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Perception > Exam 2 (ch4,5,6) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (ch4,5,6) Flashcards

1
Q

Accidental viewpoint

A

A viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world (e.g. The sides of two independent objects lining up perfectly)

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2
Q

Agnosia

A

A failure to recognize objects, in spite of the ability to see them. Agnosia is typically due to brain damage.

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3
Q

Ambiguous figure

A

A visual stimulus that gives rise to two or more interpretations of its structure

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4
Q

Bayesian approach

A

In layman’s terms, systematic incorporation of prior knowledge about the model, and it’s parameters. A way of formalizing the idea that our perception is a combination of the current stimulus and our knowledge about the conditions of the world-what is and is not likely to occur. (View notes for theorem formula)

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5
Q

Border ownership

A

When one object is in front of another, there will be a visual border formed between the object and the background. That border is “owned” by the object. It is the edge of the object, not a property of the background.

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6
Q

Congenital prosopagnosia

A

A form of face blindness, apparently present from birth, as opposed to acquired prosopagnosia, which would typically be the result of an injury to the nervous system

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7
Q

Decoding

A

The process of determining the nature of a stimulus from the pattern of responses measured in the brain, or potentially in an artificial system like a computer network. The stimulus could be a sensory stimulus or it could be an internal state (e.g. The contents of a dream)

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8
Q

Deep neural network (DNN)

A

A type of machine learning and artificial intelligence, and which computer is programmed to learn something (here object recognition). These are artificial neural networks that have a large number of layers of nodes with millions of connections.

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9
Q

Entry level category

A

For an object, the label that comes to mind most quickly when we identify it (e.g. bird). At the subordinate level, the object might be more specifically named (E.G eagle) at the super ordinate level it might be more generally named (e.g. animal)

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10
Q

Extrastriate cortex

A

The region of cortex bordering the primary visual cortex and containing multiple areas involved in visual processing

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11
Q

Feedforward process

A

Simplified, the process of replacing positive or negative feedback with future oriented solutions. A process that carries out a computation (e.g. Object recognition) one neural step after another without need for feedback from a later stage to in earlier stage

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12
Q

Figure ground assignment

A

The process of determining that some regions of an object belong to a foreground object (figure) and other regions are part of the background (ground)

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13
Q

Where is the FFA and EBA located?

A

The extrastriate visual cortex

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14
Q

Geon

A

In Biederman’s recognition by components model, any of the geometric icons out of which perceptual objects are built

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15
Q

Gestalt

A

In German literally “form”. In reference to perception, a school of thought stressing that the perceptual whole can be greater than the apparent some of the parts.

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16
Q

Gestalt grouping rules

A

Set of rules describing which elements in an image will appear to group together. The original list was assembled by members of the gestalt school of thought.

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17
Q

Global superiority effect

A

The finding in various experiments that the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of parts of the object

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18
Q

Good continuation

A

A gestalt grouping rule stating that two elements will tend to group together if they seem to lie on the same contour

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19
Q

Heuristic

A

A mental shortcut

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20
Q

Holistic processing

A

Processing based on analysis of the entire object or scene and not on adding together a set of smaller parts or features (e.g. a face)

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21
Q

Homologous regions

A

Brain regions that appear to have the same function in different species

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22
Q

Illusory contour

A

A contour that is perceived even though it is the same as the background (the pacman illusion!)

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23
Q

Inferotemporal (IT) cortex

A

Part of the cerebral cortex in the lower portion of the temporal lobe, important in object recognition

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24
Q

Lesion

A

In reference to neurophysiology, 1. (N) a region of damage brain. 2. (V) to destroy a section of the brain.

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25
Q

Mid-level (or middle) vision

A

A loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image (low-level or early, vision) and before object recognition and scene understanding (high-level vision)

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26
Q

Necker cube

A

An outline that is perceptually bi-stable. Unlike the situation with most stimuli, two interpretations continually battle for perceptual dominance.

