Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Exam 2;CH6,7,8 > Flashcards

Exam 2;CH6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

When a microbe mutates what does that mean?

A

During replication it changes slightly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Virus attaches to host cell.
Viral genetic material enters the cell.
Viral DNA or RNA takes control of cell.
Uses host’s cell to synthesize viral proteins and nucleic acids
New viruses are assembled in cytoplasm of cell.
Viruses released by lysis of host cell or by budding from host cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Process of binary fission?

A

DNA duplicates
Cell divides
Identical daughter cells
Each daughter cell continues to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who gets sarcoma?

A

People with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Characteristics of sarcoma?

A

Purplish macule, nonpruritic, nonpainful, may effect viscera as well as skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Painless, malignant tumor of the epidermis
Good prognosis
Lesions most often found on exposed areas of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Scabies is an invasion by what?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Scabies do what?

A

Female burrows into epidermis, male dies after fertilization, female dies after laying eggs, larvae migrate to skin surface, burrow into the skin, process repeats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is fasciitis caused by? What does it do?

A

Gram-positive, group-A, beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Bacteria secrete toxins that break down connective tissue and cause massive tissue destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Symptoms of fasciitis? Treatment?

A

Severe inflammation and tissue death

Treated; aggressive antimicrobial infection, fluid replacement, removal of all infected tissue, extreme cases amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Characteristics of plantar warts

A

Warts on the bottom of feet, may resolve on its own, common in children and young adults, HPV 1 to 4, spreads by viral shedding of skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is tinea corporis?

A

Infection of the body usually no hairy parts, round lesions with clear center may be itchy known as ringworm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Anaerobes require what kind of environment?

A

No oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between virus and bacteria and when do they mutate?

A

Virus reproduces using it’s host cell, bacteria reproduces using binary fission or multiplying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are yeast?

A

Single-felled microorganisms that is considered a fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a opportunistic infection?

A

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A

An infection someone contracts while in the hospital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the difference between a carrier of an infection and the person that gets it?

A

A carrier is someone who may have the infection but not have any symptoms or complications, without knowing they can give it to someone else who will have symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are in vaccines?

A

Weakened versions of the virus or what looks like the virus (antigens)

The antigens can not produce any symptoms of the actual disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the difference between the incubation, prodromal, and acute periods of infection?

A

Incubation: time period of entry into body and clinical signs of disease
Prodromal: fatigue, loss of appetite, headache; “coming down with something”
Acute: infectious disease develops fully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the local signs of infections?

A

Swelling, warm, redness pain

Bacterial: purulent exudate
Viral: serous exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

Bacteria in the blood; always abnormal, since blood should always be sterile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why do we do culture sensitivity tests?

A

To determine which antibiotic will best treat the bacteria

24
Q

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative

25
What is a secondary infection?
An infection that is caused during or after another infection, commonly from antibiotics
26
What is chlamydia
Sexually transmitted disease, type of bacteria, does not grow on artificial cultures, replicate by binary fission within host cell
27
What is influenza?
A respiratory illness that is caused by a virus
28
What is humoral immunity ?
Antibodies are produced to protect the body
29
Natural versus innate immunity
Natural is species specific Innate is gene specific
30
Primary versus secondary
Primary; first response to antigen,1-2 weeks | Secondary; repeat exposure to the same antigen more rapid response in 1-3 days
31
What is the complement system?
Activated during immune reactions with igG and igM, group of inactive proteins circulating blood, c1 to c9, causes cell damage and further inflammation when inactivated
32
Humoral versus cell-mediated immunity
Humoral; antibodies produced to protect | Cell-mediated; lymphocytes are programmed to attack no self cells to protect the body
33
What are the different types of antibodies, where can they be found?
G; blood M; first to increase in immune response A; secretions E; allergic response, result is inflammation D; attached to B cells; activated B cells
34
What is the difference between active natural, passive natural, active artificial, and passive artificial immunities?
Active natural; natural exposure to antigen,development of antibodies Passive natural; igG transfers from mother to fetus or breast mile Active artificial; antigen purposely introduced, immunizations Passive artificial; injection of antibodies, short term protection
35
What is the difference between the different types of transplant rejections?
Hyperacute; immediately after Acute; several weeks after Chronic;months or years after
36
What are the different types of hypersensitivity 1 -4? And an example
1: allergic reaction 2: antigen is present on cell membrane; response to incompatible blood transfusion 3: antigen combines with antibody ; rheumatoid arthritis 4: delayed response by sensitized T lymphocytes; allergic skin rash; contact dermatitis, tuberculin test
37
What is a macule, nodule, papilloma, pustule, vehicle, plaque, ulcer, and fissure?
Macule; flat small different color than normal skin Nodule; palpable elevated lesions varies in size Papule; small firm elevated lesion Pustule; elevated containing pus Vesicle; elevated containing serous exudate Plaque; large slightly elevated scaly Ulcer; cavity with loss of tissue weeping or bleeding Fissure; small, deep linear crack or tear in skin
38
What is AIDS what does it do and what can potentially suppress its development?
HIV destroys helper T cells, loss of immune response, increased risk for secondary infections, antivirals may suppress its development
39
What is systemic lupus?
An autoimmune disease which is known for its butterfly rash, chronic inflammatory disease, effects young women, more common in African American, Asian, hispanics Impairs blood supply to tissues,large # of circulating antibodies, can effect different organ systems
40
What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies?
Primary: basic developmental failure somewhere in the body Secondary: loss of immune response from specific causes
41
What is contact dermatitis?
Topical; doesn't involve immune response, direct exposure (soap,makeup,plants)
42
What is urticaria?
Eating; result of type 1 hypersensitivity; ingesting substance (shellfish, drugs)
43
What is atopic dermatitis?
Eczema; inherited tendency, infants serous exudate, adults is dry and itchy
44
What is psoriasis?
Chronic inflammatory skin disorder; result of abnormal T cell activation; lesions face;scalp;elbows; knees Itching and burning sensation
45
What is pemphigus ?
Autoimmune disorder, antibodies disrupt cohesions, causes blisters, the skin sheds, painful and open lesions
46
What is scleroderma?
Systemic, affect viscera, primary cause is unknown, increase in collagen, causes skin to become tight and immovable, leads to organ failure
47
Cellulitis is caused by what type of bacteria?
Staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus
48
What are furuncles and what organism causes them?
Boils causes by s.aureus
49
What are carbuncles?
Collection of boils or furuncles
50
What is impetigo and what causes it?
Lesions commonly on the face caused by s.aureus Common in infants and children Itching leads to further spread of infection, close physical contact can spread to other people Topical antibiotics treats
51
What is acute necrotizing fasciitis? What causes it?
Mixture of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria leads to severe inflammation and tissue death Caused by gram-positive group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus
52
What is leprosy and what causes it?
Also known as Hansen's disease caused by mycobacterium leprae; chronic disease
53
What is the difference between herpes type 1 and 2?
Type one is the common cold sore and type two is genital herpes, spread by direct contact
54
What are verrucae?
Warts; human papillovirus (HPV) types 1-4, young children and young adults, spreads by viral shedding of skin surface, gentian warts (HPV type 6 and 11)
55
What is the difference between tinea; capitis,corporis,pedis,unguium?
Capitis; scalp infection Corporis; ringworm body infection Pedis; athletes foot Unguium; nails
56
What is ABCD of melanoma?
A; appearance B;border C; color D; diameter

Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions