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Perception > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is signal detection theory?

A

A psychophysical theory that quantifies the response of an observer to the presentation of a signal in the presence of noise. Measures obtained from a series of presentations are sensitivity (d) and criterion of the observer

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2
Q

The sixth pair of cranial nerves which innervate the lateral rectus muscle of the eyeball

A

Abducens (VI) nerves

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3
Q

The minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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4
Q

Also referred to as connectionist models, are computational methods that consist of networks of nodes with weighted connections between them. Connection weights increase and decrease following experience in ways that resemble organization of biological networks.

A

Artificial neural networks

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5
Q

Theoretical and or computational models that employ Bayesian statistical methods to generate an internal model of the source of sensory inputs based upon prior experience

A

Bayesian models

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6
Q

The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin that permits the localization of brain neurons that are most involved in the task

A

Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal

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7
Q

The use of mathematical language and equations to describe steps in psychological and/or neural processes (often implemented on a computer)

A

Computational model

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8
Q

12 pairs of nerves (one for each side of the body) that originate in the brain stem and reach sense organs and muscles through openings in the skull

A

Cranial nerves

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9
Q

In reference to signal detection theory, an internal threshold, that is set by the observer. If the internal response is above criterion, the observer gives one response (e.g. “yes, i hear that”). Below criterion the observer gives another response (“no, i hear nothing”)

A

Criterion

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10
Q

The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities. This ability allows insight into sensory differences. For example, a listener might adjust the brightness of the light until it matches the loudness of a tone

A

Cross-modality matching

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11
Q

Artificial neural networks that have a very large number of layers of nodes with millions of connections

A

Deep neural networks

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12
Q

A doctrine formulated by Johannes Müller, stating that the nature of a sensation depends on which sensory fibers are stimulated rather than how they are stimulated

A

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

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13
Q

The idea that the mind has an existence separate from the material world of the body

A

Dualism

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14
Q

Theoretical, and or computational models that explain neural processing by assuming that sensory systems become tuned to predictability in natural environments in ways that economically encode predictable sensory inputs, while highlighting inputs that are less predictable

A

Efficient coding models

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15
Q

A technique that, using many electrodes on the scalp, measures electrical activity from populations of many neurons in the brain

A

Electroencephalography (EEG)

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16
Q

A measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimuli that requires averaging many EEG recordings

A

Event related potential (ERP)

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17
Q

A principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the magnitude of subjective sensation increases proportionally to the logarithm of the stimulus intensity

A

Fechner’s law

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18
Q

A variant of magnetic resonance imaging that makes it possible to measure localized patterns of activity in the brain. Activated neurons provoke increased blood flow, which can be quantified by measuring changes in the response of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to strong magnetic fields

A

fMRI

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19
Q

The smallest detectable difference between two stimuli or the minimum change in a stimulus that enables it to be correctly judged as different from a reference stimulus

A

Just noticeable difference (JND) or difference threshold

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20
Q

An imaging technology that uses the responses of atoms to strong magnetic fields to form images of structures, like the brain. The method can be adopted to measure activity in the brain as well.

A

MRI

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21
Q

A technique similar to EEG that measures changes in magnetic activity across populations of many neurons in the brain

A

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

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22
Q

A psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitude of the stimuli

A

Magnitude estimation

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23
Q

A pattern of light striking the eye, making photo receptors activate is ____, whereas recognizing the pattern of light as a cat is _____.

A

Sensation, perception

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24
Q

Which conceptual approach to understanding sensation, and perception might measure the lowest volume that you can hear a different frequencies?

A

Thresholds

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25
Q

Which conceptual approach to understanding sensation and perception studies how people make difficult perceptual decisions?

A

Signal detection theory

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26
Q

Which conceptual approach to understanding sensation and perception might measure your brain activity while taking a hearing test?

