Ch 1, exam 1

Question 1

Behavior

Answer 1

Observable and/or measurable activity; may be internal or external

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

Relatively permanent change in behavior resulting for experience

Question 3

Classical conditioning

Answer 3

process whereby inborn behaviors are involuntarily elicited in new circumstances

Question 4

Operant conditioning

Answer 4

behavior strengthening/weakening as the result of consequences

Question 5

Who were the two knowledge philosophers?

Answer 5

Aristotle and Plato

Question 6

Aristotle

Answer 6

• Knowledge acquired through experience

- empiricist (nurture) perspective assumes that a person’s ability and tendencies are learned

Question 7

Plato

Answer 7

• Knowledge is inborn

- Nativist (Nature) perspective assumes that a person’s abilities and tendencies are largely present at birth

Question 8

Aristotle’s four Laws

Answer 8

1. Similarity-common look (ex. team jersey)
2. Contrast-perceived difference (ex. royal blue vs pastel blue)
3. Contiguity-time and space (ex. thunder and lightening)
4. Frequency-the more frequently items occur together, the more strongly associated they are (ex. friend and a perfume)

Question 9

Descartes

Answer 9

“I think, therefore I am”
Mind-body dualism=some human behaviors are automatic reflexes but others are controlled by the mind
-only humans possess free will
-non-human animal behavior is entirely reflexive

Question 10

Edward B. Titchener

Answer 10

• Structuralism–determine structure of the mind by identifying the basic elements
• Introspection–accurately describing thoughts, emotions and sensations
• Emphasis on systematic observation helped establish science of psychology
• Structuralism work philosophically led to behaviorism

Question 11

William James

Answer 11

• Functionalism-assumes the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us
• Focus of psychology should be the study of adaptive processes and not the structure of the mind

Question 12

Darwin

Answer 12

Natural Selection-the individuals or species capable of adapting to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce/pass along their adaptive characteristics

Question 13

Watson

Answer 13

Behaviorism-approach to psychology that focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior
He says we are unable to directly observe another person’s thoughts and feelings. MUST STUDY BEHAVIOR

Question 14

Stimulus-response (S-R) theory

Answer 14

connection formed between specific stimulus and specific response

Question 15

Hull

Answer 15

S-R connections-building blocks of behavior

Question 16

Neobehaviorism

Answer 16

infer the existence of internal events from connection between environment and behavior

Question 17

Tolman

Answer 17

Cognitive behaviorism and cognitive map

Question 18

Cognitive behaviorism

Answer 18

(Tolman)

-Utilizes intervening variables, usually hypothesized cognitive processes, to explain behavior. (similar to gestalt)

Question 19

Cognitive map-

Answer 19

mental representation of one’s spatial surroundings

Question 20

Bandura

Answer 20

Social learning theory and Reciprocal determinism

Question 21

Social learning theory-

Answer 21

emphasizes the importance of observational learning and cognitive variables explaining human behavior (Bandura)

Question 22

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 22

Assumes environmental events, observable behavior, and thoughts/feelings mutually influence one another (Bandura)

Question 23

Skinner

Answer 23

Radical Behaviorism and counter-control

Question 24

Radical behaviorism

Answer 24

• Emphasizes influence of environment on observable behavior
• rejects use of internal events to explain behavior
• (Skinner)

Question 25

Counter-control

Answer 25

when we understand how environment affects us, we can change environment to our benefit (Skinner)

Question 26

How do we use behaviorism today?

Answer 26

Applied behavior analysis (B-mod)

Question 27

Applied behavior analysis (B-mod)

Answer 27

basic principles of behavior are applied to analyzing and solving real-world problems