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Concepts of Chemistry > Exam 2 (Chapter 3-4) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Chapter 3-4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is emitted from the sun?

A

Energy
1. Ultraviolet
2. Infrared
3. Visable light radiation

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2
Q

Why does the exposure from the Sun cause damage?

A

Our skin and eyes are sensitive to the photons in UV light (shorter wavelengths) and is damaged by this form of light

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3
Q

What kind of damage can the sun cause?

A

Wrinkled, leathery skin, sunspots (solar lentigines) & cataracts

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4
Q

What are some positive effects of the sun?

A

Production of Vitamin D (calcium abosrber)

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5
Q

How to convert nm to m

A

nm x 1 x 10^-9m/ 1nm = m

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6
Q

Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by nonmetal elements in Groups 15, 16, and 17?

A

The nonmetal gains enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.

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7
Q

The chemistry of carbon-based compounds is called ______ chemistry.

A

Organic

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8
Q

ionic compound

A
  • Compounds that contain no molecules.
  • Compounds are formed when metals combine with nonmetals.
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9
Q

Organic chemistry is _______.

A

the study and production of carbon-containing compounds

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10
Q

Covalent vs. Ionic bonds

A
  • Covalent bonds - attraction between two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons
  • Ionic bonds - attraction between oppositely charged ions
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11
Q

Which of the following options correctly describe how to name an ionic compound?

A

“metal cation” + “nonmetal anion–ide suffix”

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12
Q

Which human activity has the GREATEST net effect on atmospheric CO2 levels?

A

Burning fossil fuels

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13
Q

Chemists use the _____ as a unit of amount of substance.

A

Mole

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14
Q

Which statement correctly describes the procedure used to predict the ion formed by a main-group element?

A

A metal loses enough electrons to attain the same number as its nearest noble gas.

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15
Q

When naming an ionic compound, the _____ is always named first. To name the anion, the root of the nonmetal name is added to the suffix _____.

A

cation; -ide

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16
Q

The molar mass of any substance is the mass of 1 ____ of the particles of that substance.

A

Mole

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17
Q

Which of the following can be attributed to the atmosphere of planet Earth?

A

The Earth’s average temperature is higher than expected when considering its distance from the Sun.

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18
Q

One ____ of any substance contains Avogadro’s number of particles.

A

Mole

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19
Q

Which of the following options correctly describes the underlying principle used to determine molecular shape from a Lewis structure?

A

Each group of outer electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible.

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20
Q

Correctly order the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule, starting with the first step at the top of the list.

A
  1. determine the number of outer electrons associated with each atom in the molecule
  2. arrange the outer electrons in pairs, ensuring that all atoms other than hydrogen obey the octet rule
  3. determine the shape of the molecule by examining the position of the bonding and nonbonding electron pairs with respect to each other
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21
Q

Both Venus and Earth have higher average surface temperatures than expected because _____.

A

both planets have atmospheres that trap radiation

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22
Q

Match each labeled bond in the wedge-dash representation shown to its correct meaning.

A

A - in the plane of the page
B - in front of the plane of the page
C - behind the plane of the page

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23
Q

The natural process by which Earth’s atmospheric gases trap the infrared radiation radiated by Earth is called the _____ effect. This causes Earth’s average surface temperature to be _____ than that predicted when considering the distance of the Earth from the Sun.

A

greenhouse; higher

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24
Q

The most electronegative element is _______

A

fluorine

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25
Q

The most stable molecular arrangement is the one in which the ____ electron groups are as far apart as possible, to minimize electron-electron ____.

A

Outer; interaction

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26
Q

What describe the steps required to determine the shape of a molecule?

A
  1. The Lewis structure of the molecule must be drawn first.
  2. Both bonding and nonbonding electron pairs must be considered.
  3. The shape of the molecule is dictated by the most stable arrangement of the outer electron pairs.
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27
Q

Weather vs. climate

A

Weather - describes events of relatively short duration, including daily high and low temperatures.
Climate - describes regional events recorded over longer periods.

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28
Q

What conclusions were reached by the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change)?

A
  • The average global temperature of the Earth is increasing.
  • Human activities play an important role in climate change.
  • The burning of fossil fuels has a major impact on climate change.
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29
Q

Which of the following options correctly describe variations in solar irradiance and its effect on Earth’s climate?

