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Exam 2 (Ch 6 - Ch 7) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.

A

glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which enters the mitochondrion. There, it is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Electron carriers bring electrons from the first three steps to the electron transport chain, and ATP is made.

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2
Q

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose (C6H12O6) to produce smaller energy packets (ATP).

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3
Q

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?

A

glycolysis

Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.

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4
Q

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?

A

mitochondrion

All of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion.

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5
Q

Which statement describes glycolysis?

A

This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.

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6
Q

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?

A

This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.

The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.

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7
Q

Which statement describes the electron transport chain?

A

This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.

In the electron transport chain, electrons move from one electron carrier to another, eventually reaching oxygen. The released energy is used to make ATPs.

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8
Q

Rotenone is a poison commonly added to insecticides. Insects exposed to rotenone will die because

A

they will no longer be able to produce adequate amounts of ATP.

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9
Q

Which of the following options lists the stages in cellular respiration in the correct order?

A

glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

What molecule is required to move pyruvate to the citric acid cycle?

A

O2

Oxygen must be present for the pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle. Although the citric acid cycle itself does not use oxygen, oxidative phosphorylation does.

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11
Q

In cellular respiration, glucose _____ electrons, whereas _____ electrons.

A

loses … oxygen gains

During cellular respiration, glucose loses electrons and oxygen gains electrons. Oxidation and reduction always go together, as electron transfer requires both a donor and an acceptor.

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12
Q

Glycolysis is the only stage of cellular respiration that _____.

A

requires ATP to make ATP

Glycolysis contains an “investment” phase and a “payoff” phase. Two ATP are required to make four ATP.

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13
Q

Where do the reactions of the citric acid cycle occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

the mitochondrion

The citric acid cycle, which takes place in mitochondria, completes the degradation of glucose.

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14
Q

To obtain energy from starch and glycogen, the body must begin by

A

hydrolyzing both starch and glycogen to glucose.

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15
Q

At the end of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy remaining from the original glucose is stored in

A

NADH.

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in a eukaryotic cell?

A

in the cytoplasmic fluid

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasmic fluid.

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17
Q

Some human cells are restricted to aerobic respiration to recycle NADH and FADH2. If these cells are deprived of oxygen, then _____.

A

oxidative phosphorylation would come to a halt because there wouldn’t be any oxygen to “pull” the electrons down the transport chain

Without electronegative oxygen waiting at the end of the chain, electron flow would cease, along with the action of the protein complexes that create the proton gradients.

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18
Q

During which of the following phases of cellular respiration does substrate-level phosphorylation take place?

A

glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

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19
Q

As a result of glycolysis there is a net gain of ________ ATPs.

A

2

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20
Q

The mitochondrial cristae are an adaptation that

A

increases the space for more copies of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase complexes.

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21
Q

Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA binds to oxaloacetate that is restored at the end of the cycle.

The cycling referred to is that of the resynthesis of the four-carbon compound.

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22
Q

Cyanide differs from dinitrophenol in that

A

cyanide is an electron transport blocker, while dinitrophenol makes the membrane of the mitochondrion leaky to H+ ions.

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23
Q

Oxidation is the ________, and reduction is the ________.

A

loss of electrons . . . gain of electrons

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24
Q

How many molecules of NADH are produced during glycolysis?