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27
Q

Non-accidental feature

A

A feature of an object that is not dependent on the exact (or accidental) viewing position of the observer

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28
Q

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

A region of extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated more by images of places than by other stimuli

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29
Q

Parallelism

A

A rule for figure ground assignment, stating that parallel contours are likely to belong to the same figure

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30
Q

Proximity

A

A Gestalt grouping rule stating that the tendency of two features to group together will increase as the distance between them decreases

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31
Q

Recognition by components model

A

Biederman’s model of object recognition which holds that objects are recognized by the identities and relationships of their component parts

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32
Q

Relatability

A

The degree to which two lines segments appear to be part of the same contour

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33
Q

Reverse hierarchy theory

A

A theory that fast feedforward processes can give you crude information about objects in scenes, based on activity and high-level parts of the visual cortex. You become aware of details when activity flows back down to the hierarchy of visual areas to lower level areas where the detailed information is preserved.

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34
Q

Similarity

A

A gestalt grouping rule stating that the tendency of two features to group together will increase as the similarities between them increases

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35
Q

Structural description

A

A description of an object in terms of the nature of its constituent parts and the relationships between those parts

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36
Q

Structuralism

A

In reference to perception, a school of thought that believed that complex objects or perceptions could be understood by analysis of the components

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37
Q

Subtraction method

A

In functional magnetic imaging, comparison of brain activity measured in two conditions: one with and one without the involvement of the mental process of interest. the difference between the images for the two conditions may show regions of brain specifically activated by that mental process

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38
Q

Surroundedness

A

A rule for figure ground assignment stating that if one region is entirely surrounded by another, it is likely that surrounded region is the figure.

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39
Q

Symmetry

A

A rule for figure ground assignment, stating that symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as figure

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40
Q

Template

A

The internal representation of a stimulus that is used to recognize the stimulus in the world. unlike its use in, for example, making a key, a mental template is not expected to actually look like the stimulus that it matches

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41
Q

Texture segmentation

A

Carving an image into regions of common texture properties

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42
Q

Visual word form area (VWFA)

A

A region of the extrastriate visual cortex in humans that is specifically and reliably activated more by images of written words than by other stimuli

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43
Q

Achromatopsia

A

An inability to perceive colors that is caused by damage to the central nervous system

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44
Q

Adapting stimulus

A

A stimulus whose removal produces a change in visual perception or sensitivity

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45
Q

Additive color mixture

A

A mixture of lights. If light A and light B are both reflected from a surface to the eye, in the perception of color the effects of those two lights add together.

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46
Q

Anomia

A

An inability to name objects in spite of the ability to see and recognize them (as shown by usage). Anomia Is typically due to brain damage

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47
Q

Basic color terms

A

Color words that are single words (like blue, not sky blue), are used with high frequency and have meanings that are agreed upon by speakers of a language.

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48
Q

Color assimilation

A

A color perception effect in which 2 colors bleed into each other each, taking on some of the chromatic quality of the other.

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49
Q

Color constancy

A

The tendency of a surface to appear the same color under a fairly wide range of illuminants

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50
Q

Color contrast

A

A color perception effect in which the color of one region induces the opponent color in a neighboring Region

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51
Q

Color space

A

The three dimensional space established because color perception is based on the outputs of 3 cone types that describes the set of all colors.

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52
Q

Color-anomalous

A

A better term for the commonly used term colorblind. Individuals can still make discriminations based on wavelength. Those discriminations are different from the norm that is, anomalous

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53
Q

Cone monochromat

A

An individual with only one cone type. cone monochromats are truly color blind.

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54
Q

Cone-opponent cell

A

A cell type found in the retina, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex-that, in effect, subtracts one type of cone input from another

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55
Q

Cultural relativism

A

In sensation and perception, the idea that basic perceptual experiences (e.g. color perception) may be determined in part by the cultural environment

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56
Q

Deuteranope

A

An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of M-cones

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57
Q

Equiluminant

A

Referring to stimuli that vary in color but not in luminance

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58
Q

Illuminant

A

The lights that illuminates a surface

59
Q

Koniocellular

A

Referring to cells in the koniocellular layer of the LGN, of the thalamus. Konio from Greek for “dust” refers to the appearance of the cells

60
Q

LGN

A

A structure in the thalamus, part of the midbrain, that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and has input and output connections to the visual cortex

61
Q

L-cone

A

A cone that is preferantially sensitive to long wavelengths, colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a red cone

62
Q

M-cone

A

A cone that is preferentially sensitive to middle wavelengths colloquially, but not entirely accurately known as a green cone.

