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A&P 2 > Exam 2: Chap 20 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chap 20 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

blood, heart, blood vessels

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2
Q

heart

A

a double pump that circulates the blood through an estimated 100,000 miles of blood vessels

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3
Q

where is the heart situated?

A

between the lungs in the mediastinum (space within the thoracic cavity)

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4
Q

mediastinum includes what

A

includes: heart, thymus gland, aorta, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary trunk

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5
Q

pericardium

A

encloses and holds the heart in place; consists of an outer fibrous pericardium, and an inner serous pericardium (epicardium)

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6
Q

serous pericardium

A

composed of a parietal layer and a visceral layer

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7
Q

pericardial cavity

A

between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium; potential space filled with pericardial fluid - reduces friction

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8
Q

pericardial fluid

A

reduces friction

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9
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

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10
Q

3 layers of the heart wall

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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11
Q

myocardium

A

muscular wall; cardiac tissue

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12
Q

endocardium

A

composed of simple squamous epithelium; areolar CT; covers valves and lines chambers

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13
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium)

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14
Q

endocarditis

A

an inflammation of the endocardium and usually involves the heart valves

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15
Q

chambers of the heart

A

2 upper atria
2 lower ventricles (thicker wall)
*thickness of chamber depends on muscle

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16
Q

what is on the external surface of the heart?

A

auricles and sulci

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17
Q

auricles

A

small extensions of each atrium

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18
Q

sulci

A

grooves that contain blood vessels and fat

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19
Q

right atrium receives what

A

receives deoxygenated blood from 4 major blood vessels:

  1. superior vena cava
  2. inferior vena cava
  3. coronary sinus
  4. anterior cardiac veins
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20
Q

fossa ovalis (right atrium)

A

the remnant of the foramen ovale

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21
Q

pectinate muscles

A

raised ridges of the myocardium in the walls of the left and right atrium

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22
Q

tricuspid valve (atrioventricular valve)

A

blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through this valve.

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23
Q

right ventricle forms what part of the heart

A

forms most of the anterior surface of the heart

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24
Q

trabeculae carnae

A

raised ridges of myocardium located in the walls of the left and right ventricle

function: part of the heart’s conduction system

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25
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

valve through which blood is pumped from the right ventricles into the pulmonary trunk

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26
Q

moderator band of muscle

A

stretches across the lumen of the right ventricle and attaches to the interventricular septum

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27
Q

left atrium receives what

A

receives oxygenated blood from four veins

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28
Q

mitral / bicuspid valve (atrioventricular valve)

A

valve through which blood passes from the left atrium to the left ventricle

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29
Q

left ventricle forms what part of the heart

A

forms the apex of the heart

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30
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

valve through which blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta.

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31
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta

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32
Q

what does the thickness of the myocardium of each chamber vary according to?

A

the function of each chamber

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33
Q

are atrial walls thicker or thinner than ventricle walls?

A

thinner.

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34
Q

why are the walls of the right ventricle thinner than the left ventricle?

A

they pump blood into the lungs (pulmonary circulation)

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35
Q

why are the walls of the left ventricles thickest?

A

they pump blood into the systemic circulation

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36
Q

what do valves open close in response to?

A

pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes

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37
Q

what to the 2 atrioventricular valves do?

A

prevent blood flow from the ventricles back to the atria

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38
Q

what is back flow prevented by?

A

the contraction of cone like papillary muscles that tighten fibrous cords called chordae tendineae

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39
Q

chordae tendineae

A

anchor cusps of the valve to the papillary muscles; DO NOT open valves … keeps valves closed

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40
Q

when do atrioventricular valves open?

A

when pressure in the atria exceeds the pressure in the ventricles

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41
Q

what do the 2 semilunar valves prevent?

A

blood flow from the major arteries of the heart back into the ventricles

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42
Q

when do semilunar valves open?

A

when pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressures in the major arteries

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43
Q

stenosis

A

a narrowing of a heart valve which restricts blood flow because the valve cannot completely open

44
Q

insufficiency or incompetence

A

a failure of a valve to close completely; causes heart murmurs - back flow of blood through a valve that doesn’t completely close.

