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Concepts of Chemistry > Exam 1 Chapter 1 -2 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Chapter 1 -2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Electrically insulating

A

Materials such as concrete, wood, and most plastics that don’t allow electricity to flow

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2
Q

Matter

A

Everything; Anything that occupies space and has a mass

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3
Q

Plasma

A

High energy charged particles similar to gas w/ no defined shape or volume but has good conductor of electricity and affect by magnetic fields ( lighting & neon signs)

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4
Q

Chemistry

A

The branch of science that focuses on the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter

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5
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest unit of an element that can exit as a stable, independent entity

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6
Q

Molecule

A

A molecule is independent structure consisting of two or more atoms chemically bonded together. Can be compounds or elements

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7
Q

Scientific Notation

A

A system for writing numbers as the product of a number & 10 raised to the appropriate power

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8
Q

Nanotechnology

A

Manipulation of matter with at least 1 dimension sized between 1-100 nanometers where 1 nanometer (nm) =

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9
Q

Dimensional Analysis

A

The conversion of 1 unit from 1 form to another

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10
Q

Nucleus

A

A minuscule & high dense center composed of protons & neutrons

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11
Q

Electrons

A

Outside the nucleus of at atom that define the boundaries of an atom. Has a mass smaller than a proton or neutron

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12
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus. The AN determines the identity of the atom. Found below the name & above the Chemical symbol (He has 2 protons, so has an atomic number of 2)

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13
Q

Mass Number

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom

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14
Q

Allotropes

A

Different elemental forms created from atoms of the same element

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15
Q

Rocks

A

Heterogenous solid-state mixtures that contain a variety of ionic compounds (minerals). Most complex mixtures of oxygen-containing minerals designated as oxides

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16
Q

Ore

A

A rock formation that contains a considerable concentration of a desired metal.

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17
Q

Metallurgy

A

The process of extracting & purifying metals from ore

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18
Q

Transistors

A

Billions are in computer chips and used to perform the operations needed by tech devices

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19
Q

Quartz

A

Pure crystallized silicon dioxide, a clear and colorless mineral that is the primary component of sand

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20
Q

Amorphous disordered material

A

A solid in which the constituent atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a random, disordered array

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21
Q

Silica

A

Naturally occurring substance that has a well-ordered structure composed of repeating linkage between Si and O. Often clear and colorless (quartz)

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22
Q

1ppm

A

1 part per million, while 1% is 1 part per hundred. 100/1,000,000 = 10,000, so 1 ppm is 10,000 times smaller than 1%.

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23
Q

ppm scientifc notation

A
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24
Q

ppb scientifc notation

A
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25
Q

ppt scientifc notation

A
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26
Q

Diatomic molecules

A

molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements

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27
Q

With Significant figures all non-zero digits are

1.55 g has ____ SF

A

Significant 1.55 g = 3 sig. figures

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28
Q

With Significant figures all zeras embedded between non-zero digits are

1.003 mL has ____ SF

A

Significant. 1.003 mL has 4 SF

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29
Q

With Significant figures all trailing zeros are

1.000 g has ____ SF

A

Significant. 1.000 g has 4 SF

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30
Q

With Significant figures leading zeros are

0.00305 mL has ____ SF

A

not significant. 0.00305 mL has 3 SF

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31
Q

With Significant figures adding or substraction answer is based on

1.003 g + 0.2 g + 0.001 g =

A

smallest number decimal places.
* 1.003 = thousandths
* 0.2 = tenths
* 0.001= thousandths

so 1.003 g + 0.2 g + 0.001 g = 1.2 g to the tenths

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32
Q

With Significant figures Multiplication or division answers based on

1.002 cm x 0.005 cm =

A

Smallest number of Sig. Figs.
* 1.002 cm = 4 SF
* 0.005 cm = 1 SF

1.002 cm x 0.005 cm = 0.005 (1 SF)

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33
Q

Touchscreens respond only to

A

electrically conductive objects (like our bodies)

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34
Q

The properties of a device are governed by

A

what it’s made of (Matter)