A
  • Changes in the Earth’s orbit can affect the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth.
  • Seasonal variations in sunlight intensity affect local temperatures significantly.
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30
Q

Electronegativity generally increases _______ on the periodic table, excluding noble gases.

A

up and to the right

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31
Q

Greenhouse gases have a _____ effect on global warming than other anthropogenic forcings.

A

Greater

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32
Q

Which of the following options correctly describes the underlying principle used to determine molecular shape from a Lewis structure?

A

Each group of outer electrons around a central atom is located as far from the others as possible.

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33
Q

The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the ________. This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.

A

Albedo

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34
Q

An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by an individual in a given time frame is referred to as that individual’s carbon

A

footprint

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35
Q

What was the role of the IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change), established in 1988?

A

The IPCC was to assess both scientific and socioeconomic data relating to climate change.

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36
Q

Sunspots typically occur about every _____.

A

11 years

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37
Q

What correctly describe albedo?

A
  • The albedo of the Earth affects global temperatures.
  • A more reflective surface will have a higher albedo than a less reflective one.
  • Albedo is the fraction of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface.
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38
Q

What is meant by the term “carbon footprint” when applied to an individual?

A

An estimate of the amount of CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions produced by the individual in a given time frame

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39
Q

An estimate of the biologically productive space necessary to support a particular standard of living is called a(n) _____.

A

ecological footprint

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40
Q

The proportion of incoming radiation that is reflected by a surface is called the ____. This quantity is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface.

A

Albedo

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41
Q

When a molecule absorbs an infrared photon it contributes to the ________energy of that molecule.

A

vibrational

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42
Q

Which atom in a molecule of CH3Cl would contain the partial negative charge? (this relates to electronegativity)

A

chlorine

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43
Q

As the wavelength of light descreases (gets shorter) what happens to the frequency of that light?

A

It increase

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44
Q

What can cause electrons in a ground state to go to a higher level excited state?

A

Photon absorption

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45
Q

Any bond that involves the sharing of two electrons is know as an

A

Covalent bond

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46
Q

In reference to waves, frequency is the

A

Number of waves passing a fixed point in one second

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47
Q

Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds have how many electrons

A

Single = 2
Double = 4
Triple = 6

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48
Q

Which region of the ultraviolet spetrum is absorbed least by the atmosphere

A

UV-A

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49
Q

How do mineral nanoparticles in sunscreens protect from UV radition?

A

The particles absorb incoming UV light

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50
Q

How to find Molar Mass of a compound C4H8N2O2

A
  1. FInd number of atoms of each element
  2. Multiply atomic weight with number of atoms
  3. Add them all up

116.12 g/mol

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51
Q

What shape would a molecule of carbon tetrachloride have

A

Tetrahedral

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52
Q

When a molecules absorbs an infrared photon it contributes to the ____ energy of that molecule

A

Vibrational

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53
Q

What atom in a molecule of CH3Cl would contain the partial negative charge?

A

Chlorine

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54
Q

Substance that dissolves into a solvent

A

Solute

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55
Q

What gas is most important to maintaining the temperature of earth

A

Water

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56
Q

What vibrational mode for carbon dioxide is not expected to contribute to the greenhouse effect?

A

Vibrations that cancel each other out

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57
Q

Which occurences or process are expected to reduce the level of atmospheric carbon?

A

The growth of trees & Formation of carbonate rock in the ocean

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58
Q

What is the effect of absorption of infrared energy on matter

A

It increases the vibration of chemical bonds

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59
Q

What characteristics pertain to the problem of global warming?

A
  1. Possible consequences include altered climate & increased sea level
  2. Heat energy radiated by the earth is captured by atmospheric molecules
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60
Q

Using a chemical formula how do you calculate the percentage by mass of a element in a compound

A

Divide the total mass by the mass of the one element

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61
Q

Scientits believe they know the avergage global temperature over the last 160,000 years. Which property of the ice core samples from Antaractica provides this information?

