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Physics > Exam 2 Cardiac and Respiratory > Flashcards

Exam 2 Cardiac and Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the percentage of blood volume in the heart?

A

7-10%

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2
Q

What is the percentage of blood volume in the arteries?

A

13%

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3
Q

What is the percentage of blood volume in the arterioles/capillaries?

A

7%

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4
Q

What is the percentage of blood volume in veins?

A

64%

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5
Q

What is the percentage of blood volume in the pulmonary circulation?

A

9%

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6
Q

If Blood Pressure is increased, what is the physiological response?

A
  • Vasodilation of the arterioles
  • Decreased heart rate and contractility
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7
Q

If blood pressure is decreased, what is the physiological response?

A
  • Vasoconstriction of the arterioles
  • Increased heart rate and contractility
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8
Q

Hematocrit of blood related to ____

A

viscosity

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9
Q

There is an inverse relationship between cross sectional area and ___.

A

velocity

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10
Q

According to Ohm’s Law, with a decrease in BP, what will happen?

A

There will be a decrease in CO, HR and Resistance

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11
Q

According to Ohm’s Law, with an increase in BP, what will happen?

A

There will be an increase in CO, HR and Resistance

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12
Q

Blood viscosity is mostly determined by ____.

A

The Hematocrit

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13
Q

Hematocrit is the ratio of ____

A

red blood cells volume to the total blood volume

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14
Q

The higher the hematocrit, ____

A

the greater the viscosity of the blood

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15
Q

Viscosity of plasma is ____

A

about 1.8

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16
Q

Viscosity of the whole blood may change from ___

A

3 to 5

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17
Q

_____ is the most important factor affecting blood flow resistance.

A

Radius of the blood flow

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18
Q

The length of blood vessels changes only during _____.

A

individual vasculature growth. Under normal physiological conditions length is constant.

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19
Q

Laminar Flow

A
  • smooth tubes
  • low rates of flow
  • greatest flow in the center of the tube
  • close to zero near the vessel wall
  • flow directly proportional to pressure (linear relationship)
  • angle of flow is less than 25o
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20
Q

Turbulent Flow

A
  • rough tubes
  • high velocity of flow
  • flow through bends >25o, narrowing, and orifices
  • resistance to flow is higher during turbulence
  • flow - pressure relationship (nolinear relationship )
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21
Q

Reynolds Number

A

indicates conditions when flow changes from laminar to turbulent

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22
Q

Reynold’s Number is directly proportional to ____

A

fluid velocity, fluid density, and tube diameter

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23
Q

Reynold’s Number is inversely proportional to ____

A

fluid viscosity

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24
Q

Reynolds numbers less than 2000 flow is ___

A

laminar

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25
Q

Reynolds numbers 2000-3000 flow is _____

A

unstable (laminar/turbulent)

This is the most common flow in physiological areas of the body.

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26
Q

If Reynolds number is more than 3000, the flow is ___

A

turbulent

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27
Q

Turbulent flow in the body is a predisposing factor of ____

A

thrombus formation

(due to increased platelet activation)

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28
Q

LaPlace’s Law and Arterioles

A

Arterioles develop a smaller wall tension despite relatively high intravascular pressure

Thus, vasoconstriction of the arteriole involves less work, than of larger vessels.

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29
Q

With an aortic aneurysm, as the radius increases, ____

A

wall tension also increases

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30
Q

Pressure inside the aorta

A

100 mmHg

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31
Q

Radius inside the aorta

A

10-2 m

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32
Q

Tension inside the aorta =

A

1 (abstract unit)

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33
Q

Pressure inside the capillary

A

25 mmHg

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34
Q

Radius of the capillary

A

4 X 10-6 m

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35
Q

Tension in the capillary

A

1 X 10-4 (abstract units)

36
Q

Venturi Effect

A

If liquid flows through a reduced area in a tube, the linear velocity of flow increases

37
Q

Bernoulli Theorem

A

Pressure exerted by liquid upon the wall in a reduced area decreases

38
Q

Compliance (capacitance) is related to ___

A

distensibility

39
Q

Veins

A

Thin-walled vessels

Contain large volume of blood (2/3 of the circulating blood volume)

Venous pressure is very low (0-10 mmHg)

Venous valves provide unidirectional blood flow

40
Q

Major Factors Affecting Vein Function

A
  1. Right atrial pressure (Central venous pressure)
  2. Respiratory pump
  3. Skeletal muscle pump (“Venous pump”)
  4. Venous valves
  5. Gravitational Effect Upon the Venous Pressure
41
Q

Organization of Microcirculation

A

Artery .> Arteriole > Pre-capillaries > Capillaries > Post-capillaries > Venule > Vein

42
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A
  1. Continuous capillaries
  2. Fenestrated capillaries
  3. Sinusoid capillaries
43
Q

Typical capillary size is ___

44
Q

What is a continuous capillary?

What can pass through it?

A

One that has a basement membrane & endothelial layer

Interceullar cleft

Water and electrolytes can pass through

*TIGHT

45
Q

What is a fenestrated capillary?

What can pass through it?