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35
Q

What Phases of matter are found on Earth

A

Solid, Liquids, and Gases

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36
Q

Properties of solid

  • Take shape of container =
  • Fill Container =
  • Definite Volume =
  • Definite Shape =
A
  • Take shape of container = No
  • Fill Container = No
  • Definite Volume = Yes
  • Definite Shape = Yes
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37
Q

Properties of Liquid

  • Take shape of container =
  • Fill Container =
  • Definite Volume =
  • Definite Shape =
A
  • Take shape of container = Yes
  • Fill Container = No
  • Definite Volume = Yes
  • Definite Shape = No
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38
Q

Properties of Gas

  • Take shape of container =
  • Fill Container =
  • Definite Volume =
  • Definite Shape =
A
  • Take shape of container = Yes
  • Fill Container = Yes
  • Definite Volume = No
  • Definite Shape = No
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39
Q

Properties of Plasma

  • Definite Volume =
  • Definite Shape =
A
  • Definite Volume = No
  • Definite Shape =No
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40
Q

States of Matter can be either

A

pure substances or mixtures.

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41
Q

Mixtures

A

mixing of several pure substances

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42
Q

Homogenous Mixture / Solution

A

Uniform mix of pure substances (salt water)

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43
Q

Heterogenous Mixture

A

Un-Uniform mix of pure substances (sand & water)

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44
Q

Pure Substances

A

Composed of a single substance made up of atoms

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45
Q

Element

A

Something made of one type of several atoms (copper)

Elements are named for properties, planets, places, & people

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46
Q

Compounds

A

A substance that can be broken down into two or more simpler substances by chemical methods.

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47
Q

Chemical Formula

A

Symbolic way to represent the elementary composition of a substance. Reveals the elements present (chemical symbol/ atomic symbols) and the atomic ratio of element (subscripts)

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48
Q

Background on Periodic Table

A
  • Periodic table *developed by Dimitri Mendeleev *
  • Periodic table elements are arranged based on similarities in reactivates and properties.
  • 90 elements occur naturally on Earth & others through synthetic nuclear reactions (Plutonium)
  • Elements listed by numbers
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49
Q

Color Code of Periodic Table

A

Pink = metals ( most of table)
Blue = Non-metals (gases, liquids, or solids)
Green = Metalloids [8] (between metals & nonmetals)

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50
Q

Features of Pink elements on Periodic table

A

Solid at room temp, shiny, permanently deformed w/o breaking or cracking, effective conductor of electricity & heat

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51
Q

Features of Blue elements on Periodic table

A

Poor conductivity of heat or electricity, solids can’t be deformed w/o cracking or breaking.

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52
Q

Features of Green elements on periodic table

A

Semimetals/semiconductors

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53
Q

Columns of the period table are called ____ Organized by

A
  • groups
  • important properties they have in common, numbered from left to right.
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54
Q

Group 1 & 2 far left of period table

A

alkali metals & alkaline earth metals

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55
Q

Group 17

A

Halogens (fluorine & chlorine)

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56
Q

Group 18

A

noble gases ( helium & Radon)

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56
Q

Elements that have been discovered vs. compounds that have been isolated, identified, and characterized

A

118 elements vs 20 million compounds

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57
Q

Atoms can be split using

A

high-energy reactions.

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58
Q

X-ray light waves are

A

used to see atoms

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59
Q

The center of an atom is called a

A

Nucleus

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60
Q

The nucleus contains

A

protons and neutrons

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61
Q

Protons

A

positively charged particles

Relative Charge: +1, Relative mass: 1, Actual Mass 1.67 x 10^-27

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62
Q

Neutrons

A

electrically neutral particles

Relative Charge: 0, Relative mass: 1, Actual Mass 1.67 x 10^-27

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63
Q

Outside the nucleus are

A

electrons - negatively charged particles

Relative Charge: -1, Relative mass: 0, Actual Mass 9.11 x 10^-31

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64
Q

In a neutral atom number of protons =

A

number of electrons

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65
Q

How to determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in an element:

A
  • Protons: the atomic number
  • Electrons: the atomic number - Mass Number
  • Neutrons: Mass Number - Number of Protons
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66
Q