A

The 1H/2H ratio

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62
Q

The history of average global temperature for the last 160,000 years is derived from isotopic analysis of ice layers in Antarctica. Scientists study the _____ ratio in ____

A

1H/2H; H2O

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63
Q

How much is one mole

A

6.02 x 10^23

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64
Q

How to name ionic compunds with main group metals

CaO

A

Name of cation (metal) + Base name of anion (non-metal)-ide

Calcium Oxide

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65
Q

How to name ionic compunds with transitional metals

Fe2S3

A

“metal cation” + (oxidation state of metal as Roman
numeral) + “nonmetal anion–ide suffix”

Iron (III) sulfide

Charge is the swapped subscripted

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66
Q

How to convert Grams to Atoms

How many oxygen atoms in 225g O2?

A
  1. convert grams to moles
  2. Convert from mole to atoms
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67
Q

When determining election & molecular geometry what 3 factors do you need

A
  1. # of Electron groups
  2. # of Bond pairs
  3. # of Lone pairs
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68
Q

Molecular and electron geometry are the same when

A

No lone pairs present

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69
Q

Determining frequency of sqectrum with a certain wavelength

What is frequency of violet light with wavelength of 408nm

A

Formula = Speed of light/wavelength

3.00 x 10^8 m/s
———————- = 7.35 x 10^14
408 x 10^-9

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70
Q

What is the constant of the speed of light

A

3.00 x 10^8m/s

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71
Q

nm to meters

408nm

A

1 nm = 10^-9m

408 x 10^-9m

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72
Q

Type of electromagtic radiation from smallest to largest wavelength

A

Gamma Rays, X-rays, Ultraviolet, visable, infrared, microwave, radio

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73
Q

Order electromagnetic radiation from lowest energy to highest energy

A
  1. Radio waves
  2. Microwave
  3. Infrared
  4. UV-Visible
  5. X-rays
  6. Gamma
74
Q

Ozone in our atmosphere is important becuase it

A

absorbs some UV radiation

75
Q

HCFCs are a temporary solution to the problem of ozone depletion and will be replaces by____

A

HFCs

76
Q

The ozone hole is most prominent on the Earth over

A

Antarcitica

77
Q

The structure of ozone most closely resembles

A

Bent molecoles with the same length of chemical bonds

78
Q

As the ozone hole gets more pronounced, with time, one expects the incidence of skin cancer to

A

Increase worldwide

79
Q

When an atom absorbs visible radiation

A

Electrons jump from lower energy levels to higher energy levels

80
Q

What is special about the South Pole versus the North Pole that leads to ozone depletion only at the South Pole?

A

Polar stratospheric clouds form almost exclusively at the South Pole.

81
Q

Ozone forms by

A

Combining an oxygen atom with an oxygen molecule

82
Q

The state of Ozone in the stratosphere

A

Dynamic steady state

83
Q

UV radiation will dissociate ozone into

A

A oxygen atom & an oxygen molecule

84
Q

Formula to find wavelength with frequency

93.5MHz

A

3.00 x 10^8ms/Frequency (frequency x 10^6)

3.00 x 10^8ms/ (93.5MHZ x 10^6)

85
Q

How to find how many atoms are in a molecule

HFC-32

A

Take number and add 90

32 + 90 = 112
1 carbon
2 Fluorine
2 Hydrogen

86
Q

How to convert nm to meters

0.002

A

nm x 10^-9

0.002 x 10^-9 = 2 x 10^-12

87
Q

If you have an Avogadro’s number of an element and want to find grams of that element

Avogadro’s number of Nitrogen atoms

A

number of molcules x atomic mass

1 x 14.01 = 14.01

88
Q

What shape does a H2O molecule have

A

Bent

89
Q

Calculating mass of a element in a compound

O in CO2

A

element molar mass x subscript/ total molar mass = ___ x 100 =

15.999 x 2 / 44.009 = 0.727 x 100 = 72.7

90
Q

How to find mass of an atom of a element

1 atom of Au (Gold)

A

Molar mass of element / Avogadro’s number

196.96 x 6.02 x 10^23

91
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

6.02 x 10^23

92
Q

Order of radiative forcings that influence the Earth’s incoming and outgoing radiation from cooling to warming

A
  1. Smoke, soot, and sulfate aerosols from coal combustion
  2. Fresh snow in winter
  3. Increased sunspots
  4. Halocarbons (CFCs & HCFCs) in atmosphere
93
Q

Vibrationals of molcules absorb infrared radiation when

A

They are pulled in same direction

94
Q

What substances are regulated by the Kyoto protocol

A
  1. Carbon dioxide
  2. Nitrous oxide
  3. Sulfur hexafluoride
95
Q

What are consequences of increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

A
  • Sea ice disappearance
  • sea level rise
  • Changes in ocean chemisty
96
Q

What pratices are described as carbon sequestration

A

Planting trees & Pumping carbon dioxide deep into the ocean

97
Q

Identify possible consequences of global warming.

