Exam#2 CH.7 Flashcards
Define “thinking”
The internal manipulation of knowledge.
Concepts
Category-belong together to classify events, objects and ideas.
i.e. Birds (non-specific) I just know when I see feathers, on a body, with a beak….It’s a bird
Logical Concepts
Now I logically know that bird is a penguin.
Natural Concepts
(“fuzzy”) poorly defined rules for membership. Is it coffee cup or bowl of coffee?
Define an algorithm.
A step by step set of rules for solving a problem.
What is a heuristic?
A rule of thumb for problem solving.
Name two “roadblocks” to problem solving. Give one example
Mental set: A tendency to rely on strategies that worked in the past.
Functional Fixedness:The inability to see how familiar objects can be used in different ways. (the two string problem/ the box-candle problem)
Give an example of a prototype
I see a uniformed person in an emergency and it says “ this person is organized within a category of first responder (or just the uniform)”
Give an example of exemplar
should I look at the fireman, or the police?
am I on fire? or involved in a robbery?
What is an example from lecture for a well-defined problem
Cholesterol, a calendar year is 365 days, crossword puzzle, jigsaw
Give an example from lecture of an ill-defined problem
Get healthy, being a student, a 10 page essay due sometime before the end of the semester.
Heuristic
an efficient (not guaranteed) “shortcut”
Define convergent thinking. Give one example from lecture.
Narrow down or “converge” a range of alternatives into ONE correct answer.
i.e. whiteboard eraser is well-defined and only used to erase the whiteboard.
What is divergent thinking, add an example from lecture.
The ability to conceive new ways of viewing situations or new uses for familiar objects.
i.e. I will use the whiteboard eraser as a doorstop! Or a paperweight!
“Aha!” what is it?
insight- a process to solve a problem
What example is used from lecture notes for Confirmation Bias?
The bias based on supporting the
research that claimed vaccinations are correlated with autism.
Define Grammar
Language rules: convey meaning
i.e.”Million dollar word”
What is a colloquialism?
” Im gonna hit you up for money”
Semantics
i.e. When something evolved into something else. i.e. defining a plate of food. Or, when does a bowl become a cup?
Syntax
words ordered within a sentence to form meaningful expressions. i.e. “ See you later!”
Next week? Tonight? Never?!
What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis? Example from lecture.
The proposition that the language we use determines how we think and how we perceive the world.
i.e. Culture and Language
What is a morpheme?
The smallest unit of meaning in the English language.
Describe a what a phonemes.
The basic unit of sound in the english language.
*A “phone” makes a basic sound
The three components of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence.
- Analytic
- Creative
- Practical