The electrical conductivity of materials depends on

A

their 3-D structure & mobility of electrons

the easier an electron can move to another atom = more conductive

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67
Q

80% of the 118 elements in the periodic table

A

are metals

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68
Q

Metals in portable electronics

A

aluminum, copper, nickel, lithium, tin & lead

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69
Q

Most metals in the periodic table are

A

not found on Earth as pure metals

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70
Q

Many elements (Al) react to

A

oxygen to form chemically stable compounds

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71
Q

Al & other metallic elements are found

A

in rocks

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72
Q

If it costs more than $100 million to mine & process the deposit, it’s a

A

rock not an ore

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73
Q

Elemental composition of the minerals comprising Earth’s Crust

A
  • 47% O, 28% Si, 11% Group 1-2, 8% Al, & 5% Fe
  • Oxygen + silicon in minerals = silicates
  • Aluminum + oxygen = aluminates
  • Silicon + Aluminum + Oxygen = aluminosilicate
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74
Q

Metallurgy process

A
  1. Metal extracted & concentrated from the ore through grinding & leaching
  2. High-temperature chemical reactions isolate the metal from its ore

Tin & Lead require lower heat

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75
Q

Computer chips “Heart of our electronics”

A

made of silicon (Si), microprocessor (9N/0.001 ppm/1 pub purity)

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76
Q

Silicon

A

doesn’t exist on Earth as a pure element; it’s formed as a compound SiO2 (silica)

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77
Q

Sand to silicon

A
  1. Sand reacted with Carbon to produce Silicon (purity of 95-98%)
  2. Clean rooms are used to process the resulting 9N purity
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78
Q

The largest component of Earth’s crust is

A

silica (silicon dioxide ) SiO2

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78
Q

Atomic-level of silica

A

repeating linkages between silicon & oxygen in a dense spiderweb-like structure

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79
Q

Atomic structure of glass

A

random array of silicon and oxygen linkages throughout solid

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80
Q

From sand to glass

A

heating sand to its melting point, then cooling until it hardens to glass

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81
Q

Three pillars of sustainability

A
  1. Environmental - pollution prevention, natural resource use
  2. Social - better quality of life for all members of society
  3. Economic - fair distribution and efficient allocation of resources
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82
Q

Materials comprising a cell phone

A

40% metals, 40% plastics, 20% ceramics & glass

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83
Q

Form the focus of the “cradle-to-grave” approach to consumer goods

A
  • Energy consumed to produce goods
  • Waste products created when goods are made
  • Raw materials from which goods are made
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84
Q

Rare earth metals are used for

A
  1. Vehicle catalytic converters
  2. Fluorescent lighting
  3. Memory chips
  4. Rechargeable batteries
  5. Magnets
  6. Speakers
  7. Advanced Weaponary
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85
Q

Most of the world’s supply of rare earth metals is controlled by

A

China

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86
Q

Environmental challenges to extracting metals from recycled electronic devices

A
  • Solvents used to remove the plastic are not environmentally friendly
  • Groundwater could be contaminated with heavy metals
  • Contaminated groundwater could contribute to an increase of cancers in surrounding communities
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87
Q

Finding the charge of ionic compounds

A
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88
Q

Respiration

A

The process of taking in Oxygen to help metabolize the foods we eat to produce Carbon Dioxide and water and to release the energy that powers other chemical reactions in our bodies

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89
Q

Air

A

A collection of gases mixed together in various proportions, is classified as matter

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90
Q

Troposphere

A

Lowest layer of the atmosphere where we live; accounts for 75% of mass of entire atmosphere

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91
Q

Stratosphere

A

Second lowest layer (between Troposphere and Mesosphere) of the atmosphere where the Ozone Layer is

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92
Q

Mesosphere

A

Third lowest layer ( between Stratosphere & Thermosphere) of the atmosphere where shooting stars burn

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93
Q

Thermosphere

A

Second highest layer ( between Mesosphere & Exosphere) of the atmosphere which has large temperature fluctuations

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94
Q

Exosphere

A

Highest layer of the atmosphere

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94
Q

Percent

A

Parts per hundred

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95
Q

Nitrogen N2

A

A colorless, odorless, & relatively unreactive gas that is 78% of what we breathe. It’s essential for life and part of all living things not usable to lifeforms

96
Q

Oxygen O2

A

Most abundant element in body. Absorbed into blood via lungs and reacts with food to release energy we need to power chemical reactions including combustion and oxidation.

