Exam#2 CH.7

Question 1

Define “thinking”

Answer 1

The internal manipulation of knowledge.

Question 2

Concepts

Answer 2

Category-belong together to classify events, objects and ideas.
i.e. Birds (non-specific) I just know when I see feathers, on a body, with a beak….It’s a bird

Question 3

Logical Concepts

Answer 3

Now I logically know that bird is a penguin.

Question 4

Natural Concepts

Answer 4

(“fuzzy”) poorly defined rules for membership. Is it coffee cup or bowl of coffee?

Question 5

Define an algorithm.

Answer 5

A step by step set of rules for solving a problem.

Question 6

What is a heuristic?

Answer 6

A rule of thumb for problem solving.

Question 7

Name two “roadblocks” to problem solving. Give one example

Answer 7

Mental set: A tendency to rely on strategies that worked in the past.

Functional Fixedness:The inability to see how familiar objects can be used in different ways. (the two string problem/ the box-candle problem)

Question 8

Give an example of a prototype

Answer 8

I see a uniformed person in an emergency and it says “ this person is organized within a category of first responder (or just the uniform)”

Question 9

Give an example of exemplar

Answer 9

should I look at the fireman, or the police?

am I on fire? or involved in a robbery?

Question 10

What is an example from lecture for a well-defined problem

Answer 10

Cholesterol, a calendar year is 365 days, crossword puzzle, jigsaw

Question 11

Give an example from lecture of an ill-defined problem

Answer 11

Get healthy, being a student, a 10 page essay due sometime before the end of the semester.

Question 12

Heuristic

Answer 12

an efficient (not guaranteed) “shortcut”

Question 13

Define convergent thinking. Give one example from lecture.

Answer 13

Narrow down or “converge” a range of alternatives into ONE correct answer.

i.e. whiteboard eraser is well-defined and only used to erase the whiteboard.

Question 14

What is divergent thinking, add an example from lecture.

Answer 14

The ability to conceive new ways of viewing situations or new uses for familiar objects.

i.e. I will use the whiteboard eraser as a doorstop! Or a paperweight!

Question 15

“Aha!” what is it?

Answer 15

insight- a process to solve a problem

Question 16

What example is used from lecture notes for Confirmation Bias?

Answer 16

The bias based on supporting the

research that claimed vaccinations are correlated with autism.

Question 17

Define Grammar

Answer 17

Language rules: convey meaning

i.e.”Million dollar word”

Question 18

What is a colloquialism?

Answer 18

” Im gonna hit you up for money”

Question 19

Semantics

Answer 19

i.e. When something evolved into something else. i.e. defining a plate of food. Or, when does a bowl become a cup?

Question 20

Syntax

Answer 20

words ordered within a sentence to form meaningful expressions. i.e. “ See you later!”
Next week? Tonight? Never?!

Question 21

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? Example from lecture.

Answer 21

The proposition that the language we use determines how we think and how we perceive the world.

i.e. Culture and Language

Question 22

What is a morpheme?

Answer 22

The smallest unit of meaning in the English language.

Question 23

Describe a what a phonemes.

Answer 23

The basic unit of sound in the english language.

*A “phone” makes a basic sound

Question 24

The three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.

Answer 24

1. Analytic
2. Creative
3. Practical

Question 25

What is the fluid intelligence?

Answer 25

The basic biology of natural talent.
“Nature”
i.e. Heredity

Question 26

Explain crystalized intelligence.

Answer 26

The nurture, grows as we age, takes work.

i.e. Getting good grades, or learning a new language.

Question 27

What example of natural vs. nurtured intelligence was given in lecture.

Answer 27

Family Category: Seeds

• Heritability index.
• Correlation co-efficient

Question 28

What is the term for basing decisions on a limited sample?

Answer 28

Representative Heuristic.

Question 29

What is Spearman’s “g”

Answer 29

General ability