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HUM302 - Medieval Culture > Exam 2 (Ch 5-10) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch 5-10) Flashcards

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1
Q

Justinian I

A

Emperor of Byzantium from 527 to 565 CE; first Eastern Roman Emperor; attempts recapture of Western Roman land, Nika Riots, built Hagia Sophia, created Justinian’s Code

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2
Q

Secret History

A

Accounts of Theodora’s “sex-capades” written by Procopius after Justinian’s and Theodora’s deaths

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3
Q

Ravenna

A

Capital of the Ostrogothic Kingdom in Italy; houses mosaics in Basilica of San Vitale

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4
Q

Belisarius

A

Leading general under Justinian I; helped suppress the Nika Riots

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5
Q

icons

A

Holy imagery believed to elevate and reveal the truth

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6
Q

Hagia Sophia

A

Third “Church of the Holy Wisdom;” originally served as the main Eastern Orthodox cathedral for nearly 1000 years

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7
Q

patriarch

A

Archbishop of Constantinople in Eastern Orthodox; analogous to Pope in Catholicism

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8
Q

Theodora

A

Justinian’s wife; influenced laws for women and some conquering of invading tribes; scandals uncovered in Secret History

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9
Q

The Alexiad

A

Written by Anna Comnena (1083-1153); describes reign of father, Alexius I Comnenus (ruled 1081-1118); longest surviving work by a woman in Middle Ages; describes arrival of First Crusade

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10
Q

Procopius

A

Principle Byzantine historian; “trash-talked” Justinian and Theodora

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11
Q

koine

A

Newer Greek dialect used by govt. and church in Byzantium; NT written in koine; differs from older Attic Greek

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12
Q

Corpus Juris Civilis

A

Justinian ordered the consolidation of old Roman laws into a single code (1600 books into only 4)

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13
Q

Constantinople

A

Capital of Byzantine Empire; greatest city of the time (520 CE); blend of Roman, Greek, and Christian culture; bathhouses, hippodrome, and Palace of the Emperor

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14
Q

Eastern Roman Empire

A

Sole cultural center in Constantinople; many great works of literature stem from the Eastern Empire

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15
Q

Iconoclastic Controversy

A

Destruction of iconography and persecution of iconodules because Book of Exodus prohibited images of God; attacks on icons undermines incarnation of Jesus himself though

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16
Q

iconodules

A

those who believed in the veneration of icons

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17
Q

Nika Riots

A

riots started by Greens and Blues gangs fueled by Justinian’s lavish spending, tax increases, and slow reforms; almost half of Constantinople destroyed and burned (~30k dead)

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18
Q

Leo III

A

Emperor that began the Iconoclast Controversy

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19
Q

Persians

A

Persian Empire attacked Byzantium and captured Jerusalem in early 7th c.; Emperor Heraclius defeated Persians and recovered Jesus’ cross

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20
Q

Emperor Irene

A

iconodule widow of Leo IV who ruled as emperor (not empress) (780-90 and 797-802) and restored the use of icons following the first iconoclast controversy

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21
Q

monk

A

“solitary” or “lone” in Greek; men and women who left their homes to live in the wilderness or desert

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22
Q

St. Pachomius

A

recognized as the founder of communal (or cenobitic) monasticism; first to set down a written rule: incl. prayers monks should say daily, balanced prayer with work

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23
Q

Mendicant

A

“begging” – two orders of monks that ministered to the poor and took vows of poverty: Franciscans and Dominicans

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24
Q

Iona

A

St. Columba led Irish monks to establish monastery at Iona, Scotland (563 CE); became leading center of Irish monasticism

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25
Q

St. Patrick

A

Returned to Ireland after slavery to preach Christianity; organizes parishes and institutes Latin as scholarly language

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26
Q

abbot/abbess

A

Leaders of Irish monasticism; analogous to bishops

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27
Q

Monasticism

A

Movement of devoting life to God and prayer and abandoning civilization

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28
Q

St. Athanasius

A

Bishop of Alexandria that wrote about the life of Anthony (father of monasticism)

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29
Q

Celtic Christianity

A

Ireland was never part of Roman Empire; Irish monasteries were cutoff from Roman Catholicism: different Easter, penance, private confession, abbots