97
Q

Inert

A

Does not want to react with another substance - the same that goes in goes out ( Argon [Ar] & Nitrogen [N2]

98
Q

Combustion

A

The process in which a substance burns in oxygen

99
Q

Air inversions

A

When cooler air gets trapped beneath warmer air die to weather condition in an area

100
Q

Macroscopic view

A

Consists of viewing matter through the lens of senses, observations, and measurements. [ color, odor, chemical reactivity, & density ]

101
Q

Symbol view

A

Using letters and numbers in chemical formulas to represent samples of matter. Also in equations to describe various physical relationships of matter

102
Q

Particulate view

A

We see or image what the actual particles, atoms, or molecules look like and how they might interact

103
Q

Nomenclature

A

Chemical names and formulas of compounds

104
Q

Molecular compounds

A

A pure substance that contains 2 or more atoms from nonmetallic elements Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide

105
Q

Number of Atoms and Prefixs (1-5)

A

1 = Mono-
2 = Di-
3 = Tri-
4 = Tetra-
5 = Penta-

106
Q

Number of Atoms and Prefixs (6-10)

A

6 = hexa-
7= Helpta-
8 = Octa-
9 = Nona-
10 = Deca-

107
Q

Chemical symbols are to the alphabet as chemical formulas are to

A

words

108
Q

Systematic names follow

A

a set of rules

109
Q

Rules for molecular compounds

A
  1. Name each element in the chemical formula modifying the name of the second element to end in -ide.
  2. *Use prefixes to indicate the numbers of atoms *in the chemical formula.
  3. If only one atom for the first element, omit the prefix mono
110
Q

Common names do

A

not follow a set of rules

111
Q

Common names, unlike systematic names

A

can’t be figured out by looking at the chemical formula.

112
Q

Concentrations of gaseous and sold components well below 1ppm (Carbon Monoxide) can be

A

hazardous to your health.

113
Q

When you inhale carbon dioxide

A

it passes into your bloodstream and interferes with the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

114
Q

Ozone (O3)

A

Gas with a strong odor that you may detect around electric motors or welding equipment

115
Q

Fine Particulates

A

Tinier and more deadly particles

116
Q

Risk assessment

A

The process of evaluating scientific data and making predictions in an organized manner about the probabilities of an outcome

117
Q

Toxicity

A

The intrinsic health hazard of a substance

118
Q

Exposure

A

The amount of the substance encountered

119
Q

Ambient air

A

The air surrounding us, usually meaning the outside air

120
Q

World Health Organization (WHO)

A

Has authority to direct and coordinate responses to world health concerns within the United Nations

121
Q

Clean Air Act of 1970 “ Command and Control Law” or “ end of the pipe solution”

A

led to establishment of air quality standards that focused on limiting our exposure to hazardous substances

122
Q

The pollution Prevention Act (1990)

A

Followed the Clean Air Act and was to prevent the formation of hazardous substances “pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible ”

123
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds composed exclusively of hydrogen and carbon primarily obtained from crude oil

124
Q

Combustion

A

Chemical process of burning that is the rapid reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in form of heat and light

125
Q

Chemical reaction

A

A process whereby substances (reactants) are transformed into different substances (products)

126
Q

Reactants

A

The substances listed on left-hand side of chemical equation, representing the starting materials for a standard chemical reaction

127
Q

Products

A

The substances listed on the right-hand side of a chemical equation, representing the materials that are formed during a standard chemical reaction

128
Q

Chemical Equation

A

A representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas. Sentences in the language of chemistry

129
Q

Organic Compounds

A

Always contains carbon, almost always hydrogen and may contain oxygen and nitrogen (methane & Octane)

130
Q

Volatile substances

A

Readily passes into the vapor phase ( gasoline & nail polish remover)

131
Q

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

A

Carbon-containing compounds that pass easily into the vapor phase.

