Exam 2 CH 4,9,10 Flashcards
Amenorrhea (NO PERIOD)
2 types
Primary: No breast buds by age 14
by 16 no period
Secondary: use to have a regular period. no period for 3 cycles or irregular for 6 months.
T/F
Primary amenorrhea occurs in women who have previously menstruated regularly.
False
Dysmenorrhea (PAINFUL PERIOD)
2 Types
Primary (spasmodic)
o Increased prostaglandin production
Secondary (congestive)
o Pelvic or uterine pathology (secondary)
o Endometriosis (cause is unknown)
One way to diagnose endometriosis
Laparoscopic exam to see endometrial tissue outside of the endometrium.
most common cause of secondary dysmenorrhea
Endometriosis
how to get rid of endometriosis completely
hysterectomy
tips to treat dysmenorrhea
ACOG diagnostic criteria for PMS
at least one of the following affective and somatic symptoms during the 5 days before menses in each of the three previous cycles:
Affective symptoms: depression, angry outbursts, irritability, anxiety
Somatic symptoms: breast tenderness, abdominal bloating, edema, headache
Symptoms relieved from days four to 13 of the menstrual cycle
ACOG Diagnostic criteria for PMDD
during the week before and a few days after the onset of menstruation and must include one or more of the first four symptoms:
Affective lability: sadness, tearfulness, irritability
Anxiety and tension
Persistent or marked anger or irritability
Depressed mood, feelings of hopelessness
Difficulty concentrating
Sleep difficulties
Increased or decreased appetite
Increased or decreased sexual desire
Chronic fatigue
Headache
Constipation or diarrhea
Breast swelling and tenderness
PMDD is usually precribed
SSRI
Medication normally prescribed for dysmenorrhea
NSAIDs (ibprophen) take a couple of days before your cycle
Treatment for PMS and PMDD
When assessing a woman for premenstrual syndrome, which of the following would the nurse be least likely to find?
weight loss
Infertility
2 types
Primary: never been able to get pregnant
Secondary: has a baby before. cannot get pregnant again.
Treatment options for infertility
- Clomid (meds induce ovulation)
- HMG Human menopausal gonadotropin (induces ovulation)
- Artificial Insemination
- IVF
- GIFT Gamete intrafallopian transfer. implantation can occur naturally
- ICSI intracytoplasmic sperm injection (male factor infertility)
- Donor oocytes or sperm
- PGD Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (used to identify genetic defects)
- Gestational carrier (surrogacy)
spinnbarkeit mucus
ovulation mucous (egg white)
e abundant, clear, slippery, and smooth; it can be stretched between two fingers without breaking
Which method would the nurse identify as a barrier method of contraception?
Diaphragm
Contraception barriers
Condoms
Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Contraceptive sponge
Types of steralizations
- tubal ligation
- vasectomy
Menopause on the Body
- Brain: hot flashes; sleep, mood, and memory problems
- Heart: lower levels of HDL; increased risk of CVD
- Bones: bone density loss; increased risk of osteoporosis
- Breasts: duct and gland tissue replaced by fat
- Genitourinary: vaginal dryness, stress incontinence, cystitis
-Gastrointestinal: less Ca+ absorbed; increased fractures
Perimenopause is also known as
Climacteric
Intimate Partner Violence
Actual or threatened physical or sexual violence, or psychological/emotional abuse
T/F
The tendency for violence is inherited.
False
Cycle of violence
Phase 1: Tension-building
Phase 2: Acute battering
Phase 3: Honeymoon/ calm
The cycle increases in intensity over time
Types of abuse
Emotional abuse
Physical abuse
Financial abuse
Sexual abuse
battered woman syndrome
woman experiences deliberate and repeated physical or sexual assault by an intimate partner over an extended period of time
T/F
Most women experiencing intimate partner violence do not describe themselves as being abused.