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30
Q

Asceticism

A

Severe self-discipline and avoidance of all indulgences

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31
Q

Gregory the Great

A

Pope (546-604 CE) that reformed Roman clergy around monastic model; encouraged missionary conversion of Germanic tribes

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32
Q

St. Anthony

A

“Father of Monasticism;” sold everything he had and went into the desert (lived 251-356 CE); founded monastery in Egypt

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33
Q

St. Columba

A

Irish monk that traveled throughout Europe establishing Irish monasteries

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34
Q

Benedictine Rule

A

Way of Life based on strict discipline without unnecessary harshness; focus on prayer, physical labor, obedience, and permanence; written by St. Benedict of Nursia (480-547) and used by Benedictine monks

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35
Q

Carolingian Empire

A

Power family of Frankish Kingdom of Austrasia (750-887); came from a long line of bishops and religious leaders

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36
Q

Bayeux tapestry

A

tapestry 70 m long that depicts Battle of Hastings and the beginning of the Norman Conquest of England in 1066

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37
Q

Pepin

A

“The Short;” King of the Franks and first of the Carolingian dynasty (d. 768)

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38
Q

Charlemagne

A

“Father of Europe;” King of the Franks (768-814), King of the Lombards (774-814), and first Holy Roman Emperor (800-814); divided cast empire into 350 counties ruled by counts

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39
Q

December 25, 800 CE

A

Date that Charlemagne was crowned, reviving the title of ‘Emperor’ in the West; started idea of united Christian community called “Christendom”

40
Q

Clovis I

A

Leader of Merovingian (Frankish) dynasty (~751); united Frankish tribes; converted to Christianity; wrote Salic Law

41
Q

missi dominici

A

“envoys of the Lord;” counts/overseers appointed by Charlemagne

42
Q

Magyars

A

Invading tribe from Hungary

43
Q

Alcuin

A

Scholar from England that served under Charlemagne and supported education in kingdom; standardization of Latin, textbooks, preaching manuals, and schools

44
Q

Charles Martel

A

Frankish political and military leader that defeated Muslim invaders at Battle of Tours; eventually ruler of Frankish realm (718-741)

45
Q

Pope Leo III

A

(papacy 795-816); asked for help against rebellious Roman nobles, Charlemagne agreed

46
Q

Battle of Tours

A

732 CE – Muslim forces of Umayyad Caliphate advance into France; defeated by Charles Martel

47
Q

Merovingian dynasty

A

Frankish dynasty; first dynasty after the Romans - in power for 300 years (mid 5th c. - 751); spread Christianity throughout Western Europe and unified many tribes

48
Q

Louis I the Pious

A

Son of Charlemagne (ruled 813-840); sons eventually battled for power and weakened kingdom

49
Q

Carolingian Renaissance

A

The first of three medieval renaissances (late 8th-9th c.); taking inspiration from ancienct Roman and Greek culture - revival of 7 liberal arts

50
Q

Carolingian Minuscule

A

New form of handwriting introduced under reign of Charlemagne

51
Q

Beowulf

A

Germanic Epic Heroic Poem about battle with Grendel and mother

52
Q

William the Conqueror

A

Led Normans to attack and defeat Britains at Battle of Hastings (1066)

53
Q

Homage

A

Ceremony through which vassals were confirmed by their lord; involved kneeling before lord, clasping hands, and acknowledging lordship

54
Q

Lombards

A

Germanic tribe that conquered most of Italy between 568 and 774

55
Q

Fief

A

Land given by a lord in return for a vassal’s military service and oath of loyalty

56
Q

peasant/serf

A

Common people who worked the lord’s land

57
Q

Alfred the Great

A

First true king of the Britons; Translated Latin texts to Old English; advocated for cultural programs and schools; had Anglo-Saxon Chronicle written (history of England) period of prosperity

58
Q

Normans

A

French-speaking tribe from Normandy; successfully invaded Britain

59
Q

feudal society

A

division of society into levels with no social mobility

60
Q

Tripartite society

A

Composed of Clergy (Church/Schools) “those who pray,” Nobles/Knights (Court/Castle) “those who fight,” and Commoners (Fields/Artisans) “those who work”