A
  • A rise in sea level
  • An increase in average relative humidity
  • An increase in forest growth in the Northern Hemisphere
  • A weakening of ocean currents
98
Q

Ozone vs. Oxygen

A
  1. Oxygen - no odor, necessary for life
  2. Ozone - Sharp odor, more reactive, harmful air pollutant, protect us from harmful ultraviolet rays
99
Q

What types of radiation does ozone absorb

A
  1. UVB
  2. UVC
100
Q

Dobson unit

A

measures ozone in a column above a specfic location on Earth.

101
Q

Most energetic photons correspond to what wavelengths

A

Shortest wavelength = 400 nm

102
Q

Ground-level vs stratosphere ozone

A

Ground level = harmful air pollutant
Stratosphere = benefical to absorb UV-B

103
Q

How does solar UV radiation form a ozone layer

A
  1. The air in the stratosphere is very then
  2. UVC splits oxygen moles O2 into 2 oxygen atoms O
    • W/O UVC light ozone layer won’t form
  3. They react with other oxygen molecules to produce ozone O3
104
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance traveled between successive peaks (nm)

105
Q

Frequency

A

Number of waves passing a fixed point in 1 second (waves/s or 1/s or s^-1 or Hz)

106
Q

Equation for wavelength & frequency relation

A

Frequency = C (speed of light) /Wavelength

107
Q

Distribution of energy from the sun to earth

A

53% infrared radiation (heat), 39% visible light, & 8% UV

108
Q

Types of UV radiation

A
109
Q

What photon wavelength is required to break O2 and O3

A

O2 = photons with wavelengths <242nm UVC
O3 = Photons with wavelengths <320nm UVB

110
Q

What happens when UV radiation is absorbed by skin

A

Lower energy UVA light removes electrons from molecules such as water, creating free radicals & other reactive oxygen species

111
Q

Higher-energy UVB light causes

A

Some chemical bonds to break

112
Q

Damaged DNA molecules by free radicals or UVB aborption causes

A

The release of melanin

113
Q

Melanin

A

Provide skin color and protects skin from skin cancer
- White men
- White women
- Black men
- Black women

114
Q

Biological effects of UVC exposure

A

Highly energetic and absorbed completely by oxygen moles

115
Q

Biological effects of UVB exposure

A
  • Partially absorbed by ozone in the stratosphere
  • Some reaches Earth’s surface where it is rapidly absorbed at the surface of skin.
116
Q

Biological effects of UVA exposure

A
  • UVA is not absorbed by the atmosphere.
  • Less energetic than UVB = penetrates deeper into skin, causing more damage to underlying tissue.
117
Q

Skin cancer most common in

A

Older white males

118
Q

What radiation is linked with skin cancers

A
  • UVA = mostly
  • UVB = may play a role
119
Q

What skin cells does cancer arise in

A
  1. Basal & squamous cell = common but seldom fatal
  2. melanocyte cell (melanomas) = most deadly
120
Q

Pros and cons of UV exposure

A

Pro = needed for production of vitamin D
Con = Too much leads to cancers & eye disease

121
Q

UV-Index

A

color-coded UV index scale is used to predict the risk of sunburn from overexposure to UV light from the Sun

122
Q

Factors that UN index uses to forecast

A
  1. Ozone concentration in upper atmosphere
  2. elevation
  3. cloud cover
123
Q

Ozone layer

A

Region in the stratosphere with maximum ozone concentration (12,000 ppb)

124
Q

How is Ozone concentration measured

A

Ozone concentration of 100 Dobson units (DU) = 3mm

125
Q

How to make Lewis Structures

A
  1. Count number of outer electrons (“valence electrons”) contributed by each atoms in the molecule.
  2. Add the valence electrons contributed by individual atoms
  3. Arrange the valence electrons in pairs.
  4. Distribute valence electrons to maximize stability by giving each atom a share in enough electrons to fully fill its outermost energy level (2 electrons for hydrogen; 8 electrons for most other atoms).
126
Q