True
Female genital cutting AKA
Female circumcision
Types of sexual violence
Intimate partner violence
Human trafficking
Incest
Female genital cutting
Prostitution, bondage
Exploitation, neglect
Infanticide
Sexual assault
Types of Rape
Rape: penetration of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without the consent of the victim
- Acquaintance rape: forced sex by a person the victim knows
- Date rape: assault occurs within a dating or marriage situation
- Statutory rape: sexual activity between an adult and a person under 18 years
Rohipnal
Date Rape drug
Four phases of rape recovery
1: Acute phase (disorganization)
2: Outward adjustment phase (denial)
3: Reorganization
4: Integration and recovery
Which of the following would the nurse identify as indicative of hyperarousal associated with PTSD?
Complaints of difficulty sleeping
Types of female circumcision
- Type I: Excision of the prepuce with excision of part or the entire clitoris
- Type II: Excision of the clitoris and part or all of the labia minora
- Type III (Infibulation): Excision of all or part of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening
- Type IV: Pricking, piercing, or incision of the clitoris or labia
Stretching of the clitoris and/or labia
Cauterizing by burning the clitoris and surrounding tissues
Scraping or cutting the vaginal orifice
Introduction of a corrosive substance into the vagina
Placing herbs into the vagina to narrow it
Identifying Victims of Human Trafficking
Box 9.6
pg. 292
SAVE model for victims
- Screen
- Ask
- Validate
- Evaluate
BOX 9.2
3 types of prevention
- Primary prevention: breaking the abuse cycle through community initiatives
- Secondary prevention: dealing with victims and abusers in the early stages to prevent the progression of
abuse - Tertiary prevention: helping severely abused women and children recover and become productive members of society and rehabilitating abusers to stop the cycle of violence
Which of the following would best describe the primary focus of nursing interventions for a woman who is a victim of intimate partner violence?
Assisting the woman to gain control of her life
ABCDE’s of caring for an abused victim
A reassuring. you are not alone
B belief. Violence is NOT acceptable
C confidentiality
D documentation
E education
S safety
Fetal stages of development
- preembryonic stage:
- embryonic stage
- fetal stage
preembryonic stage
fertilization through second week
o Fertilization; cleavage; morula
o Blastocyst and trophoblast (Box 10.1)
o Implantation
embryonic stage
o End of second week through eighth week
o Basic structures of major body organs and main external features (Table 10.1)
Fetal stage
End of the eighth week until birth
Embryonic Layers
- Ectoderm: forms the central nervous system, special senses, skin, and glands
- Mesoderm: forms skeletal, urinary, circulatory, and reproductive organs
- Endoderm: forms respiratory system, liver, pancreas, and digestive system
T/F
Central nervous system structures arise from the mesoderm.
False
Hormone produced by the placenta
Human placental lactogen (hPL) or human
chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) takes glucose from the mother to the fetus.
ex. diabetic patients
AVA umbilicol cord
two arteries and one vein
Amniotic Fluid
- Promotes fetal movement to enhance musculoskeletal development
- Cushions the fetus from trauma
Fetal circulation
Blood from the placenta to and through the fetus and then back to placenta (see Figure 10.9)
3 shunts during fetal life
o Ductus venosus: connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
o Ductus arteriosus: connects the main pulmonary artery to the aorta
o Foramen ovale: anatomic opening between the right and left atrium
oxygen in blood
Veins have oxygenates blood
arteries have deoxygenated blood and waste
Genotype vs phenotype
genotype: inherited from parents
phenotype: outward characteristics
Karyotype
pictorial analysis of number, form, and size of chromosomes
T/F
A person’s phenotype can include the color of his or her hair.
True
T/F
Males are more commonly affected by X-linked recessive disorders.
True
Fetal Circulation
The umbilical vein carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the liver and through the ductus venosus. From there it is carried to the inferior vena cava to the right atrium of the heart. Some of the blood is shunted through the foramen ovale to the left side of the heart, where it is routed to the brain and upper extremities. The rest of the blood travels down to the right ventricle and through the pulmonary artery. A small portion of the blood travels to the nonfunctioning lungs, while the remaining blood is shunted through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta to supply the rest of the body.