A

Neuroimaging

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27
Q

The idea that the only thing that exists is matter, and that all things, including the mind and consciousness, are the results of interaction between bits of matter

A

Materialism

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28
Q

The use of mathematical language and equations to describe psychological and/or neural processes

A

Mathematical model

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29
Q

A method of limits in which the participant controls the change in the stimulus

A

Method of adjustment

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30
Q

A psychophysical method in which many stimuli ranging from rarely to almost always perceivable, represented one at a time. Participants respond to each presentation: “yes/no” “ same/different”, so on

A

Method of constant stimuli

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31
Q

Psychophysical method in which the particular dimension of a stimulus or the difference between two stimuli, is varied incrementally until the participant responds differently

A

Method of limits

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32
Q

A set of methods that generate images of the structure and/or function of the brain. In many cases these methods, allow us to examine the brain in living, behaving humans

A

Neuroimaging

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33
Q

A chemical substance used in neuronal communication at the synapses

A

Neurotransmitters

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34
Q

The third pair of cranial nerves, which innervate all the extrinsic muscles of the eye, except the lateral rectus, and the superior oblique muscles, and which innervate the elevator muscle of the upper eyelid, the ciliary muscle, and the sphincter muscle of the pupil

A

Oculomotor (III) nerves

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35
Q

The first pair of cranial nerves. The axons of the olfactory sensory neurons bundled together after passing through the cribriform plate to form the olfactory nerve, which conducts impulses from the olfactory epithelia in the nose to the olfactory bulb

A

Olfactory (I) nerves

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36
Q

The second pair of cranial nerves which arise from the retina and carry visual information to the thalamus and other parts of the brain

A

Optic (II) nerves

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37
Q

The idea that the mind exists as a property of all matter- that is that all matter has consciousness

A

Panpsychism

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38
Q

The act of giving meaning to a detected sensation

A

Perception

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39
Q

Referring to blending multiple sensory systems

A

Polysensory

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40
Q

An imaging technology that enables us to define locations in the brain, where neurons are especially active by measuring the metabolism of brain cells using safe radioactive isotopes

A

Positron emission tomography (PET)

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41
Q

The use of Bayesian models to predict future inputs. If predictions do not match inputs (prediction error), the model is adjusted to improve future predictions

A

Predictive coding

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42
Q

The science of defining quantitative relationships between physical and psychological (subjective, perceptual) events

A

Psychophysics

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43
Q

In reference to philosophy, private conscious experiences of sensation or perception

A

Qualia

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44
Q

In reference to studies of signal detection, the graphical plot of the hit rate as a function of the false alarm rate. If these are the same points fall on the diagonal indicating that the observer cannot tell the difference between the presence and absence of the signal. As the observer sensitivity increases, the curve bows upward toward the upper left corner. That point represents a perfect ability to distinguish signal from noise (100% hits, 0% false alarms)

A

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

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45
Q

The ability to detect the stimulus, and perhaps to turn that detection into a private experience

A

Sensation

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46
Q

In reference to signal detection theory, a measure that defines the ease with which an observer can tell the difference between the presence and absence of a stimulus or the difference between stimulus 1 and stimulus 2.

A

Sensitivity

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47
Q

The process of combining different sensory signals. The senses typically work together to learn about the world and to guide behavior. This is not the same as the mathematical process of integration learned in calculus.

A

Sensory integration or multisensory integration

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48
Q

A principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says, the magnitude of subjective sensation is proportional to the stimulus magnitude raised to an exponent

A

Stevens power law

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49
Q

The junction between neurons that permits information transfer

A

Synapse

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50
Q

The fourth pair of cranial nerves which innervate the superior oblique muscles of the eyeballs

A

Trochlear (IV) nerves

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51
Q

The minimum distance at which to stimuli (e.g. Two simultaneous touches) are just perceptible a separate

A

Two point touch threshold

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52
Q

The eighth pair of cranial nerves, which connect the inner ear with the brain, transmitting impulses concerned with hearing and spatial orientation. The vestibulocochlear nerve is composed of the cochlear nerve branch and the vestibular nerve branch.

A

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerves

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53
Q

The constant of proportionality in webers law

A

Weber fraction

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54
Q

The principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation that says the just noticeable difference (JND) is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus

A

Webers law

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55
Q

To take up some thing, such as light noise or energy, and not transmit it at all

A

Absorb

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56
Q

The process by which the eye changes its focus (in which the lens gets fatter, as gaze is directed toward near objects.)

A

Accommodation

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57
Q

A disease associated with aging that affects the macula. It gradually destroys sharp, central vision, making it difficult to read, drive and recognize faces.

