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Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Exam 2;CH6,7,8 > Flashcards

Exam 2;CH6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

When a microbe mutates what does that mean?

A

During replication it changes slightly

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2
Q

How do viruses replicate?

A

Virus attaches to host cell.
Viral genetic material enters the cell.
Viral DNA or RNA takes control of cell.
Uses host’s cell to synthesize viral proteins and nucleic acids
New viruses are assembled in cytoplasm of cell.
Viruses released by lysis of host cell or by budding from host cell membrane

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3
Q

Process of binary fission?

A

DNA duplicates
Cell divides
Identical daughter cells
Each daughter cell continues to divide

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4
Q

Who gets sarcoma?

A

People with AIDS and other immunodeficiencies

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5
Q

Characteristics of sarcoma?

A

Purplish macule, nonpruritic, nonpainful, may effect viscera as well as skin

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6
Q

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Painless, malignant tumor of the epidermis
Good prognosis
Lesions most often found on exposed areas of skin

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7
Q

Scabies is an invasion by what?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei

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8
Q

Scabies do what?

A

Female burrows into epidermis, male dies after fertilization, female dies after laying eggs, larvae migrate to skin surface, burrow into the skin, process repeats.

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9
Q

What is fasciitis caused by? What does it do?

A

Gram-positive, group-A, beta-hemolytic streptococcus

Bacteria secrete toxins that break down connective tissue and cause massive tissue destruction

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10
Q

Symptoms of fasciitis? Treatment?

A

Severe inflammation and tissue death

Treated; aggressive antimicrobial infection, fluid replacement, removal of all infected tissue, extreme cases amputation

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11
Q

Characteristics of plantar warts

A

Warts on the bottom of feet, may resolve on its own, common in children and young adults, HPV 1 to 4, spreads by viral shedding of skin

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12
Q

What is tinea corporis?

A

Infection of the body usually no hairy parts, round lesions with clear center may be itchy known as ringworm

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13
Q

Anaerobes require what kind of environment?

A

No oxygen

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14
Q

What is the difference between virus and bacteria and when do they mutate?

A

Virus reproduces using it’s host cell, bacteria reproduces using binary fission or multiplying

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15
Q

What are yeast?

A

Single-felled microorganisms that is considered a fungi

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16
Q

What is a opportunistic infection?

A

An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoa) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available, such as a host with a weakened immune system, an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gut flora), or breached integumentary barriers

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17
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A

An infection someone contracts while in the hospital

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18
Q

What is the difference between a carrier of an infection and the person that gets it?

A

A carrier is someone who may have the infection but not have any symptoms or complications, without knowing they can give it to someone else who will have symptoms

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19
Q

What are in vaccines?

A

Weakened versions of the virus or what looks like the virus (antigens)

The antigens can not produce any symptoms of the actual disease

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20
Q

What is the difference between the incubation, prodromal, and acute periods of infection?

A

Incubation: time period of entry into body and clinical signs of disease
Prodromal: fatigue, loss of appetite, headache; “coming down with something”
Acute: infectious disease develops fully

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21
Q

What are the local signs of infections?

A

Swelling, warm, redness pain

Bacterial: purulent exudate
Viral: serous exudate

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22
Q

What is bacteremia?

A

Bacteria in the blood; always abnormal, since blood should always be sterile

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23
Q

Why do we do culture sensitivity tests?

A

To determine which antibiotic will best treat the bacteria

24
Q

What are broad spectrum antibiotics?

A

Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative

25
Q

What is a secondary infection?

A

An infection that is caused during or after another infection, commonly from antibiotics

26
Q

What is chlamydia

A

Sexually transmitted disease, type of bacteria, does not grow on artificial cultures, replicate by binary fission within host cell

27
Q

What is influenza?

A

A respiratory illness that is caused by a virus

28
Q

What is humoral immunity ?

A

Antibodies are produced to protect the body

29
Q

Natural versus innate immunity

A

Natural is species specific

Innate is gene specific

30
Q

Primary versus secondary

A

Primary; first response to antigen,1-2 weeks

Secondary; repeat exposure to the same antigen more rapid response in 1-3 days

31
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Activated during immune reactions with igG and igM, group of inactive proteins circulating blood, c1 to c9, causes cell damage and further inflammation when inactivated

32
Q

Humoral versus cell-mediated immunity

A

Humoral; antibodies produced to protect

Cell-mediated; lymphocytes are programmed to attack no self cells to protect the body

33
Q

What are the different types of antibodies, where can they be found?

