Exam 2, chapter 3; elicited behaviors and classical conditioning Flashcards
Elicited Behavior (respondent behavior)
behavior drawn out by preceding stimulus (ex. walking into a pollen-filled garden and sneezing )
Reflex
relatively simple automatic response to a stimulus
Startle response
defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus causing automatic tightening of skeletal muscles as well as various hormonal and organ changes
Orienting response
involves relatively major body movement (ex. jerk hand away from a hot stove)
Reflex Arc
- Neural structure underlying some reflexes
- consists of sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron
- responding to pain messages sent through the spinal cord is faster than waiting for message to reach and be decoded by the brain
Fixed action patterns
fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus (ex. web building spiders, during nuts by squirrels)
habituation
decrease in strength of elicit behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
sensitization
increase in strength of elicited behavior following repeated presentations of eliciting stimulus
short-term habituation
response quickly decreases as result of repeated stimulation and ability to respond quickly recovers in absence of stimulation
long-term habituation
response slowly decreases as a result of repeated stimulation and ability to respond slowly recovers in absence of stimulation
Dishabituation
habituated responses can also reappear following presentation of seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus
Opponent-Process theory of emotion
explains aftereffects of strong emotional responses
- proposes that emotional event elicits two competing processes:
- -1. a-process (or primary process) that is directly elicited by the event; closely correlates with emotional event
- -2. b-process (or opponent process) elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the process (and maintain homeostasis); slow to increase and decrease
Classical conditioning
stimulus elicits response because it has been paired/associated with another stimulus
conditioned stimulus (CS)
initially neutral, elicits response because it has been paired with unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response (CR)
often similar to the UR elicited by CS
Appetitive conditioning
we seek out this stimulus
Suppression ratio
number of responses emitted during CS period divided by total number emitted curing CS period and same length period immediately preceding the CS
Excitatory Conditioning
Neutral stimulus (NS) associated with presentation of unconditioned stimulus (US)
Inhibitory Conditioning
Neutral stimulus (NS) associated with absence or removal of unconditioned stimulus (US)
Pseudoconditioning
Elicited response that appears to be a CR but is actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning
aversive conditioning
we avoid this stimulus
Acquisition
Process of developing and strengthening a conditioned response through repeated pairings of neutral stimulus with unconditioned stimulus
extinction
when conditioned response is weakened/eliminated by repeatedly presenting CS alone
Q. continue to present the metronome by itself and never again pair it with food?
a. conditioned response (CR) will eventually stop
Q. Pair the metronome with food again?
A. few trials before we achieve a strong level of conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
extinguished response can be reacquired rapidly when the CS (or NS) is once again paired with US
(reappearance of previously extinguished response after rest )
Stimulus Generalization
Tendency for CR to occur in presence of stimulus similar to CS
(we learn to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble a CS)
basic conditioning
basic reaction to an event, such as a dog salivating at sight of food
higher order conditioning
several steps between something occurring (the light) and the reaction (the dog salivating)
(a previously conditioned stimulus is used to condition a new stimulus)
Sensory Preconditioning
when one stimulus is conditioned as a CS, another, previously paired stimulus can also become a CS
What is the 1st step in sensory preconditioning?
forming a simple association between 2 neutral stimuli
Overshadowing
When salient stimuli more readily conditioned than simultaneously-presented but less salient stimuli
(when most salient member of compound stimulus is more readily conditioned and thereby interferes with conditioning of less salient member)
Blocking
Presence of established CS interferes with conditioning of new CS
(when the presence of an established CS during conditioning interferes with conditioning of new CS )
Occasion setting
When one stimulus elicits a response in the presence of another stimulus
(an additional stimulus indicates whether a CS will be followed by a US; the CS therefore elicits a CR only in the presence of the occasion setter)
Latent inhibition
when unfamiliar stimulus is more readily conditioned than a familiar stimulus
(= Familiar stimuli are more difficult to condition than unfamiliar stimuli)
Disinhibition
sudden recovery of extinguis