A

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

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58
Q

What are the two forms of AMD?

A

Wet and dry

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59
Q

A retinal cell found in the inner nuclear layer that makes synoptic contacts with bipolar cells, ganglion cells, and other amacrine cells.

A

Amacrine cell

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60
Q

The watery fluid in the anterior chamber of the eye

A

Aqueous humor

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61
Q

A visual defect caused by the unequal curving of one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye; usually the cornea.

A

Astigmatism

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62
Q

A retinal cell that synapses with either rods or cones (not both) and with horizontal cells, and then passes the signals onto the ganglion cells

A

Bipolar cell

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63
Q

An opacity of the crystalline lens

A

Cataract

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64
Q

The light catching part of the visual pigments of the retina

A

Chromophore

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65
Q

A photo receptor specialized for daylight vision, fine visual acuity, and color

A

Cone

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66
Q

The difference in luminance between an object in the background, or between lighter and darker parts of the same object

A

Contrast

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67
Q

The transparent “window” into the eyeball

A

Cornea

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68
Q

A bipolar retinal cell whose processes are spread out to receive input from multiple cones

A

Diffuse bipolar cell

69
Q

A unit of measurement of the optical power of lens . It is equal to the reciprocal of the focal length in meters.

A

Diopter (D)

70
Q

A 2 diopter lens will bring parallel rays of light into focus at ___ m.

A

1/2 m (50cm)

71
Q

In reference to the retina consisting of two parts: the rods in the cones, which operate under different conditions

A

Duplex

72
Q

The angular distance between the retinal image and the fovea

A

Eccentricity

73
Q

The condition in which there is no refractive error, because the refractive power of the eye is perfectly matched to the length of the eyeball

A

Emmetropia

74
Q

An acoustic electrical electronic or optical device instrument, computer program or neuron that allows the passage of some frequencies or digital elements and blocks the passage of others

A

Filter

75
Q

The distance between the lens (or mirror) and the viewed object in meters

A

Focal distance

76
Q

A small pit located near the center of the macula and containing the highest concentration of cones and no rods. It is the portion of the retina that produces the highest visual acuity, and serves as the point of fixation.

A

Fovea

77
Q

The back layer of the retina: with the eye doctor sees through an ophthalmoscope

A

Fundus

78
Q

A retinal cell that receives visual information from photo
receptors via two intermediate neuron types (bipolar cells, and amacrine cells) and transmit information to the brain and midbrain.

A

Ganglion cell

79
Q

An electrical potential that can vary continuously in amplitude

A

Graded potential

80
Q

Specialized retinal cell that contacts both photoreceptor and bipolar cells

A

Horizontal cell

81
Q

The perceptual attribute of colors that enables them to be classified as similar to red green or blue, or something in between

A

Hue

82
Q

Farsightedness, a common condition in which light entering the eyes focus behind the retina and accommodation is required in order to see near objects clearly

A

Hyperopia

83
Q

A change in membrane potential such that the inner membrane surface becomes more negative than the outer membrane surface

A

Hyperpolarization

84
Q

A picture or likeness

A

Image

85
Q

The part of a photo receptor that lies between the outer segment and the cell nucleus

A

Inner segment

86
Q

The colored part of the eye consisting of a muscular diaphragm surrounding the pupil and regulating the light entering the eye by expanding and contracting the pupil

A

Iris

87
Q

A neuron located between the magnocellular and parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. This layer is known as the ___ layer.

A

Koniocellular cell, koniocellular

88
Q

Antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina

A

Lateral inhibition

89
Q

The structure inside the eye that enables the changing of focus

A

Lens

90
Q

A ganglion cell resembling a little umbrella that receives excitatory input from diffuse bipolar cells, and feeds the magnocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

M ganglion cell

91
Q

The pigmented region, with a diameter of about 5.5 mm near the center of the retina. It is sometimes referred to as the ___ lutea (from the Latin) because if its yellow appearance

A

Macula

92
Q

A photopigment that is sensitive to ambient light

A

Melanospin

93
Q

A small bipolar cell in the central retinal that receives input from a single cone

A

Midget bipolar cell

94
Q

Nearsightedness, a common condition in which light entering the eye is focused in front of the retina and distant objects cannot be seen sharply

