Ch. 10,12,13 Flashcards
Phonemes
The basic units of sound that can change the meaning of a word
Morphemes
The basic units of meaning that exist in a word.
View - one morpheme
Review - two
Preview - two
Not the same as syllables
Syntax
The systematic rules for forming sentences.
Semantics
Understanding the meaning of language
Beyond literal meaning of the words
“She’s green with jealously”, doesn’t mean she’s actually green
Pragmatics of Language
Rules for specifying how language is used appropriately in different social contexts
Prosody
How the sounds of language are produced.
“Melody of speech”
Includes pitch and intonation
Milestones of language development
- Crying
- Cooing
- Babbling
- Holophrases
- Telegraphic speed
Holophrases
Single word “sentences”
Around 1 year of age
Ghetti (Spaghetti)
- I want spaghetti
- Is that spaghetti?
Telegraphic Speech
Early combinations of two, three, or more words
Examples:
- No want
- Where ball
Overextension
Using a word to refer to too wide a range of objects or events
Example:
- All animals are “doggies”
Underextension
Using a word too narrowly
Example:
- “Doggie” only refers to basset hounds like the family pet
Overregulation
Over applying the rules to cases which the proper form is irregular
Examples:
- Foots instead of feet
- Goed instead of went
Broca’s Area
Area in the left hemisphere associated with speech production
Wernicke’s Area
Region of the brain associated with language comprehension
Aphasia
A disorder in which a person might hear and understand language but be unable to vocally repeat the information
Theories of Language Acquisition:
Behaviorist
Skinner/Bandura
Theories of Language Acquisition:
Innate View
Chomsky
Universal language and LAD
Theories of Language Acquisition:
Interactionist
Bruner
Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)
Social Cognition
Thinking about the perceptions, thoughts, emotions, motives, and behaviors of the self, other people, groups, and even whole social systems
Theory of Mind
Understanding that:
- People have mental states such as desires, beliefs, and intentions
- These mental states guide, and explain, their behavior
Social Perspective Taking
The ability to adopt another person’s perspective and understand her thoughts and feelings
Moral Development includes?
- Moral reasoning
- Moral emotions
- Moral behavior
Piaget’s Theory on Moral Development
Preschool children - “Premoral”, don’t understand the rules
Children 6-10 - Consequences more than intentions. Rules handed down and were unalterable.
Children 10-11 - Good or bad intentions judged by a persons action. Rules are agreements between people
Kohlberg’s Theory on Moral Development
3 level with 6 stages
Level 1: Preconventional Morality
Stage 1: Punishment-and-Obedience Orientation
Stage 2: Instrumental Hedonism
Level 2: Conventional Morality
Stage 3: “Good Boy/Girl” Morality
Stage 4: Authority and Social Order-Maintaining Morality
Level 3: Postconventional Morality
Stage 5: Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Law
Stage 6: Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience
Gender Identity
The awareness that a person is either a boy or a girl.
Around age 2 1/2 - 3 years old
Sexual Orientation
A person’s preference for sexual partners of the same, other, or both sexes
Physical Gender
Physical characteristics that define male and female
Chromosomes - XY, XX
Hormones
Gender Role
The patterns of behavior that females and males should adopt in a particular society
Gender Constancy
The understanding that our genders remain the same throughout our lives, despite superficial changes in appearance.
Gender Role Awareness
Knowledge of what behaviors are expected of males and females in their society
Gender Stereotypes
Society’s expectations or standards concerning what male and females should be like
Sex-Typed Behavior
Socially prescribed ways of behaving that differ for boys and girls
Gender Segregation
Preference for peers of their own sex
Developed during the elementary school years
Gender Intensification
Gender differences may be magnified by hormonal changes associated with puberty and increased pressure to conform to gender roles.
Influences on Sex Development
- Chromosomal sex
- Gonadal sex
- Hormone sex
- Internal accessory reproductive structures (Mullerian and Molffian systems)
Transgender
Individuals who identify with a gender other than their biological one
Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender:
Freud
5 Stages of Development
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender:
Phallic stage
Stage where Freud believed that children developed feelings toward the opposite-sex parent
Oedipal or Electra Complex
Communality vs. Agency
Communality - An orientation that emphasizes connectedness to others and includes emotionality and sensitivity to others
Agency - An orientation towards individual action and achievement. Emphasizes dominance, independence, assertiveness, and competitiveness
Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory of Gender Development
- Basic gender identity: (2-3 yrs) Can label self as boy or girl
- Gender stability: (4-5) realize that these traits are enduring
- Gender constancy: (5-7) understanding that sex remains the same, even though clothing, hair, etc might change
Gender Schema Theory
Organized sets of beliefs and expectations about males and females that influence the kinds of information they will attend to and remember
Gender Roles:
Masculine
Someone with low feminine traits and High masculine traits
Gender Roles:
Feminine
Someone with high feminine traits and low masculine traits
Gender Roles:
Androgynous
Someone with high feminine and masculine traits
Gender Roles:
Undifferentiated
Someone with low feminine and masculine traits
Bem Sex Role Inventory
Characterizes your personality as:
- Masculine, feminine, androgynous, or undifferentiated