63
Q

Mesopic

A

Referring to the middle range of light intensities

64
Q

Metamers

A

Different mixtures of wavelengths that look identical, or more generally, any pair of stimuli that are perceived as identical in spite of physical differences.

65
Q

Negative afterimage

A

An after image whose polarity is the opposite of the original stimulus. Light stimuli produce start negative after images. Colors are complementary; for example, red produces green after images and yellow produces blue.

66
Q

Neutral point

A

The point at which an opponent color mechanism is generating no signal. If red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms are at their neutral points, a stimulus will appear achromatic. (The black-white process has no neutral point.)

67
Q

Opponent color theory

A

The theory that perception of color is based on the output of three mechanisms, each of them resulting from an opponency between two colors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

68
Q

Parvocellular

A

Referring to cells in the parvocellular layers of the LGN of the thalamus. Parvo from Greek for “small” refers to the size of the cells

69
Q

Photopic

A

Referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate the cone receptors and bright enough to “saturate” the rod receptors, that is, drive them to their maximum responses.

70
Q

Principle of univariance

A

The fact that an infinite set of different wavelength intensity combinations can elicit exactly the same response from a single type of photoreceptor. One photo receptor type cannot make color discriminations based on wave length.

71
Q

Protanope

A

An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of L-cones

72
Q

Reflectance

A

The percentage of light hitting a surface that is reflected, and not absorbed into the surface. Typically reflectance is given as a function of wavelength.

73
Q

Related color

A

A color, such as brown or gray, that is seen only in relation to other colors. For example, a “gray” patch in complete darkness appears white.

74
Q

Rod monochromat

A

An individual with no cones of any type. In addition to being truly colorblind, rod monochromats are badly visually impaired in bright light.

75
Q

S-cone

A

A cone that is preferentially sensitive to short wavelengths, colloquially (but not entirely accurately) known as a blue cone

76
Q

Scotopic

A

Referring to light intensities that are bright enough to stimulate the rod receptors, but too dim to stimulate the cone receptors.

77
Q

Spectral power distribution

A

The physical energy in a light as a function of wavelength

78
Q

Spectral reflectance function

A

The percentage of a particular wavelength that is reflected from a surface

79
Q

Spectral sensitivity

A

The sensitivity of a cell or a device to different wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum

80
Q

Subtractive color mixture

A

A mixture of pigments. If pigments a and b mix , some of the light shining on the surface will be subtracted by a and some by B. Only the remainder will contribute to the perception of color

81
Q

Synesthesia

A

The perceptual experience (e.g. a color) elicited by a stimulus (e.g. a letter) that does not typically produce that experience, while the stimulus (e.g. wavelength information) that does not normally produce the experience is absent

82
Q

Tetrachromatic

A

Referring to the rare situation (in humans, at least) where the color of any light is defined by relationships of 4 numbers- the outputs of those 4 receptor types.

83
Q

Trichromacy/trichromatic theory of color vision

A

The theory that the color of any light is defined in our visual system by the relationships of 3 numbers: the outputs of three receptor types now known to be the three cones. also called the young Helmholtz theory.

84
Q

Tritanope

A

An individual who suffers from color blindness that is due to the absence of S-cones.

85
Q

Unique hue

A

In the context of opponent color theory , any of four colors that can be described with only a single term: red yellow green blue. Other colors (e.g. purple or orange) can also be described as compounds (reddish blue reddish yellow)

86
Q

Unrelated color

A

A color that can be experienced in isolation.

87
Q

Absolute disparity

A

The difference in the angular distance of the images of an object from the foveas of the two eyes

88
Q

Absolute metrical depth cue

A

A dept cue that provides quantifiable information about distance in the third dimension(e.g., His nose sticks out four centimeters in front of his face)

89
Q

Accomodation

A

The process by which the eye changes its focus (in which the lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects)

90
Q

Anamorphosis/anamorphic projection

A

Use of rules in linear perspective to create a 2 dimensional image so distorted that it looks correct only when viewed from a special angle or with mirror that counters the distortion.

