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Life-Span Development > Exam #2 Ch. 5-7-8-9 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Ch. 5-7-8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system and what purpose does it serve?

A 
Hormonal system
Made up of:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary (master gland)
Thyroid
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries/Testes

Purpose is to secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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2
Q

What are androgens and what do they do?

A

Male hormones that stimulate the production of growth hormone, are responsible for the development of male sex organs, and contribute to sexual motivation during adulthood.

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3
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Female hormone which stimulates the production of growth hormone, is responsible for the development of the breasts, public hair, female sex organs, and for the control of menstrual cycles.

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4
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Pregnancy hormone

Orchestrates bodily changes that allow conception and then support a pregnancy.

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5
Q

What is the importance of:
The Pituitary gland
Testes
Ovaries

A

The pituitary gland is the master gland that is directly controlled by the hypothalamus. It triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands by sending hormonal messages to those glands. The pituitary gland produces growth hormone which triggers the production of specialized hormones that directly regulate growth.

The Testes produce testosterone which develops the male reproductive system during the prenatal period, and it directs male sexual development during adolescence.

Ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone which regulate the menstrual cycle. Estrogen directs female sexual development during adolescence. Progesterone allows conception and supports pregnancy.

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6
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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7
Q

What are the functions of:
The Cerebrum
The Cerebellum
The Brian Stem

A

The cerebrum is responsible for voluntary movement, memory, thought process, etc.

The cerebellum is responsible for motion, movement, balance, equilibrium.

The brain stem is responsible for all non-voluntary movement (heartbeat, breathing, etc.)

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8
Q

What are the three parts of a neuron and what function does each part serve?

A

Axon
Dendrites
Myelin sheath

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9
Q

What is myelination?

A

The process of neurons (axons) becoming encased in myelin, a protective, fatty sheath that speeds up transmission of neural impulses.

This begins prenatally and continues for many years after birth. There seems to be a correlation between myelination in specific areas of the brain and human development.

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10
Q

What is synaptogenesis?

A

The growth of synapses. The dendrites of the neurons entend out to create a more complex network of communication between neurons. This increases during childhood.

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11
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

The process of generating new neurons. This can happen in the brain in response to experiences.

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12
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Synaptic pruning happens when neural connections that are not often used shrivel up and disappear. This usually happens between 7 and 15 yrs old.

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13
Q

What is brain plasticity?

A

The brains ability to be responsive to the individual’s experiences and develop in a variety of ways.

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14
Q

How does experience change the brain?

A

Experience shapes the brain.

An enriched environment leads to the development of more dendrites and therefore more connections between neurons.

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15
Q

What are the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and what functions do each serve?

A

Frontal Lobe: voluntary movement, exec. Function, thinking, personality, intentionality/purpose

Occipital Lobe: visual stimulation processing

Parietal Lobe: spatial location, pain vs. pressure, tactile sensation

Temporal Lobe:auditory processing

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16
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A 
Executive functioning:
Planning complex cognitive behavior 
Personality expression
Decision making
Moderating social behavior
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17
Q

What are the different functions of the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

Left Hemisphere: Language and Logic

Right Hemisphere: visual, emotional, spatial, face recognition

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18
Q

What is the limbic system and what function does it serve?

A

The limbic system contains glands which help relay emotions. Many hormonal responses that the body generates are initiated in this area. The limbic system includes the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and thalamus

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19
Q

What is the thalamus and what function does it serve?

A

The Thalamus is located in the center of the brain. It helps to control the attention span, sensing pain and monitors input that moves in and out of the brain to keep track of the sensations the body is feeling.

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20
Q

What is the hypothalamus and what function does it serve?

A

The hypothalamus region of the brain controls mood, thirst, hunger and temperature. It also contains glands which control the hormonal processes throughout the body.

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21
Q

What is the hippocampus and what function does it serve?

A

This portion of the brain is used for learning memory, specifically converting temporary memories into permanent memories which can be stored within the brain. The hippocampus also helps people analyze and remember spatial relationships, allowing for accurate movements.

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22
Q

What is the amygdala and what function does it serve?

A

The amygdala helps the body responds to emotions, memories and fear.

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23
Q

What are the three principles of growth and how do they differ?

A

Cephalocaudal: head to tail
Proximodistal: inside to outside
Orthogenetic: general to specific

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24
Q

How are survival reflexes different from primitive reflexes?

A

Survival reflexes have a clearly adaptive value while primitive reflexes are not clearly useful (may be remnants of our evolutionary history).

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25
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

Is it in the survival or primitive category?