A

2

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25
During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron carrier molecules. Which of the following statements about this process is true?
Molecular oxygen is reduced when it accepts electrons and forms water.
26
The ATP synthase in a human cell gets energy for making ATP directly from _____.
the flow of H+ through a membrane Hydrogen ions flow down a concentration gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The gradient is the source of the energy for ATP production.
27
Which of the following processes produces the most ATP per molecule of glucose oxidized?
aerobic respiration
28
Oxidative phosphorylation could not occur without glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, because _____.
these two stages supply the electrons needed for the electron transport chain The main function of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is to supply oxidative phosphorylation with electrons carried by NADH and FADH2.
29
The function of coenzyme A in the citric acid cycle is most like
a limousine driver dropping off a couple at the school prom.
30
The overall equation for the cellular respiration of glucose is
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy.
31
A kilocalorie is defined as
the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
32
How do cells capture the energy released by cellular respiration?
They produce ATP.
33
In humans, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged with the atmosphere via the _____.
lungs Humans exchange gases with the atmosphere via their lungs.
34
Which of the following are products of cellular respiration?
energy to make ATP and carbon dioxide
35
In biological systems, an important enzyme involved in the regulation of redox reactions is
dehydrogenase.
36
Which H+ ion has just passed through the inner mitochondrial membrane by diffusion?
hydrogen ion D
37
A molecule that functions as the electron donor in a redox reaction _____.
loses electrons and loses energy In cellular respiration, glucose is oxidized when it loses electrons in hydrogen atoms. Oxygen is reduced as it gains electrons in hydrogen atoms.
38
Respiration ________, and cellular respiration ________.
is gas exchange . . . produces ATP
39
The end products of the citric acid cycle include all of the following except
pyruvate.
40
During cellular respiration, NADH
delivers its electron load to the first electron carrier molecule.
41
The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complementary. During these energy conversions, some energy is
lost in the form of heat.
42
The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the
matrix and inner mitochondrial membrane.
43
Which of the following metabolic pathways is common in aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
glycolysis
44
In the electron transport chain, the final electron acceptor is
an oxygen atom.
45
A mutant protist is found in which some mitochondria lack an inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following pathways would be completely disrupted in these mitochondria?
oxidative phosphorylation
46
After glycolysis but before the citric acid cycle,
pyruvate is oxidized.
47
Given the relatively modest number of calories burned by anything but the most vigorous activities, why can people consume over 2,000 kilocalories a day, yet maintain a healthy body weight?
Most of the energy consumed in food is spent maintaining the body's functions, so only a fraction of food energy needs to be burned in exercise. This is true, and it's lucky for dieters. If we had to burn 2,000 kilocalories a day in exercise, we'd need to run a marathon every day.
48
The light reactions of photosynthesis include _____.
reduction of NADP+ NADP+ is reduced during the light reactions, and these electrons are later used to reduce CO2 to glucose in the Calvin cycle.
49
Which of the following colors of light are useful during the process of photosynthesis?
blue, red, and violet We do not see the absorbed wavelengths, only those that are reflected. Plants appear green as they absorb these colors and reflect mostly green light.
50
CO2 enters and O2 escapes from a leaf via
stomata.
51
You could distinguish a granum from an inner mitochondrial membrane because the granum, but not the inner mitochondrial membrane, would _____.
have photosynthetic pigments The photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll is anchored in the thylakoid membrane.
52
The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________.
thylakoid membranes . . . stroma
53
Which of the following are produced during the Calvin cycle?
glucose, ADP, NADP+
54
You have a large, healthy philodendron that you carelessly leave in total darkness while you are away on vacation. You are surprised to find that it is still alive when you return. What has the plant been using for an energy source while in the dark?
While it did have access to light before you left, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from those during your vacation. Because plants can make more organic material each day than they need to use as respiratory fuel and precursors for biosynthesis, they stockpile the extra sugar as starch, storing some in chloroplasts, as well as in roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits.
55
What is the likely origin of chloroplasts?
photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells
56
You're conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different wavelengths of light on the absorption of carbon dioxide as an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. If the rate of photosynthesis increases, the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment will decrease and vice versa. You've added an indicator to each solution. When the carbon dioxide concentration decreases, the color of the indicator solution also changes. Small aquatic plants are placed into three containers of water mixed with carbon dioxide and indicator solution. Container A is placed under normal sunlight, B under green light, and C under red light. The containers are observed for a 24-hour period. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because
CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle.
57
In simple summary form, the input of the Calvin cycle for every product is _____, and the output is _____ used for glucose synthesis.
3 CO2 ... a three-carbon molecule For every six molecules of G3P produced, 3 CO2 enter the cycle. (One G3P leaves the cycle as an output. The other five remain and are rearranged to form RuBP.) In addition, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P), a three-carbon molecule, is shunted off the cycle for glucose synthesis.
58
In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the
stroma.
59
A packet of light energy is called a
photon.
60
The chloroplast ATP synthase
couples the flow of H+ to the phosphorylation of ADP.
61
Light reactions are located in the thylakoid membrane because _____.
chemiosmosis can occur across the thylakoid membrane The thylakoid membrane allows for hydrogen ions (H+) to be transported across, thus creating a charge separation. This drives the reactions to form ATP and NADPH.
62
Which of the following are photoautotrophs?
corn stalks just before harvest Corn plants are photoautotrophs. They produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules using the energy of light.
63
What is the source of energy that provides the boost for electrons during photosynthesis?
light
64
The electrons lost from the reaction center of photosystem II are replaced by electrons from
H2O.
65
Although the reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, they usually do not occur at night. Why?
The Calvin cycle depends on products of the light reactions. The ATP and NADPH produced during the light reactions are necessary to provide energy and high-energy electrons for the Calvin cycle.
66
How do the reaction centers of photosystem I and II differ?
Each preferentially absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light.
67
What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves without consuming organic molecules derived from other organisms?
autotrophs
68
NADP+ is required for photosynthesis because it _____.
forms NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle NADPH is used to reduce carbon during the Calvin cycle.
69
Clusters of light-gathering pigments in a photosystem
pass energy to the reaction center.
70
Which of the following are produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?
ATP, NADPH, O2
71
How many turns of the Calvin cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose?
two Two turns of the Calvin cycle can lead to the production of one molecule of glucose as the three-carbon precursor, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, is produced with each turn of the cycle.
72
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar in that both involve _____.
oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis involve a series of oxidation-reduction events.
73
The conversion of NADP+ to NADPH occurs with the assistance of _____.
electrons from water and energy from sunlight Water is necessary because it is the splitting of water molecules that provides plant cells with electrons and a proton to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Light energy is required to drive the transfer of the electrons to NADP+.
74
Plants use sugars as
a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules.
75
When chloroplast pigments absorb light, _____.
their electrons become excited The absorbed energy moves the electrons to a more energetic orbital.
76
Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from
carbon dioxide.
77
Chloroplasts contain disklike membranous sacs arranged in stacks called
grana.
78
Sunlight is a type of ________ energy.
kinetic electromagnetic
79
The primary function of light absorption by photosystems I and II is to produce _____.
a free, energized electron This free, energized electron powers the electron transport chain to generate ATP and ultimately be "handed off" to NADP+ to make NADPH for the Calvin cycle.
80
Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.
81
In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
82
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
An electron transport chain An electron transport chain connects the two photosystems in the light reactions.
83
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.
84
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. This is one of the reasons plants need water.
85
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. This is why plants need to take in carbon dioxide.
86
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
NADPH NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle.
87
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
thylakoids; stroma Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.
88
Chlorophyll is found in the _____ of chloroplasts.
thylakoid membranes This is where light absorption occurs during photosynthesis and therefore is the place where chlorophyll molecules are located.
89
In most green plants, chloroplasts are
concentrated in a zone of leaf tissue called the mesophyll.
90
The Calvin cycle constructs ________, an energy-rich molecule that a plant cell can then use to make glucose or other organic molecules.
G3P
91
Which of the following colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis?
green

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