The Chapman Cycle

A

Set of reactions that occur natturally in upper atmosphere that result in a stead-state concentration of ozone in the stratosphere

127
Q

ozone can be naturally destroyed by

A

Dissociation of water molecules into free radicals (H & OH)

128
Q

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

A

Pros = nontoxic, nonflammable, inexpensive, & widely avaliable (used in AC)
Con = Destroys ozone through series of reactions - moles break apart by UVC radiation in upper atmosphere

129
Q

What is the coldest spot on Earth

A

Lower stratosphere over south pole – where Stratospheric clouds (PSCs) occur

130
Q

Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs)

A

helps support the chemical reactions that produce active chlorine that catalyzes ozone destruction

131
Q

1987 Montreal protocol

recovery of ozone with atmospheric chlorine concentrations return to 1980 levels in Antarctica the year 2070.

A

Caused the production of CFCs to plummet

132
Q

Alternatives to CFC

A

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

133
Q

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

A

replace chlorine(s) with hydrogen(s) to prevent the release of atomic chlorine, which catalyzes ozone destruction. HFCs still greenhouse gas

134
Q

How does sunscreen work

A

unscreens contain nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) or titanium oxide (TiO2), which are able to absorb radiation of certain wavelengths.

135
Q

Electrons when energy is absorbed

A

electrons are promoted from
lower-energy states into excited
states.

136
Q

Sunscreen with organic-based compounds (primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) capable of

A

absorbing UVA and/or
UVB radiation.

137
Q

three main reservoirs for
carbon:

A
  1. Atmosphere = in form of carbon dioxide & cardon monoxide
  2. Carbonate-containing rocks, fossil fuels, & soils
  3. Plants and animals = carbon atoms combine with oxygen, hydrogen, & nitrogen to form carbohydrates, proteins, & lipids
138
Q

The carbon cycle

A

global carbon cycle shows the quantities of carbon (in gigatonnes) that are stored in various carbon reservoirs (black) or moving through the system per year (red).

139
Q

Global carbon dioxide emissions

A

26% = power/heating stations
19% = Industry
17% = Deforestation
13% = Transportation
14% = Agriculture
8% = Residential/ commercial buildings
3% = waste & wastewater

140
Q

ionic compound

A

contains both a metal and nonmetal in
its chemical formula.

Carbon found in rocks

141
Q

Atomic mass

A

the weighted average of
their naturally occurring isotopes.

142
Q

carbon atomic mass

A

12.011

143
Q

Mass number

A

number of neutrons + number of protons

144
Q

Isotopes have

A

equal numbers of protons, but different amounts of neutrons

145
Q

Mole

1 mol C = 12.01 g

A

has a mass (in grams) equal to the atomic mass of the element in unified atomic mass units, u.

146
Q

Converting grams to moles

A
147
Q

1 mole of anything equals

A

6.02 x 10^23 (Avogadro’s number).

1 mole of carbon = 6.02 x 10^23 (Avogadro’s number).

148
Q

How to calculate molar mass

1 mole of NaCl

A

adding up the atomic masses for the different types of atoms.

22.99 g/mol (sodium) + 35.45 g/mol (chlorine) = 58.44 g

149
Q

How to calculate carbon dioxide emissions

How much carbon dioxide is produced from burning 3.3 Gt of carbon

A
12 Gt CO2
150
Q

How to calculate molecules in carbon dioxide emissions

How many molecules of Carbon Dioxide are in 12 Gt

A
1.6 x 10^38 molecules
151
Q

Where does the sun’s radiation go

A

46% = absorbed by Earth
54% = absorbed in atmosphere or reflected from Earth’s surface or atmosphere

152
Q

What happens to radiation absorbed by Earth

A

37% = remitted in form of Infrared (IR) radiation
Causes greenhouse effect

153
Q

“Greenhouse Effect” Average temperature

A

15 C (59 F)

154
Q

Without Earth’s energy Balance

A

average temperature of Earth would be -18C (0F) and the oceans would be frozen year round