A

Cheek is touched, head turns toward stimulation.
Orient to food source.
Survival

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26
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

Is it in the survival or primitive category?

A

Fanning and curling of toes when bottom of foot is stroked.

Primitive

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27
Q

What is the grasping reflex?

Is it in the survival or primitive category?

A

Curling of fingers around objects that touch baby’s palm.

Primitive

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28
Q

What is the swimming/diving reflex?

Is it in the survival or primitive category?

A

When immersed in water infants move arms and legs and involuntarily hold their breath (helps them to float).
Primitive

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29
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

Is it in the survival or primitive category?

A

Loud noise or sudden change in position of baby’s head will cause baby to throw arms outward, arch back, then bring arms towards each other.
May develop into Startle reflex
Primitive

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30
Q

How is obesity defined?

A

A person is considered obese if they are 20% above their ideal weight for their age and height.

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31
Q

What problems can obesity lead to?

A 
Heart disease
Kidney disease
Diabetes
Liver problems
Arthritis
Metabolic syndrome
     High blood pressure
     Unhealthy cholesterol levels
     Diabetes
Correlation to lower IQ and math scores.
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32
Q

What are the environmental factors that affect obesity?

A

1- Poor quality food
2- Food intake vs activity levels
3- Lack of exercise
4- Cultural values

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33
Q

How can parents impact obesity rates?

A

Obese parents may pass on obesity genes
Creating an environment that increases risk of obesity
Less likely to engage children in vigorous physical activity
Model sedentary behaviors
Economic disadvantages can lead to poor quality foods
Prenatal exposure to mother’s stress
Stress in the home that effects the child

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34
Q

What is the importance of R.E.M. Sleep?

A

Important for learning and memory processes

STM to LTM

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35
Q

What are the various types of sleep disorders and how do they differ?

A

Sleepwalking:
Sleep Talking:
Nightmares:
Night Terrors:

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36
Q

What is SIDS?

A

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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37
Q

What are the risk factors for SIDS?

A

?

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38
Q

What is the “Back to Sleep” campaign?

A

?

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39
Q

What are adolescent growth spurts and how are they different in males and females?

A

?

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40
Q

What is menarche and semenarche?

A

?

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41
Q

What is the secular trend in terms of physical development?

A

The historical trend in industrialized societies towards earlier maturation and greater body size.

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42
Q

What are the pros and cons of early and late maturation for males and females?

A 
Females:
Early:
Pros:
Cons:
Late:
Pros:
Cons:
Males:
Early:
Pros:
Cons:
Late:
Pros:
Cons:
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43
Q

What is “Premenstrual Syndrome” in Adult physical development?

A

?

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44
Q

During the physical development of an adult what is “menopause”

A

?

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45
Q

During the physical development of an adult what is “andropause”

A

?

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46
Q

During the physical development of an adult what is “osteoporosis” and “osteoarthritis”

A

?

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47
Q

What was the “Snowdon Nun Study”

A

?

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48
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is cognition?

A

?

49
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What are the assumptions of the stage theories?

A

?

50
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is schema?

A

?

51
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is adaptation (assimilation and accommodation)?

A

?

52
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is cognitive equilibrium/disequilibrium?

A

?

53
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is object permanence?

A

?

54
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is deferred imitation?

A

?

55
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is egocentrism?

A

?

56
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is “A-not-B error”?

A

?

57
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What are false beliefs?

A

?

58
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is horizontal decalage?

A

?

59
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What are the four stages of Piaget’s theory?

A

?

60
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

How does a child learn in each stage?

A

?

61
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What type of thinking develops in each of Piaget’s stages?

A

?

62
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What are “conservation tasks” (centration, irreversibility)?

A

?

63
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:
What is adolescent egocentrism?
From Ekind’s perspective

A

?

64
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What is postformal thought?

A

?

65
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What are the strengths or contributions of Piaget’s theory?

A

?

66
Q

Piaget’s Constructivist Approach:

What are the criticisms or weaknesses of Piaget’s theory?

A

?

67
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective:

What are the four basic principles underlying the Vygotskian Framework?

A
  1. Children construct their knowledge with help
  2. Development cannot be separated from its social context
  3. Leaning can lead to development
  4. Language plays a central role in cognitive development
68
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective:

What is scaffolding?

A

?

69
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective:

What is guided participation?

A

?

70
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective:

What is zone of proximal development?

A

?

71
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Perspective:

What are the three stages of language-though development?

A
  1. External speech/social speech
  2. Private speech
  3. Inner speech
72
Q

What are three similarities between Piaget and Vygotsky?