A

Myopia

95
Q

A bipolar cell that hyperpolarizes in response to an increase in light captured by the cones

A

OFF bipolar cell

96
Q

A cell that increases firing in response to a decrease in light intensity in its receptive field center

A

OFF center cell

97
Q

Bipolar cell that depolarizes in response to an increase in light captured by the cones

A

ON bipolar cell

98
Q

A cell that increases firing in response to an increase in light intensity in its receptive field center

A

ON center cell

99
Q

The part of a photoreceptor that contains photopigment molecules

A

Outer segment

100
Q

A small ganglion cell that receives excitatory input from single midget bipolar cells in the central retina and feeds the parvocellular layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

P ganglion cell

101
Q

Activation by light

A

Photoactivation

102
Q

A quantum of visible light or other form of electromagnetic radiation demonstrating both particle and wave properties

A

Photon

103
Q

A light-sensitive receptor in the retina

A

Photoreceptor

104
Q

Literally “old sight”; the age related loss of accommodation, which makes it difficult to focus on near objects

A

Presbyopia

105
Q

The dark circular opening at the center of the iris in the eye, where light enters the eye

A

Pupil

106
Q

The region on the retina in which visual stimuli influence a neuron’s firing rate

A

Receptive field

107
Q

To redirect some thing that strikes a surface- especially light, sound, or heat- usually back toward its point of origin

A

Reflect

108
Q
  1. To alter the course of a wave of energy that passes into something from another medium, as water does to light entering it from the air
  2. To measure the degree of refraction in a lens or eye
A

Refract

109
Q

A very common disorder in which the image of the world is not clearly focused on the retina. The most common of these are myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia.

A

Refractive error

110
Q

A light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye that contains photoreceptors and other cell types that transduce light into electrochemical signals and transmit them to the brain through the optic nerve

A

Retina

111
Q

A progressive degeneration of the retina that affects night vision and peripheral vision. It Commonly runs in families and can be caused by defects in a number of different genes that have recently been identified.

A

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)

112
Q

The visual pigment found in the rods

A

Rhodopsin

113
Q

A photoreceptor specialized for night vision

A

Rod

114
Q

To disperse something- such as light- in an irregular fashion

A

Scatter

115
Q
  1. The ability to perceive via the sense organs.
  2. Extreme responsiveness to radiation, especially to light of a specific wavelength.
  3. The ability to respond to transmitted signals
A

Sensitivity

116
Q

The location where axons terminate at the synapse for transmission of information by the release of a chemical transmitter

A

Synaptic terminal

117
Q

To convert from one form of energy to another (e.g. From light to neural electrical energy or from mechanical movement to neural electrical energy). Neurons use electrical signals in their communication.

A

Transduce

118
Q

To convey something from one place or thing to another

A

Transmit

119
Q

Referring to the characteristic of a material that allows light to pass through it, with no interruptions such that objects on the other side can be clearly seen

A

Transparent

120
Q

A measure of the finest detail that can be resolved by the eyes

A

Visual acuity

121
Q

The angle that an object subtends at the eye

A

Visual angle

122
Q

The transparent fluid that fills the vitreous chamber in the posterior part of the eye

A

Vitreous humor

123
Q

An oscillation that travels through a medium by transferring energy from one particle or point to another without causing any permanent displacement of the medium

A

Wave

124
Q

The smallest spatial detail that can be resolved at 100% contrast

A

Acuity

125
Q

A reduction in response caused by prior or continuing stimulation

A

Adaptation

126
Q

A developmental disorder characterized by reduced spatial vision in an otherwise healthy eye, even with proper correction for refractive error; also known as lazy eye

A

Amblyopia

127
Q

A condition in which the two eyes have different refractive errors (e.g. One eye is farsighted, and the other is not)

A

Anisometropia

128
Q

Regular arrays of blobs spaced about 0.5 mm a part in the striate cortex (V1), so named because their presence is visualized by staining with the enzyme cytochrome oxidase (CO). They may function in color perception.

A

CO blobs

129
Q

A vertical arrangement of neurons. Neurons with a single column tend to have similar receptive fields and similar orientation preferences.

