EXAM 2 CH 9 VOCAB

Question 1

deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs)

Answer 1

The raw materials for DNA synthesis.

Question 2

duplication

Answer 2

A mutation in which a segment of a chromosome is duplicated, often by the attachment of a segment lost from its homolog.

Question 3

silent mutation

Answer 3

A change in a gene’s sequence that has no effect on the amino acid sequence of a protein because it occurs in noncoding DNA or because it does not change the amino acid specified by the corresponding codon.

Question 4

primase

Answer 4

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a primer for DNA replication.

Question 5

mutagen

Answer 5

Any agent (e.g., a chemical, radiation) that increases the mutation rate.

Question 6

transgenic

Answer 6

Containing recombinant DNA incorporated into the genetic material.

Question 7

telomeres

Answer 7

Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Question 8

inversion

Answer 8

A rare 180° reversal of the order of genes within a segment of a chromosome.

Question 9

semiconservative replication

Answer 9

The way in which DNA is synthesized. Each of the two partner strands in a double helix acts as a template for a new partner strand. Hence, after replication, each double helix consists of one old and one new strand.

Question 10

spontaneous mutation

Answer 10

A genetic change caused by internal cellular mechanisms, such as an error in DNA replication.

Question 11

induced mutation

Answer 11

A mutation resulting from exposure to a mutagen from outside the cell.

Question 12

point mutation

Answer 12

A mutation that results from the gain, loss, or substitution of a single nucleotide.

Question 13

translocation

Answer 13

In genetics, a rare mutational event that moves a portion of a chromosome to a new location, generally on a nonhomologous chromosome.

Question 14

Krebbs cycle

Answer 14

In cellular respiration, a set of chemical reactions whereby acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are stored as NADH and FADH2.

Question 15

oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 15

ATP formation in the mitochondrion, associated with flow of electrons through the respiratory chain.

Question 16

chemiosmosis

Answer 16

Formation of ATP in mitochondria and chloroplasts, resulting from a pumping of protons across a membrane (against a gradient of electrical charge and of pH), followed by the return of the protons through a protein channel with ATP synthase activity.

Question 17

fermentation

Answer 17

The anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol with the extraction of energy.

Question 18

pyruvate oxidation

Answer 18

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and CO2 that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix in the presence of O2.