132
Q

A, A’ , A”

A

Reactive molecules that can form in the air from OH and VOC

133
Q

Free radical

A

An atom or molecule has an odd number of electrons which makes it extremely reactive toward neighboring species

134
Q

Catalytic converters

A

Reduce the amount of carbon monoxide in the exhaust stream by catalyzing the combustion of CO to CO3

135
Q

Catalyst

A

Chemical substance that participates in a chemical reaction and influences its rate without itself undergoing permanent change

136
Q

Vog

A

Consists of harmful combination of sulfur dioxide, dust, moisture, and other small particulates that could penetrate deep into lung tissue

137
Q

Secondary pollutant

A

Produced from chemical reactions involving one or more other pollutants

138
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

The situation in which a resource is common to all and used by many, but has no one in particular who is responsible for it As a result, the resource may be destroyed by overuse to the detriment of all that use it

139
Q

Law of conservation of matter & mass

A

A law stating that in chemical reaction, matter and mass are conserved

140
Q

Limiting reagent

A

The reactant that is totally consumed during a chemical reaction, hence limiting the amount of product that may be formed

141
Q

Radon

A

Naturally occurring air pollutant a noble gas (group 18).

142
Q

Sustainability

A

Making decisions with a concern for the needs for future generations

143
Q

Green Chemistry

A

A set of key ideas to guide all in the chemical community “ benign by design”. Calls for designing chemical products and processes s that reduce or eliminate use or generation of hazardous substances

144
Q

Megacities

A

Urban areas with 10 million people or more ( Beijing, Tokoyo, New York, Mexico City, and Mumbai, Istanbul, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Moscow)

145
Q

Green chemical methods

A
  • Plastic synthesized from renewable sources
  • Plants that contain fewer volatile organic compounds
  • Cheaper and less wasteful ways to produce pharmaceuticals, pesticide, and consumer products,
  • Limiting or eliminating use of organic solvents for dry cleaning
  • Removing arsenic from touchscreens
146
Q

The pollution prevention act provided the impetus for

A

green chemistry

147
Q

Radon at hazardous levels can cause

A

lung cancer ( found in basements)

148
Q

Radon, as an indoor air pollutant

A

occurs in tiny amounts and normally not a problem.

149
Q

Indoor activities that compromise air quality

A
  1. Tobacco smoke - Formaldehyde & Benzene
  2. Combustion of carbon-contains materials
  3. Burning candle or incense
  4. Painting or varnishing - VOCs
  5. Frying foods
  6. Cleaning products
  7. Hair sprays or hair-coloring
150
Q

Poor ventilation can cause

A

indoor pollutants to reach hazardous levels “Sick building syndrome.” O3, NO2 , and & CO

151
Q

Molecules not trapped by air-handling systems are

A

gas molecules

152
Q

Carbon monoxide and VOCs indoors

A

can be high as they move readily through matter

153
Q

Highly reactive molecules such as O3,NO2 , and SO2 indoor level,

A

are lower

154
Q

Indoor air pollutants are present because

A

the air comes from outside or is generated right inside your house

155
Q

Air quality indoors vs. outdoor:

A

Indoor air quality may be far worse than outside

156
Q

High levels of O3 (Ozone) occur

A

on long, sunny summer days

157
Q

Ground-level Ozone varies by

A
  • Weather
  • Season
  • Latitude
158
Q

Of O, O2 , O3 all are found in nature but O2

A

is least reactive and most abundant (1-5 of our air)

159
Q

Ozone formation requires

A

sunlight

160
Q

Ozone is produced by

A

the chemical reaction of VOCs and NO2

161
Q

Ozone in the troposphere, at very low concentrations can

A
  • reduce lung function
  • Damage crops and leaves of trees
162
Q

Particulate matter has different sources:

A
  • Wildfires = raise concentration to hazardous levels
  • Wood Fires
  • Urban environments
163
Q

Particulate matter only in tiny particles are related as

A

pollutants

164
Q

60% decrease in CO concentration level since 1980 due to

A
  • Improved engine design
  • Computerized sensors - Better adjust the fuel-oxygen mixture
  • Requirements that all cars have catalytic converters
165
Q

Cars emit carbon in the form of

A

carbon monoxide and unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons.

