is directly elicited by the event; closely correlates with emotional event
• -2. b-process (or opponent process) elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the process (and maintain homeostasis); slow to increase and decrease

Question 13

Classical conditioning

Answer 13

stimulus elicits response because it has been paired/associated with another stimulus

Question 14

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 14

initially neutral, elicits response because it has been paired with unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 15

often similar to the UR elicited by CS

Question 16

Appetitive conditioning

Answer 16

we seek out this stimulus

Question 17

Suppression ratio

Answer 17

number of responses emitted during CS period divided by total number emitted curing CS period and same length period immediately preceding the CS

Question 18

Excitatory Conditioning

Answer 18

Neutral stimulus (NS) associated with presentation of unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 19

Inhibitory Conditioning

Answer 19

Neutral stimulus (NS) associated with absence or removal of unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 20

Pseudoconditioning

Answer 20

Elicited response that appears to be a CR but is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning

Question 21

aversive conditioning

Answer 21

we avoid this stimulus

Question 22

Acquisition

Answer 22

Process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus

Question 23

extinction

Answer 23

when conditioned response is weakened/eliminated by repeatedly presenting CS alone

Question 24

Q. continue to present the metronome by itself and never again pair it with food?

Answer 24

a. conditioned response (CR) will eventually stop

Question 25

Q. Pair the metronome with food again?

Answer 25

A. few trials before we achieve a strong level of conditioning

Question 26

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 26

extinguished response can be reacquired rapidly when the CS (or NS) is once again paired with US

(reappearance of previously extinguished response after rest )

Question 27

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 27

Tendency for CR to occur in presence of stimulus similar to CS

(we learn to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble a CS)

Question 28

basic conditioning

Answer 28

basic reaction to an event, such as a dog salivating at sight of food

Question 29

higher order conditioning

Answer 29

several steps between something occurring (the light) and the reaction (the dog salivating)

(a previously conditioned stimulus is used to condition a new stimulus)

Question 30

Sensory Preconditioning

Answer 30

when one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another, previously paired stimulus can also become a CS

Question 31

What is the 1st step in sensory preconditioning?

Answer 31

forming a simple association between 2 neutral stimuli

Question 32

Overshadowing

Answer 32

When salient stimuli more readily conditioned than simultaneously-presented but less salient stimuli

(when most salient member of compound stimulus is more readily conditioned and thereby interferes with conditioning of less salient member)

Question 33

Blocking

Answer 33

Presence of established CS interferes with conditioning of new CS

(when the presence of an established CS during conditioning interferes with conditioning of new CS )

Question 34

Occasion setting

Answer 34

When one stimulus elicits a response in the presence of another stimulus

(an additional stimulus indicates whether a CS will be followed by a US; the CS therefore elicits a CR only in the presence of the occasion setter)

Question 35

Latent inhibition

Answer 35

when unfamiliar stimulus is more readily conditioned than a familiar stimulus

(= Familiar stimuli are more difficult to condition than unfamiliar stimuli)

Question 36

Disinhibition

Answer 36

sudden recovery of extinguis