45
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

a bulging of one or both leaflets of the mitral valve into the left atrium during ventricular systole: need an EKG. doesn’t cause a problem, can grow out of it, more common in women.

NO: coffee, chocolate, soda, nicotine, or nasal spray

symptoms: fatigue, dizziness, palpitation, dyspnea, non-cardiac related chest pain

46
Q

heart murmur

A

an abnormal sound that is caused by the turbulent backward flow of blood through a valve that is only partially closed. not all murmurs are abnormal or symptomatic, but most indicate a valve disorder

47
Q

the left side of the heart is the pump for _________

A

systemic circulation

48
Q

the right side of the heart is the pump for the ____

A

pulmonary circulation

49
Q

coronary (cardiac) circulation

A

the flow of blood through the many vessels that traverse through the myocardium of the heart

50
Q

principal arteries in the coronary circulation

A

right and left coronary arteries

51
Q

principal vein in the coronary circulation

A

coronary sinus

52
Q

cardiac muscle fibers

A

elongated, branching cells, with a single, large and centrally located nucleus; their fibers have irregular contours at their junctions and are connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions and desmosomes)

53
Q

cardiac muscles have the ____ arrangement of actin and myosin, and the same bands, zones, and Z discs as skeletal muscles

A

same

54
Q

replacement of heart cells (cardiomyocytes)

A

stem cells in the blood can migrate to the heart and differentiate

55
Q

autorhythmic cells

A

generate their own electrical activity

56
Q

why are cardiac muscle cells autorhythmic?

A

they are self-excitable; act as a pacemaker to set the rhythm for the entire heart; form the conduction system which is the route for propagating action potentials through the heart muscle.

DOES NOT need a nerve supply to beat (but it still has one)

57
Q

components of the conduction system

A

1.sinoatrial node (right atrium)

  1. atrioventricular node (right atrium)
  2. atrioventricular bundle [bundle of His] (interventricular septum)
  3. R&L bundle branches (interventricular septum)
  4. conduction myofibers [Purkinje fibers] (ventricular myocardium)
58
Q

what will stimulation from the autonomic nervous system by way of the cardiac acceleration center or cardiac inhibitory center do?

A

modify the heartbeat in terms of rate and strength of contraction

59
Q

cardiac accelerator center

A

sympathetic (increase heart rate)

60
Q

cardiac inhibitory center

A

parasympathetic (decreases heart rate)

61
Q

tachycardia

A

resting heart rate over 100

62
Q

bradycardia

A

resting heart rate less than 60

63
Q

what can be done to fix an abnormal heart rhythm?

A

insert a pacemaker.

64
Q

cardiac cycle

A

consists of the systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation) of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles

65
Q

systole

A

contraction

66
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

67
Q

during a cardiac cycle, which way is blood forced?

A

high pressure to low pressure

68
Q

phases of the cardiac cycle

A

diastasis, atrial systole, ventricular systole, and ventricular diastole.

69
Q

diastasis

A

atrial systole begins during ventricular diastole and forces blood into the ventricles. atria start diastole as ventricular systole begins. During ventricular systole, blood is ejected from ventricles into pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. The atria (diastole) begin to fill with blood. The ventricles now enter diastole; for a very short time, both atria and ventricles are in diastole (diastasis).

70
Q

diastasis forces the AV valves to _____

A

open

71
Q

atrial systole

A

the atria contract and force blood into the ventricles stretching the ventricular walls

72
Q

ventricular systole

A

the ventricles contract and increased pressure forces the AV valves to close. this closure of AV produces the first heart sound.

73
Q

ventricular diastole

A

the ventricles are relaxed and commence diastole; as the pressure in the ventricles decrease the SL valves close. (2nd heart sound)

74
Q

auscultation

A

the act of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope

75
Q

where does the sound of a heartbeat come from?

A

primarily, the turbulence in blood flow caused by the closure of the valves, not from the contraction of the heart muscle.

