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Pathophysiology Exam 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Prognosis VS Diagnosis

A

Prognosis: likelihood for recovery

Diagnosis:identification of a specific disease through examination of signs and symptoms, laboratory tests

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2
Q

What are manifestations of disease?

A

The signs and symptoms of a disease they can be local such as redness and swelling, or they can be systemic

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3
Q

What is epidemiology ?

A

Tracking or occurrence of a disease presented in graphs or charts

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4
Q

Hypertrophy VS Atrophy

A

Hypertrophy: increase in size of cells -> increase in tissue mass

Atrophy: decrease in size of cells -> decrease in tissue mass

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5
Q

Anaplasia VS Metaplasia

A

Anaplasia: cells that are undifferentiated, and variable nuclear and cell structures

Metaplasia: one mature cell type is replaced by another mature cell type

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6
Q

Hyperplasia VS Dysplasia VS Neoplasia

A

Hyperplasia: increased number of cells, resulting enlarged tissue mass

Dysplasia: cells vary in size and shape, nuclei are large, can be caused from irritation or infection

Neoplasia: means new growth, and neoplasm is called a tumor

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7
Q

What is ischemia?

A

Decrease in oxygenated blood supply to a tissue or organ

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8
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

Groups of cells die, different processes

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9
Q

Gangrene

A

Area of necrotic tissue is invaded by bacteria, typically area affected must be amputated

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10
Q

What are the five different types of necrosis?

A
  1. Liquefaction; dead cells liquefy
  2. Coagulative; cell proteins are altered or denatured (heart attacks;lack of oxygen;tissue dies)
  3. Fat Necrosis;fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids (causes inflammation)
  4. Caseous Necrosis; thick cheesy, yellow substance forms
  5. Infarction; dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen
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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stable internal environment regardless of external factors; normal internal balance

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12
Q

What are complications ?

A

Secondary problems, or additional problems that arise after the original disease has begins

Someone has a heart attack, later on develop congestive heart failure

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13
Q

What is double blind study in research ?

A

Example: new drug is being tested but the person performing the research and the person taking the drug do not know which drug it is. Results are recorded for each

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14
Q

Epidemic VS Pandemic

A

Epidemic: a larger than normal number of cases is recorded in a small region
Pandemic: an increase in number of cases is seen across the globe, or multiple countries

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15
Q

Precipitating factor

A

Acute episode that results from a chronic disease

Someone with epilepsy may have a seizure or cluster of seizures then they will subside

Someone with arthritis may be in pain for short periods of time

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16
Q

Sequelae

A

Unwanted outcome from a primary condition

17
Q

Gate control theory

A

Gates open: there is pain

Gates closed:there is no pain

18
Q

Etiology

A

The cause of a disease

19
Q

Pain threshold Vs Pain tolerance

A

Threshold: the level of stimulation required to create pain, constant between individuals

Tolerance: how much pain a person can take, varies widely from individuals

20
Q

Myelinated A fibers VS Unmyelinated C fibers

A

A fibers: transmit impulses quickly

C Fibers: transmit impulses slowly

21
Q

Referred Pain

A

Pain that originates in a deep tissue or organ but is felt on the outside of the body in a location distal from the origin

22
Q

Headaches (5) types

A
  1. Eye and forehead area: congested sinus,eye strain,
  2. temporal area: temporomandibular joint syndrome
  3. migraine: abnormal blood flow and metabolism in Brain
  4. intracranial: increased pressure inside the skull can be front, back, or sides headache
  5. Tension headache: muscle spasms, emotional stress causing back of neck to lock up
23
Q

Anesthesia

A

Local;topically or injection removal of lesion
General; used during surgery, affects Brain
Spinal; injection into epidural space labor and delivery, blocks nerve sensation from point of injection down

24
Q

Intractable pain

A

Pain that can not be treated, surgery must be done to spinal cord, many risks

25
Q

Cancer related pain

A

Pain that is caused by the advancement of the disease, pain that is caused by treatment for the disease, or pain that is caused by already existing conditions unrelated to the cancer

26
Q

Different types of pain

A

Ischemic; sudden loss of blood flow to organ or tissue in specific area

Central; dysfunction or damage to the Brain or spinal cord

Neuropathic; involving peripheral nerves from trauma or disease

27
Q

Specific VS Nonspecific

A

Nonspecific; second line of defense, phagocytosis and inflammation

Specific; third line of defense, production of specific antibodies that keep you from getting sick again, it strengthens your immune system

28
Q

Edema

A

Swelling, typically paired with redness and swelling

29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell ingulfs other cells to feed off to it, destroy it, or get information off of it

30
Q

Leukocytosis

A

Increase in white blood cells, means there is an infection

31
Q

Types of healing

A

Resolution: damaged tissue is minimal and returns to normal after a short period of time

Regeneration: tissue is able to heal by proliferation of nearby cells, when damage is not extensive

Replication: extensive damage was done and the tissue is replaced with scar tissue like brain or heart

32
Q

Process of healing

A

Blood clot, inflammation, granulation tissue, collagen, tightening of collagen, left with scar

33
Q

Rapid healing is promoted by? (R.I.C.E.)

A

Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevation

34
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense?

A

1st; mechanical, secretions
2nd; inflammation, phagocytosis, nonspecific
3rd; production of specific antibodies, specific

35
Q

Full-thickness VS Superficial Burn

A

Full-thickness: 3rd and 4th degree burns that includes destruction of all skin layers and underlying tissue
4th degree include muscle and bone

Superficial: damage epidermis and dermis, heal quickly, ex;sunburn

Partial thickness: first and second degree burns, first epidermis and edema, second is epidermis and dermis

36
Q

Biosynthetic dressing is applied to what?

A

Full thickness burns, thin covering that is left on for a few days until cells begins to regenerate the skin

37
Q

What are the different types of exudate?

A

Serous: watery discharge with few proteins, primarily fluid
Fibrinous:thick and sticky, increases risk for scarring in the area
Purulent (Pus): yellow-green, thick, consists of cell debris, leukocytes,and resembles a bacteria infection
Abscess: pocketed area of pus within a tissue
Hemorrhagic: blood vessels have been broken

38
Q

Why is aspirin discouraged in children?

A

Viral infection and aspirin are believed to contribute to Reyes Syndrome, which effects the brain and liver that can be fatal

Pathophysiology Exam 1 (2 decks)

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