A

Column

130
Q

A cortical neuron whose receptive field does not have clearly defined excitatory and inhibitory regions

A

Complex cell

131
Q

Referring to the opposite side of the body or brain

A

Contralateral

132
Q

A function describing how the sensitivity to contrast (defined as the reciprocal of the contrast threshold) depends on the spatial frequency (size) of the stimulus

A

Contrast sensitivity function (CSF)

133
Q

The smallest amount of contrast required to detect a pattern

A

Contrast threshold

134
Q

The amount of cortical area (usually specified in millimeters) devoted to a specific region (e.g. 1 degree) in the visual field

A

Cortical magnification

135
Q

A phase in the lifespan during which abnormal early experience can alter normal neuronal development

A

Critical period

136
Q

For a grating, a pair consisting of one dark bar and one bright bar

A

Cycle

137
Q

The number of grating cycles per degree of visual angle

A

Cycles per degree

138
Q

What region of the retina contains the highest visual acuity?

A

Fovea

139
Q

The process by which a cell in the cortex increases its firing rate as the length of a bar increases until the bar fills up its receptive field, and then it decreases its firing rate as the bar is lengthened further

A

End stopping

140
Q

A mathematical procedure, by which any signal can be separated into component sine waves at different frequencies. Combining the sine waves (Fourier synthesis) will reproduce the original single

A

Fourier analysis

141
Q

1 mm block of striate cortex containing two sets of columns, each covering every possible orientation (0-180 degrees) with one set preferring input from the left eye and one set preferring input from the right eye

A

Hypercolumn

142
Q

Referring to the same side of the body or brain

A

Ipsilateral

143
Q

A structure in the thalamus, part of the midbrain, that receives input from the retinal ganglion cells and has input and output connections to the visual cortex

A

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

144
Q

Either of the bottom two neuron-containing layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, the cells of which are physically larger than those in the top four layers

A

Magnocellular layer

145
Q

The property of the receptive field of striate cortex neurons by which they demonstrate a preference, responding somewhat more rapidly when a stimulus is presented in one eye than when it is presented in the other

A

Ocular dominance

146
Q

The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to others

A

Orientation tuning

147
Q

Any of the top four neuron-containing layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, the cells of which are physically smaller than those in the bottom two layers

A

Parvocellular layer

148
Q

The position of a grating relative to a fixed position measured in degrees, where one complete cycle is 360°

A

Phase

149
Q

The area of the cerebral cortex of the brain that receives direct inputs from the lateral geniculate nucleus, as well as feedback from other brain areas

A

Primary visual cortex (V1), area 17, or striate cortex

150
Q

A cortical neuron whose receptive field has clearly defined excitatory and inhibitory regions

A

Simple cell

151
Q

A grating with a sinusoidal luminance profile

A

Sine wave grating

152
Q

The number of grating cycles (e.g. Changes in light and dark) per unit of visual angle (usually specified in degree) in a given unit of space

A

Spatial frequency

153
Q

A pattern analyzer, implemented by an ensemble of cortical neurons, in which each set of neurons is tuned to a limited range of spatial frequencies

A

Spatial-frequency channel

154
Q

Misalignment of the two eyes such that a single object in space is imaged on the fovea of one eye and on a nonfoveal area of the other (turned) eye

A

Strabismus

155
Q

The perceptual illusion of a tilt, produced by adaptation to a pattern of a given orientation

A

Tilt aftereffect

156
Q

The orderly mapping of the world in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the visual cortex

A

Topographical mapping

157
Q

The deleterious effect of clutter on peripheral object recognition

A

Visual crowding

158
Q

French philosopher who gave the example of the statue only being able to smell, saying it would be nothing but that rose

A

Condillac

159
Q

nonmetrical information

A
160
Q

euclidian geometry (slide rules)

A
161
Q

texture gradient

A
162
Q

relative height

A

above horizon
below horizon=lower

163
Q

ponzo illusion

A
164
Q

parallax motion

A

more something moves across visual field, the closer it is (monocal depth cue

165
Q

foveating/foveation

A
166
Q

corresponding retinal points

A

falling on the same in the two retinas

167
Q

uncrossed disparity

A

farther away

168
Q
A

Perception (3 decks)

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