A

One that has fenestrations

Water, electrolytes and plasma proteins can pass through it

46
Q

What is a sinusoid capillary?

What can pass through it?

A

One that has an incomplete basement membrane

Has intercellular gap

Water, electrolytes, plasma proteins and blood can pass through

*LEAKY

47
Q

Where are continuous capillaries found in the body?

A

skin

muscle

lung

CNS

48
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found in the body?

A

exocrine glands

renal glomeruli

intestinal mucosa

49
Q

Starling Law in Microcirculation

A
  1. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (30 mmHg —–15 mmHg)
  2. Plasma oncotic pressure ( 25 mmHg )
  3. Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure ( -2 mmHg )
  4. Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure ( 8 mmHg )
50
Q

Respiratory system is the link between ___.

A

the circulatory system and the atmosphere

51
Q

High metabolic rate requires ____.

A

a specialized organ with high surface area gas exchange

52
Q

Respiratory system has a very large ___

A

surface area for gas diffusion

53
Q

The respiratory system provides close physical contact for ___

A

efficient gas exchange

54
Q

The respiratory system provides excretory route for ____

A

volatile substances

55
Q

The rspiratory system is important in ___

A

metabolism

56
Q

What is the immunological role in the respiratory system?

A

airborne antigens

57
Q

Nasopharyngeal Zone

A

NASAL CAVITIES, PARANASAL SINUSES, PHARYNX, and LARYNX

  • air is cleaned
  • air temperature and humidity may be changed
58
Q

Tracheobronchial Zone

A

conducting zone: - 5 generations

respiratory zone: 17- 23 generations

mucocilliary transport (1cm/min)

respiratory bronchiole (0.5 mm diameter ) have no outer cartilage

59
Q

Alveolar Zone

A

ALVEOLI

surface area 60-90 m2

300 million/adult lung

100-300 μm in diameter

0.1 µm -1 µm wall (alveolar-capillary membrane)

60
Q

Factors Affecting Alveolar Stability

A
  1. Pulmonary Surfactant (which decreases surface tension)
  2. Alveolar Interdependence (If one starts to collapse the other will remain stable)
  3. Residual Volume (amount left at end of every breath- it’s what holds the alveoli open even during expiration)
61
Q

Surfactant decreases ___

A

The ability of water molecules to interact with each other

62
Q

Phospholipids reduce ___

A

surface tension of the alveoli

63
Q

Alveolar Cells Type I

A

alveolar wall

64
Q

Alveolar Cells Type II

A

produce surfactant

65
Q

Pulmonary Surfactant Facts

A

Equalizes pressure within alveoli

Prevents collapse of bronchioles and alveoli

Without surfactant, small alveoli would collapse

Cartilage prevents upper airways from collapsing

Surfactant packed in lamellar bodies exported by exocytosis

66
Q

Turbulence – mostly in the area of ______

A

branches and bifurcations

67
Q

Laminar flow is found only ____

A

in the smallest airways

68
Q

Turbulence has a significant effect in ____

A

airway resistance

69
Q

There is the lowest pressure in which bronchiole?

A

the medium bronchiole

70
Q

Mechanics of Breathing

A
  1. Lateral expansion of the thoracic cage
  2. Superior-inferior expansion of the thoracic cage
  3. Elastic recoil is responsible for lung elasticity
71
Q

Pneumothorax

A

A dangerous pathophysiological condition. Pressure in the pleural cavity equals atmospheric pressure.

72
Q

Negative Pressure in the Pleural Cavity

A

Intrapleural Pressure

  1. Negative pressure in the pleural cavity (-4 to -9 mmHg)
  2. Occurs during prenatal development
  3. Chest cavity grows more rapidly than the lungs
  4. Creates a semi-vacuum within the space
  5. Tends to pull lung towards chest wall à slightly expanded
73
Q

Ventilation Work

A

Change in intrapleural pressure x Change in respiratory volume

74
Q

Ventilation is the sum of:

A
  • work against the elastic recoil of the lung tissue
  • work against the resistance component of the airways
75
Q

Slow inspirations and expiration

A
  • resistance component is negligible
  • elastic component accounts for the work
76
Q

Rapid inspirations and expiration

A
  • resistance component is more important
77
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

PRESSURE IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE CONCENTRATION OF GAS MOLECULES

78
Q

Henry’s Law

A

GAS DISSOLVES IN THE LIQUID IN PROPORTION TO PARTIAL PRESSURE AND SOLUBILITY

79
Q

Arterial PO2 at sea level

O2 saturation

A

100 mmHg

96

80
Q

Arterial PO2 at 5,000 feet

O2 saturation

A

80 mmHg

95

81
Q

Arterial PO2 at 15,000ft

O2 saturation

A

50 mmHg

O2 Saturation: 85

82
Q

Arterial PO2 at 30,000ft

O2 saturation

A

25 mmHg

Saturation: 50

83
Q

What are lungs directly exposed to?

A

atmospheric pollutants

products of thermo-degradation

84
Q

Process of lung injury seems to be ____.

85
Q

A high concentration of nanoparticles = ____

A

rapid death

Physics (4 decks)

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