166
Q

Carbon monoxide pollution comes primarily from

A

automobiles

167
Q

Sulfur dioxide emissions are linked to

A

coal that is burned to generate electric power.

168
Q

Two major sources of air pollutants

A

motor vehicles and coal-fired plants that generate electricity

169
Q

In a chemical reaction, atoms are

A

not created or destroyed but can change the way they are bonded.

170
Q

Gasoline burns to form

A

Water H2O , Carbon Dioxide CO2 , and some Carbon monoxide CO

171
Q

With less oxygen, the hydrocarbon mixture (gas)

A

burns incompletely needs less Oxygen.

172
Q

When a hydrocarbon undergoes combustion formed is

A

CO2, heat, and CO

173
Q

When carbon-containing compounds burn,

A

the carbon combines with the oxygen to produce carbon dioxide

174
Q

Natural sources of CO2 in-atmosphere

A

breathing

175
Q

EPA color-coded Air Quality Index

A
  • Green or Yellow (<100) = air of good or moderate quality
  • Orange (100-150) = air unhealthy for some groups
  • Red, purple, or maroon (>150) = Air unhealthy for everybody to breathe
175
Q

EPA color-coded Air Quality Index

A
  • Green or Yellow (<100) = air of good or moderate quality
  • Orange (100-150) = air unhealthy for some groups
  • Red, purple, or maroon (>150) = Air unhealthy for everybody to breathe
176
Q

Even with improved air quality, those in some metropolitan areas breathe air that contains

A

unhealthy levels of pollutants.

177
Q

Differences in air quality are determined by

A
  • population
  • regional activities
  • geographical features
  • prevailing weather patterns
  • activities of people in neighboring regions
178
Q

Depending on where you live

A

your air quality will vary

179
Q

To convert from parts per million to parts per billion

A

move the decimal point 3 places to the right

180
Q

The concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide can be reported in

A

parts per billion (ppm)

181
Q

The standard for air pollutants are expressed in

A

parts per million

182
Q

Expose assessment factors

A
  • Concentration in the air - the more toxic =, the lower its concentration
  • Length of time - higher concentrations = tolerated only briefly
  • Rate of breathing - if air quality is low = reduce activity to reduce exposure
183
Q

Toxicities are challenging to assess accurately because

A
  • It’s* unethical to run experiments in which people are exposed to harmful substances* on purpose
  • *Hard to determine the levels of risk that are acceptable *for different groups of people
184
Q

The risks presented by an air pollutant are functions of

A

toxicity and exposure

185
Q

In the US, the national air quality standards are first established as a result of

A

the Clean Air Act

186
Q

Particulate matter (PM)

A

Complex mixture of tiny solid particles and microscopic liquid droplets and is the least understood of the air pollutants listed

187
Q

Particulate matter is classified by

A

size rather than composition

188
Q

The size of particles is correlated with

A

the severity of health consequences

189
Q

Those most sensitive to lead poisoning are

A

infants and young children

190
Q

Lead exposure may affect the

A

central nervous system, immune system, reproductive and development systems, and cardiovascular system.

191
Q

When Lead is inhaled

A

it’s distributed throughout your blood and accumulates in bones.

192
Q

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned

A

lead-containing compounds from motor vehicle gasoline in the 1980s

193
Q

Primary lead sources are

A

ore and metal processing plants, cosmetics, waste incinerators, and plumbing.

194
Q

Lead (Pb)

A

Naturally occurring element found in small amounts in Earth’s crust.

195
Q

Nitrogen Dioxide is produced from

A

nitrogen monoxide ( which is formed from Nitrogen and Oxygen.

196
Q

When Nitrogen Dioxide is inhaled

A

it Combines with moist tissue in the lungs to produce acid.

197
Q

Nitrogen Dioxide NO2

A

a brown color with the primary visible component of urban smog.