91
Q

Binocular

A

Referring to 2 eyes

92
Q

Binocular depth cue

A

A depth cue that relies on information from both eyes. Stereopsis is the primary example in humans , but convergence and the ability of two eyes to see more of an object than one eye sees are also binocular depth cues

93
Q

Binocular disparity

A

The differences between the two retinal images of the same scene. Disparity is the basis for stereopsis, a vivid perception of the three dimensionality of the world that is not available with monocular vision

94
Q

Binocular rivalry

A

The competition between the two eyes for control of visual perception, which is evident when completely different stimuli are presented to the two eyes

95
Q

Binocular summation

A

The combination (or summation) of signals from both eyes in ways that make performance on many tasks better than with either eye alone

96
Q

Continuity constraint

A

In reference to stereopsis, the observation that, except at the edges of objects, neighboring points in the world lie similar distances from the viewer. This is one of several constraints that have been proposed as helpful in solving the correspondence problem

97
Q

Convergence

A

The ability of the two eyes to turn inward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the 2 retinal all images (typically on the fovea of each eye). Convergence reduces the disparity of that feature to zero (or nearly zero)

98
Q

Correspondence problem

A

In reference to binocular vision, the problem of figuring out which bit of the image in the left eye should be matched with which bit in the right eye. The problem is particularly vexing when the image consist of thousands of similar features like dots in random dot stereogram.

99
Q

Corresponding retinal points

A

Two monocular images of an object in the world are said to fall on corresponding points if those points are the same distance from the fovea in both eyes. The two foveas are also corresponding points.

100
Q

Critical period

A

A period of time during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to developmental change. There are critical periods in the development of binocular vision, human language, and so on.

101
Q

Crossed disparity

A

The sign of disparity created by objects in front of the plane to fixation (the horopter). The term crossed is used because images of objects located in front of the horopter appear to be displaced to the left and the right eye, and to the right and the left eye.

102
Q

Cyclopean

A

Referring to stimuli that are defined by binocular disparity alone. Named after the one eyed cyclops of homers odyssey.

103
Q

Dichoptic

A

Referring to the presentation of two different stimuli, one to each eye. Different from binocular presentation, which could involve both eyes looking at a single stimulus.

104
Q

Diplopia

A

Double vision. If visible in both eyes, stimuli falling outside of Panum’s fusional area will appear diplopic.

105
Q

Divergence

A

The ability of the two eyes to turn outward, often used in order to place the two images of a feature in the world on corresponding locations in the two retinal images (typically on the fovea of each eye). Divergence reduces the disparity of that feature to zero (or nearly 0).

106
Q

Esotropia

A

Strabismus in which one eye deviates inward

107
Q

Exotropia

A

Strabismus in which one eye deviates outward.

108
Q

Familiar size

A

A depth cue based on knowledge of the typical sizes of objects, such as humans or pennies

109
Q

Free fusion

A

The technique of converging (crossing) or diverging the eyes in order to view a stereogram w/o a steroscope

110
Q

Haze/aerial perspective

A

A depth cue based on the implicit understanding that light is scattered by the atmosphere. More light is scattered when we look through more atmosphere. Thus, more distant objects appear fainter, bluer, and less distinct

111
Q

Horopter

A

The location of objects whose images lie on corresponding points. The surface of zero disparity.

112
Q

Linear perspective

A

A depth cue based on the fact that lines that are parallel in the three-dimensional world will appear to converge in a two-dimensional image

113
Q

Metrical depth cue

A

A depth cue that provides quantitative information about distance in the third dimension

114
Q

Monocular

A

Referring to one eye

115
Q

Monocular depth cue

A

A depth cue that is available even when the world is viewed with one eye alone

116
Q

Motion parallax

A

An important depth cue that is based on head movement. The geometric information obtained from an eye in two different positions is similar to the information from two eyes in different positions in the head at the same time.