61
Q

Levels of feudal society

A

King -> lords -> vassals -> knights -> serfs

62
Q

heroic ethos

A

Fought for warrior gods, told tales, inspired chivalry

63
Q

Einhard

A

Charlemagne’s friend and biographer

64
Q

7 liberal arts

A

Core trivium: grammar, logic, and rhetoric; quadrivium: arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy; laid out by Plato in The Republic

65
Q

vassal

A

holder of land in subordination to a lord on conditions of homage

66
Q

patrilineage

A

lineage based on paternal line

67
Q

Heptarchy

A

East Anglia, Wessex, Mercia, Essex, Northumbria*, Sussex, Kent

68
Q

Mayor of the palace

A

An official of the western European kingdoms whose status developed under the Merovingian Franks

69
Q

Song of Roland

A

Oldest surviving work of French literature; based on Frankish military leader Roland at Battle of Roncevaux Pass in 778

70
Q

Theodore of Tarsus

A

Archbishop of Canterbury 668-690

71
Q

Fortuna

A

Roman goddess of luck with wheel of fortune/fate popularized by Boethius

72
Q

Synod of Whitby

A

Christian administrative gathering where King Oswiu ruled that his kingdom would observe Easter on the Roman date rather than the Irish one

73
Q

prior/prioress

A

next in rank below abbot/abbess

74
Q

scriptorium

A

room dedicated to the creation of manuscripts

75
Q

Ecclesia

A

Congregation of people, often for worship

76
Q

allegory

A

story that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning

77
Q

Ethelbert of Kent

A

King of Kent that converted to Christianity

78
Q

The Celestial Hierarchies

A

Work of Pseudo-Dionysius detailing the forms and hierarchies of the angels

79
Q

Arianism

A

the position the Jesus was created by God; denounced as heresy by the Council of Nicaea

80
Q

Danelaw

A

Confederacy under Kingdom of Denmark; part of England ceded to Guthrum by King Alfred

81
Q

St. Martin of Tours

A

Patron saint of France, father of monasticism in Gaul, and first great leader of Western monasticism

82
Q

Sutton Hoo

A

Large Viking burial ship full of treasure

83
Q

Dane Yield

A

annual tax paid by Anglo-saxons to vikings; first paid by Aethelred II The Unready

84
Q

Bede

A

monk known as The Father of English History

85
Q

St. Boniface

A

Monk who led missions to Germanic Francia and helped join the papacy and carolingians

86
Q

Consolation of Philosophy

A

About the consolation that philosophy offers; Anything material is incapable of fully satisfying; Fate is always changing; Boethius goes form asking the wrong questions to gaining understanding in 5 books

87
Q

Boethius

A

Minister to Ostrogothic king Theodoric; fell into disfavor and lost his position

88
Q

Typical Manor Estate

A

Lord provides serfs with housing and protection, serfs tend lands

89
Q

Feudalism

A

weak work for strong in return for protection

90
Q

Battle of Hastings

A

King Harold II was defeated by William the conqueror; results in Norman invasion and introduction of Old French language, culture, and literature to England

91
Q

What led to the Battle of Hastings

A

William the Conqueror was promised the throne of England, but Harold II was chosen instead

92
Q

What happened to Charlemagne’s empire?

A

Charlemagne’s grandsons split into 3 regions (Treaty of Verdun): Charles the Bald (France), Lothar (midlands), Louis (Germany); Grandsons waged war against Louis the Pious

93
Q

Subinfeudation

A

the granting of land by a vassal to another man who has become his vassal

94
Q

Germanic invasions

A

Angles, Saxons, and Jutes invaded Britain from Denmark; integrated their beliefs and customs (The Witan and shires); created the heptarchy

95
Q

Significance of Clovis’ conversion

A

made Christianity the favored religion in his kingdom

96
Q

Gregory the Great’s strategy for conversion

A

‘blending’ of Christian and pagan beliefs. Ex: Fortuna and the wheel of fortune

97
Q
A

HUM302 - Medieval Culture (3 decks)

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