155
Q

80% of infrared radiation emitted by Earth is absorbed by

A

atmospheric gases

156
Q

absorption of infrared radiation causes

A

molecular vibrations such as bending and
stretching

157
Q

How to predict molecular shape

A
  1. Detemine number of valence electrons for each atom in molecule
  2. Draw lewis structure
  3. Assume most stable molecular shape has the bonding electron pairs as far apart as possible.
    4.
158
Q

lone pairs

A

the central atom in a molecule may
have non-bonding electron pairs

159
Q

lone pair occupies

A

a greater space than a bonding electron pair, which influences the final shape of the molecule.

ammonia (NH3)

160
Q

Linear

A

molecules with 2 atoms bonded to a central atom, if there are no lone pairs on the central atom.

161
Q

Linear

A

molecules with 2 atoms bonded to a central atom, if there are no lone pairs on the central atom.

Carbon Dioxide

162
Q

Bent

Water & ozone

A

If there are at least one lone pair on the central atom

bent = minimize the repulsion between lone pair & bonding electrons.

163
Q

Infrared radiation causes

A

molecular vibrations of stretching
and bending

164
Q

Microwave radiation causes

A

molecular rotations

165
Q

Electronegativity

A

the measure of an atom’s ability to attract bonded electrons.

the “stronger” atom has a higher electronegativity

166
Q

Electronegativity

A

the measure of an atom’s ability to attract bonded electrons.

the “stronger” atom has a higher electronegativity

167
Q

Electronegativity increases from the

A

bottom-top of a group and left-right across a
period.

fluorine has greatest electronegativity & cesium has the
lowest value.

168
Q

the more electronegative atom will carry a

A

artial negative charge (d-)

169
Q

effective absorber of
infrared radiation and is a
greenhouse gas

A

Water

responsible for maintaining Earth’s temperature is primarily due to water vapor, followed by carbon dioxide.

170
Q

Microscopic air bubbles in ice
core samples from glaciers can be
used to

A

determine changes in
greenhouse gas concentrations
over time.

171
Q

The current
concentration of atmospheric
carbon dioxide is

A

about 100 ppm
higher than any time in the last
million years

172
Q

concentration of carbon
dioxide and the global
temperature are

A

correlated over the past 400,000
years as derived from ice core
data.

173
Q

What amplifys natural greenhouse effect

A
  1. CO2 contributes to an elevated global temperature.
  2. The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has been increasing over the past century.
  3. The increase of atmospheric CO2 is a consequence of human activity.
  4. The average global temperature has increased over the past century.
174
Q

What may amplify greenhouse gases effect in future

A
  1. Carbon dioxide and other gases generated by human activity are responsible for the temperature increase.
  2. The average global temperature will continue to rise as
    emissions of anthropogenic greenhouse gases increase.
175
Q

Radiative forcings

A

factors that affect the balance of Earth’s incoming and outgoing radiation

176
Q

Radiative forcings

A

factors that affect the balance of Earth’s incoming and outgoing radiation

177
Q

greatest warming effects are
found for Greenhouse gases of

A
  1. carbon dioxide
  2. water
  3. methane
  4. chlorofluorocarbons
  5. hydrofluorocarbons
  6. dinitrogen monoxide
178
Q

Climate models show

A

natural factors have influenced this temperature change BUT man-made (anthropogenic) factors also play an important role

179
Q

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change key points

A
  1. Human influence on Earth’s climate is clear, and human caused emissions of greenhouse gases are the highest in history
  2. Human activities (primarily the combustion of fossil fuels and deforestation) are responsible for atmospheric and ocean warming, lower concentrations of ice and snow on the planet, and sea level rise
  3. Continued emission of greenhouse gases will result in further warming and long-lasting change in Earth’s climate system. This will cause an increased likelihood of severe, pervasive, and irreversible impacts for both ecosystems and people.
180
Q

As the oceans warm and ice thins, more solar energy is

A

absorbed by the water, creating positive feedbacks that lead to further melting.

181
Q

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) certified

A

the
scientific basis of the greenhouse effect.

182
Q

The Kyoto Protocol (1997) established

A

goals to stabilize and reduce
atmospheric greenhouse gases.

Concepts of Chemistry (3 decks)

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