198
Q

People most susceptible to sulfur dioxide poisoning are

A

the elderly, youth, and those with emphysema or asthma

199
Q

If you inhale sulfur dioxide,

A

it dissolves in most tissues of your lungs and forms an acid

200
Q

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

A

Gas that has a sharp, unpleasant odor

201
Q

Ozone at high altitudes

A

is essential in screening harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

202
Q

Symptoms of Ozone exposure:

A

Chest pain, coughing, sneezing, or lung congestion

203
Q

The three viewpoints chemists use to study & understand matter

A

Macroscopic view
Symbols
Particulate view

204
Q

Standard units of concentration used when reporting levels of common air pollutants:

A

ppb, ppm, and ug/m^3

205
Q

Air pollutants can be

A

solids or gases.

206
Q

Air pollutants can accumulate in

A

the cooler air of an inversion layer, especially if the layer is stationary for a while

207
Q

Why is the warmest air closest to the ground level of the troposphere?

A

Because the sun’s rays penetrate the air & primarily heat the ground which reflects on warming the air above it.

208
Q

The warmest air in the troposphere lies

A

at ground level

209
Q

The Troposphere contains

A

air currents and turbulent storms that turn & mix our air ( why we have different concentrations at different locations )

210
Q

75% of air by mass is in the

A

Troposphere

211
Q

Equal volumes of gases contain equal numbers of atoms or molecules, as long as the samples are at the same,

A

temperature and pressure

212
Q

Gases that contribute to air pollution at the surface of the Earth

harmful at 1ppm

A
  • Carbon monoxide CO ( odorless)
  • Ozone (has characteristic odors)
  • Sulfur Dioxide (has characteristic odors)
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (has characteristic odors)
213
Q

The burning of fossil fuels increases

A

the concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the air

214
Q

Components in the air that are harmful to our health:

A

vehicle emissions

215
Q

Substances in the air that make us feel good:

A

pleasant scents

216
Q

Each lungful of air you inhale contains tiny amounts of

A

substances other than nitrogen and oxygen

217
Q

If air is composed of 78% nitrogen, this means that by volume, air contains 78 parts nitrogen for every

A

100 parts of air

218
Q

Earth’s gravitational pull services to

A

keep gases that we breathe from escaping our atmosphere

219
Q

When the composition of air changes

A

its properties change

220
Q

What is the composition of the air we exhale

A

Nitrogen (N2) - 78%
Oxygen (O2) - 16%
Argon (Ar) - 0.9%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - 4.0%
Water (H2O) - variable

221
Q

What is the composition of the air we inhale

A

Nitrogen (N2) - 78%
Oxygen (O2) - 21%
Argon (Ar) - 0.9%
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - 0.04%
Water (H2O) - variable

222
Q

Without Air, you can survive

A

only minutes

223
Q

A typical adult in a day breathes more than

A

11,000 liters (3,000 gallons) of air per day.

224
Q

The Air we breathe is a combination of Pure substances:

A
225
Q

The pure substances we breathe comes into the atmosphere through

A

the 3 stages of Development

226
Q

The 3 stages of development stage 1

A

Very light & Very fast substances [Hydrogen & Helium He] left Earth’s mass shortly after its formation & dissipated quickly into space

227
Q

The 3 stages of development stage 2

A

In Earth’s early development, numerous volcanoes spewed out water, ammonia NH3 , and Carbon Dioxide CO2 gases which are heavy and slow in nature, so they began to settle around Earth.

228
Q

The 3 stages of development stage 3

A

Ammonia in the Air transformed by intense sunlight turned into nitrogen & Hydrogen gases

229
Q

How do I calculate the PPM from the percentage?

A

multiply the value in percent by 10,000

230
Q

converting parts per million (ppm) to %

A

Divide ppm value by 10,000

231
Q

How to balance chemical equations

A
232
Q

Which pollutant is present in air as particulate matter?

A

Soot

233
Q

When assessing the risk of an air pollutant, what does play a role in considering someone’s exposure to the pollutant?

A
  • A person’s lung capacity
  • A person’s breathing rate
  • The concentration in air of the pollutant
234
Q

CO2

A

Carbon dioxide - compound

235
Q

Ni

A

Nickel - element

236
Q

NH3

A

Ammonia - compound

237
Q

H2O

A

Water - compound

238
Q

F2

A

Fluorine - element

239
Q

NaCl

A

Table salt - compound

240
Q

CO

A

carbon monoxide

Concepts of Chemistry (3 decks)

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