A
  1. Both see child as active in his/her development - young children are curious and are actively involved in their own learning.
  2. Cognitive development requires environmental stimulation.
  3. Social interaction is important for cognitive deployment in both theories
73
Q

What are five differences between Piaget and Vygotsky?

A

1:
Piaget- discontinuous model (stages)
Vygotsky- continuous model (no stages)

2:
Piaget- endpoint to development (formal operations in adolescence)
Vygotsky- development or learning begins at birth and ends at death

3:
Piaget- child is an independent explorer of the environment, constructing knowledge of his own.
Vygotsky- partners co-construct knowledge. Social interaction is key for development.

4:
Piaget- private speech indicates social immaturity and is egocentric.
Vygotsky- private speech is important for learning to get internalized especially when working on a complex task.

5:
Piaget- importance of peers as peer interaction promotes social perspective
Vygotsky- adults are an important source of cognitive development. Child is scaffolded by more knowledgeable person.

74
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

?

75
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

?

76
Q

What are the stages of forming a memory?

A
  1. Encoding and consolidation
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
77
Q

What is the information processing model of memory?

A

Sensory memory- fleeting fraction of a second

Working/short-term memory- about 5 seconds, hold 5-7 chunks of information

Long term memory- Unlimited duration

78
Q

What is the function of the central executive?

A

?

79
Q

What are the two components of short term memory?

A

Phonological loop and visual-spatial sketch pad.

Episodic buffer ties the two together

80
Q

What are the two types of memory?

A

Implicit (procedural)

Explicit (declarative)

81
Q

What are some memory strategies?

A

Rehearsal
Organization
Chunking
Elaboration

82
Q

What is the serial position effect?

A

Recency and primacy effect on recall

83
Q

What are the methods to access an infant’s memory?

A

?

84
Q

What are the memory changes that occur during childhood?

A

?

85
Q

What is “fuzzy-trace” theory?

A

?

86
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

?

87
Q

In relation to memory, what is important to know about scripts and eyewitness testimony?

A

?

88
Q

What situations show the most decline in an aging adult’s memory?

A

?

89
Q

What is the relationship between the adult and their autobiographical memory?

A

?

90
Q

What are the stereotypes around memory and aging?

A

?

91
Q

What are some explanations for declining memory in old age?

A
  1. Retrieval failures
  2. Capacity to use working memory
  3. Declines in sensory abilities
92
Q

How can you improve your memory?

A

?

93
Q

What is intelligence?

A

?

94
Q

What’s the difference between crystallized and fluid intelligence, and what happens to each type across the life span?

A

?

95
Q

What is psychometrics?

A

?

96
Q

What is the bell curve?

A

?

97
Q

Who was Alfred Binet?

A

?

98
Q

What does mental age mean?

A

?

99
Q

Lewis Terman and IQ?

A

?

100
Q 
How do you know if a test is "good"?
What do each of the following mean:
1. Standardized
2. Reliable
3. Valid
A

?

101
Q

What are the five composite scores from WISC?

A
  1. Full scale IQ
  2. Verbal Comprehension index
  3. Perceptual reasoning index
  4. Working memory index
  5. Processing speed index
102
Q

What does an IQ score really tell us?

A

?

103
Q

What was Gardner’s view on intelligence?

A

Eight intelligences

Savant syndrome

104
Q

What was Sternburg’s view on intelligence?

A

Three intelligences

105
Q

What is divergent thinking vs convergent thinking?

A

?

106
Q

What is the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A
  1. Motor scale
  2. Mental scale
  3. Behavior rating scale
  4. Developmental Quotient (DQ)
107
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of IQ tests?

A

?

108
Q

In relation to the Rosenthal and Jacobson study, why did “bloomers” excel?

A
  1. Warmer emotional climate
  2. More input
  3. More and better feedback
  4. More response opportunities
109
Q

What is “stereotype threat”?

A

?

110
Q

What are some causes of an intellectual disability?

A
  1. Organic conditions

2. Non-identifiable organic causes

111
Q

What is giftedness

A

?

112
Q

Define creativity

A

I know it when I see it

113
Q

Emergence of creativity in a child

A

?

114
Q

What is the parents or environmental influence on creativity?

A

?

115
Q

What is the relationship between adolescent IQ and creativity?

A

?

116
Q

What are the predictors of a decline in an adult’s IQ?

A

?

117
Q

What determine’s an individual’s intelligence?

A
  1. Parents IQ scores
  2. Poverty
  3. Race/ethnicity
  4. Motivation
  5. Environment
  6. Schooling effect
118
Q

What is the Flynn effect?

A

?

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