117
Q

Nonmetrical depth cue

A

A depth cue that provides information about the depth order (relative depth) but not depth magnitude (e.g. his nose is in front of his face)

118
Q

Occlusion

A

A cue to relative depth order in which, for example, one object obstructs the view of part of another object

119
Q

Optic flow

A

The pattern of apparent motion of objects in a visual scene produced by the relative motion between the observer and the scene

120
Q

Panum’s fusional area

A

The region of space, in front of and behind the horopter, within which binocular single vision is possible

121
Q

Pictorial depth cue

A

A cue to distance or depth used by artists to depict three dimensional depth in two dimensional pictures

122
Q

Positivism

A

A philosophical position arguing that all we really have to go on is the evidence of the senses, so the world might be nothing more than an elaborate hallucination

123
Q

Probability summation

A

The increased detection probability based on the statistical advantage of having two (or more) detectors rather than one

124
Q

Projective geometry

A

For purposes of studying perception of the three dimensional world, the geometry that describes the transformations that occur when the three dimensional world is projected onto a two dimensional surface. For example, parallel lines do not converge in the real world, but they do in the two dimensional projection of that world

125
Q

Random dot stereogram (rds)

A

A stereogram made of a large # (often in thousands) of randomly placed dots. Rds’s contain no monocular cues to depth. Stimuli visible stereoscopically in rds’s are cyclopean stimuli

126
Q

Realism

A

A philosophical position arguing that there is a real world to sense

127
Q

Relative disparity

A

The difference in the absolute disparities of two objects

128
Q

Relative height

A

As a depth cue, the observation that objects at different distances from the viewer on the ground plane will form images at different heights in the retinal image. Objects farther away will be seen as higher in the image.

129
Q

Relative metrical depth cue

A

A depth cue that could specify, for example, that object A is twice as far from object B w/o providing info ab the absolute distance to either A or B

130
Q

Relative size

A

A comparison of size between items w/o knowing the absolute size of either one

131
Q

Stereoacuity

A

A measure of the smallest binocular disparity that can generate a sensation of depth

132
Q

Stereoblindness

A

An inability to make use of binocular disparity as a depth cue. This term is typically used to describe individuals w vision in both eyes. Someone who has lost one (or both) eyes is not typically described as stereoblind

133
Q

Stereopsis

A

The ability to use binocular disparity as a depth cue

134
Q

Stereoscope

A

A device for simultaneously presenting one image to one eye and another image to the other eye. Stereoscopes can be used to present dichoptic stimuli for stereopsis and binocular rivalry

135
Q

Strabismus

A

Misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye and on a nonfoveal area of the other (turned) eye

136
Q

Suppression

A

In reference to vision, the inhibition of an unwanted image. Suppression occurs frequently in people w strabismus

137
Q

Texture gradient

A

A depth cue based on the geometric fact that items of the same size form smaller images when they are farther away. An array of items that change in size smoothly across the image will appear to form a surface tilted in depth

138
Q

Tilt aftereffect

A

The perceptual illusion of a tilt, produced by adaptation to a pattern of a given orientation

139
Q

Triangulation

A

In vision, this refers to the triangle formed by the two eyes and the point on which they fixate in the 3d world. The angles of that triangle are related to the location of the fixated point in depth

140
Q

Uncrossed disparity

A

The sign of disparity created by objects behind the plane of fixation (the horopter). The term uncrossed is used bc images of objects located behind the horopter will appear to be displaced to the right in the right eye and to the left in the left eye

141
Q

Uniqueness constraint

A

In reference to stereopsis, the observation that a feature in the world is represented exactly once in each retinal image. This constraint simplifies the correspondence problem

142
Q

Vanishing point

A

The apparent point at which parallel lines receding in depth converge

143
Q

Vergence angle

A

The angle formed by lines from each eye to the current object of fixation. A larger vergence angle implies a closer object

144
Q

Vieth-Müller circle

A

The location of objects whose images fall on geometrically corresponding points in the two retinas. If life were simple, this circle would be the horopter

Perception (3 decks)

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