Exam 1 Flashcards
Prognosis VS Diagnosis
Prognosis: likelihood for recovery
Diagnosis:identification of a specific disease through examination of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests
What are manifestations of disease?
The signs and symptoms of a disease they can be local such as redness and swelling, or they can be systemic
What is epidemiology ?
Tracking or occurrence of a disease presented in graphs or charts
Hypertrophy VS Atrophy
Hypertrophy: increase in size of cells -> increase in tissue mass
Atrophy: decrease in size of cells -> decrease in tissue mass
Anaplasia VS Metaplasia
Anaplasia: cells that are undifferentiated, and variable nuclear and cell structures
Metaplasia: one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type
Hyperplasia VS Dysplasia VS Neoplasia
Hyperplasia: increased number of cells, resulting enlarged tissue mass
Dysplasia: cells vary in size and shape, nuclei are large, can be caused from irritation or infection
Neoplasia: means new growth, and neoplasm is called a tumor
What is ischemia?
Decrease in oxygenated blood supply to a tissue or organ
What is Necrosis?
Groups of cells die, different processes
Gangrene
Area of necrotic tissue is invaded by bacteria, typically area affected must be amputated
What are the five different types of necrosis?
- Liquefaction; dead cells liquefy
- Coagulative; cell proteins are altered or denatured (heart attacks;lack of oxygen;tissue dies)
- Fat Necrosis;fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids (causes inflammation)
- Caseous Necrosis; thick cheesy, yellow substance forms
- Infarction; dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
Homeostasis
Stable internal environment regardless of external factors; normal internal balance
What are complications ?
Secondary problems, or additional problems that arise after the original disease has begins
Someone has a heart attack, later on develop congestive heart failure
What is double blind study in research ?
Example: new drug is being tested but the person performing the research and the person taking the drug do not know which drug it is. Results are recorded for each
Epidemic VS Pandemic
Epidemic: a larger than normal number of cases is recorded in a small region
Pandemic: an increase in number of cases is seen across the globe, or multiple countries
Precipitating factor
Acute episode that results from a chronic disease
Someone with epilepsy may have a seizure or cluster of seizures then they will subside
Someone with arthritis may be in pain for short periods of time
Sequelae
Unwanted outcome from a primary condition
Gate control theory
Gates open: there is pain
Gates closed:there is no pain
Etiology
The cause of a disease
Pain threshold Vs Pain tolerance
Threshold: the level of stimulation required to create pain, constant between individuals
Tolerance: how much pain a person can take, varies widely from individuals
Myelinated A fibers VS Unmyelinated C fibers
A fibers: transmit impulses quickly
C Fibers: transmit impulses slowly
Referred Pain
Pain that originates in a deep tissue or organ but is felt on the outside of the body in a location distal from the origin
Headaches (5) types
- Eye and forehead area: congested sinus,eye strain,
- temporal area: temporomandibular joint syndrome
- migraine: abnormal blood flow and metabolism in Brain
- intracranial: increased pressure inside the skull can be front, back, or sides headache
- Tension headache: muscle spasms, emotional stress causing back of neck to lock up
Anesthesia
Local;topically or injection removal of lesion
General; used during surgery, affects Brain
Spinal; injection into epidural space labor and delivery, blocks nerve sensation from point of injection down
Intractable pain
Pain that can not be treated, surgery must be done to spinal cord, many risks
Cancer related pain
Pain that is caused by the advancement of the disease, pain that is caused by treatment for the disease, or pain that is caused by already existing conditions unrelated to the cancer
Different types of pain
Ischemic; sudden loss of blood flow to organ or tissue in specific area
Central; dysfunction or damage to the Brain or spinal cord
Neuropathic; involving peripheral nerves from trauma or disease
Specific VS Nonspecific
Nonspecific; second line of defense, phagocytosis and inflammation
Specific; third line of defense, production of specific antibodies that keep you from getting sick again, it strengthens your immune system
Edema
Swelling, typically paired with redness and swelling
Phagocytosis
Cell ingulfs other cells to feed off to it, destroy it, or get information off of it
Leukocytosis
Increase in white blood cells, means there is an infection
Types of healing
Resolution: damaged tissue is minimal and returns to normal after a short period of time
Regeneration: tissue is able to heal by proliferation of nearby cells, when damage is not extensive
Replication: extensive damage was done and the tissue is replaced with scar tissue like brain or heart
Process of healing
Blood clot, inflammation, granulation tissue, collagen, tightening of collagen, left with scar
Rapid healing is promoted by? (R.I.C.E.)
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation
What are the 3 lines of defense?
1st; mechanical, secretions
2nd; inflammation, phagocytosis, nonspecific
3rd; production of specific antibodies, specific
Full-thickness VS Superficial Burn
Full-thickness: 3rd and 4th degree burns that includes destruction of all skin layers and underlying tissue
4th degree include muscle and bone
Superficial: damage epidermis and dermis, heal quickly, ex;sunburn
Partial thickness: first and second degree burns, first epidermis and edema, second is epidermis and dermis
Biosynthetic dressing is applied to what?
Full thickness burns, thin covering that is left on for a few days until cells begins to regenerate the skin
What are the different types of exudate?
Serous: watery discharge with few proteins, primarily fluid
Fibrinous:thick and sticky, increases risk for scarring in the area
Purulent (Pus): yellow-green, thick, consists of cell debris, leukocytes,and resembles a bacteria infection
Abscess: pocketed area of pus within a tissue
Hemorrhagic: blood vessels have been broken
Why is aspirin discouraged in children?
Viral infection and aspirin are believed to contribute to Reyes Syndrome, which effects the brain and liver that can be fatal