A

G; blood
M; first to increase in immune response
A; secretions
E; allergic response, result is inflammation
D; attached to B cells; activated B cells

34
Q

What is the difference between active natural, passive natural, active artificial, and passive artificial immunities?

A

Active natural; natural exposure to antigen,development of antibodies

Passive natural; igG transfers from mother to fetus or breast mile

Active artificial; antigen purposely introduced, immunizations

Passive artificial; injection of antibodies, short term protection

35
Q

What is the difference between the different types of transplant rejections?

A

Hyperacute; immediately after
Acute; several weeks after
Chronic;months or years after

36
Q

What are the different types of hypersensitivity 1 -4? And an example

A

1: allergic reaction
2: antigen is present on cell membrane; response to incompatible blood transfusion
3: antigen combines with antibody ; rheumatoid arthritis
4: delayed response by sensitized T lymphocytes; allergic skin rash; contact dermatitis, tuberculin test

37
Q

What is a macule, nodule, papilloma, pustule, vehicle, plaque, ulcer, and fissure?

A

Macule; flat small different color than normal skin
Nodule; palpable elevated lesions varies in size
Papule; small firm elevated lesion
Pustule; elevated containing pus
Vesicle; elevated containing serous exudate
Plaque; large slightly elevated scaly
Ulcer; cavity with loss of tissue weeping or bleeding
Fissure; small, deep linear crack or tear in skin

38
Q

What is AIDS what does it do and what can potentially suppress its development?

A

HIV destroys helper T cells, loss of immune response, increased risk for secondary infections, antivirals may suppress its development

39
Q

What is systemic lupus?

A

An autoimmune disease which is known for its butterfly rash, chronic inflammatory disease, effects young women, more common in African American, Asian, hispanics

Impairs blood supply to tissues,large # of circulating antibodies, can effect different organ systems

40
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiencies?

A

Primary: basic developmental failure somewhere in the body

Secondary: loss of immune response from specific causes

41
Q

What is contact dermatitis?

A

Topical; doesn’t involve immune response, direct exposure (soap,makeup,plants)

42
Q

What is urticaria?

A

Eating; result of type 1 hypersensitivity; ingesting substance (shellfish, drugs)

43
Q

What is atopic dermatitis?

A

Eczema; inherited tendency, infants serous exudate, adults is dry and itchy

44
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Chronic inflammatory skin disorder; result of abnormal T cell activation; lesions face;scalp;elbows; knees

Itching and burning sensation

45
Q

What is pemphigus ?

A

Autoimmune disorder, antibodies disrupt cohesions, causes blisters, the skin sheds, painful and open lesions

46
Q

What is scleroderma?

A

Systemic, affect viscera, primary cause is unknown, increase in collagen, causes skin to become tight and immovable, leads to organ failure

47
Q

Cellulitis is caused by what type of bacteria?

A

Staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus

48
Q

What are furuncles and what organism causes them?

A

Boils causes by s.aureus

49
Q

What are carbuncles?

A

Collection of boils or furuncles

50
Q

What is impetigo and what causes it?

A

Lesions commonly on the face caused by s.aureus
Common in infants and children
Itching leads to further spread of infection, close physical contact can spread to other people

Topical antibiotics treats

51
Q

What is acute necrotizing fasciitis? What causes it?

A

Mixture of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria leads to severe inflammation and tissue death
Caused by gram-positive group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus

52
Q

What is leprosy and what causes it?

A

Also known as Hansen’s disease caused by mycobacterium leprae; chronic disease

53
Q

What is the difference between herpes type 1 and 2?

A

Type one is the common cold sore and type two is genital herpes, spread by direct contact

54
Q

What are verrucae?

A

Warts; human papillovirus (HPV) types 1-4, young children and young adults, spreads by viral shedding of skin surface, gentian warts (HPV type 6 and 11)

55
Q

What is the difference between tinea; capitis,corporis,pedis,unguium?

A

Capitis; scalp infection
Corporis; ringworm body infection
Pedis; athletes foot
Unguium; nails

56
Q

What is ABCD of melanoma?

A

A; appearance
B;border
C; color
D; diameter

Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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