76
Q

first heart sound

A

lub; created by the closure of the AV valves

77
Q

second heart sound

A

dub; represents the closure of the SL valves

78
Q

third heart sound

A

inaudible with stethoscope; caused by the vibration of the ventricular walls as blood rushes into ventricles.

79
Q

fourth heart sound

A

inaudible with stethoscope; caused by the contraction of the atrial pectinate muscles in the wall of atrium; muscles ensure all blood drains from atrium

80
Q

why is electrical activity detected at the surface of the body?

A

as electrical activity sweeps from the nodes through the myocardium, muscle membranes depolarize and re-polarize and electrical current spread into the tissues surrounding the heart and can be detected.

81
Q

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

A

helps to determine if the conduction pathway is abnormal, if the heart is enlarged, and if certain regions of the heart are damaged. measures amount, direction, and speed of electrical movement through the heart. Therefore, waves of depolarization and repolarization sweep through the heart. before the heart muscle contracts, depolarization must occur

82
Q

EKG waves/complex

A

P wave, T wave, QRS complex

83
Q

P wave

A

represents atrial depolarization by firing of SA node (right and left atrium)

84
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization by firing of SA nose. spreads through bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, and ventricular muscle. BEFORE ventricular systole.

85
Q

T wave

A

ventricular repolarization

86
Q

fibrillation

A

electrical activity becomes chaotic and coordinated systole ends as multiple foci in the atria fire.

87
Q

atrial fibrillation

A

dangerous but not fatal; the AV node is stimulated by random activity in the atria

88
Q

ventricular fibrillation

A

rapidly fatal; the ventricles have failed.

89
Q

the heart’s ability to discharge oxygen-carrying blood must be _____. why?

A

variable. because body cells need specific amounts of blood each minute to maintain health and life.

90
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle (or right ventricle) into the aorta (or pulmonary trunk) each minute.

91
Q

diastolic volume

A

200 mls of blood

92
Q

right and left ventricles each pump _____ amount of blood per min and _____ volume of blood is pumped through the pulmonary and systemic circulations each min

A

same. same.

93
Q

stroke volume

A

the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles with each contraction.

94
Q

heart rate

A

number of beats per minute

95
Q

cardiac output equation

A

stroke volume (mL/min) X heart rate (beats/min)

about 5 liters of blood per min goes through cardiovascular system.

96
Q

what happens to cardiac output during exercise/stress?

A

considerably increased.

can go from 5ml/min to either 15/20ml or 35-40ml in a trained athlete.

97
Q

residual volume

A

the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after systole (130mL).

98
Q

increase in heart rate and/or stroke volume will _____ cardiac output

A

increase

99
Q

the more forceful the systole, the _____ the cardiac output

A

greater

100
Q

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic stimulation

A

causes 5 events:
1. stimulation of the SA node and tachycardia
2. increased speed of electrical conduction
3. increase force of systole and greater stroke volume
4. decrease in length of refractory period.

located in : cardiovascular center of medulla

101
Q

autonomic nervous system: parasympathetic

A

causes 5 events (opposite of sympathetic)

  1. inhibits the stimulation of the SA node and causes bradycardia
  2. decrease speed of electrical conduction
  3. decrease force of systole and lesser stroke volume
  4. increase in length of refractory period
  5. decrease in the size of the cardiac output

found in cranial nerve 10

102
Q

fetal lungs

A

do not oxygenate fetal blood. fetal pulmonary circulation is unnecessary.

103
Q

foramen ovale

A

becomes the fossa ovalis and the limbus of the fossa ovalis at about 1 year after birth.

104
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

ductus arteriosus interconnects the pulmonary artery with the aorta, degenerates into a fibrous ligament called the ligamentum arteriosum shortly after birth.

105
Q

angina pectoris

A

temporary chest pain or a sensation of pressure that occurs while the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen.

cause:
narrowing of arteries
decreased oxygenation to heart muscles (ischemia)
evident upon exercise and stress

symptoms:
discomfort over chest (pain/pressure)

A&P 2 (2 decks)

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