Exam 2 Brightspace Terms Flashcards
Affirmative Action
Efforts designed to redress the imbalances caused by long-standing discrimination.
Tonal Agnosia
For patients with this type of damage, expressive qualities of the voice disappear.
“Feeling tone”
Grasping the expression that goes with words. Some types of people with aphasia are particularly adept at this.
Utterance
An uttering forth of one’s whole meaning with one’s whole being – the understanding of which involves infinitely more than mere word-recognition.
Aphasia
Damage to the brain, affecting speech production and/or recognition. They have lost the ability to understand language which makes them more sensitive to information written on faces.
Facial-feedback system
When an expression you do not even know that you are making creates an emotion you did not choose to feel.
“Duping Delight”
The thrill one gets from fooling other people.
Duchenne Smile
A spontaneous smile resulting from a genuine emotion.
“Microexpression”
What Ekman calls the fleeting look that flashes across a person’s face so quickly that it’s almost imperceptible. Involuntary system is how we convey our authentic feelings.
FACS
Facial Action Coding System - the assemblage/collection of all the combinations of facial movements and the rules for interpreting them. Created by Ekman and Frisen.
Action Unit
Forty three distinct movements made by the muscles of the face. When combined, the possiblities for expression are tremendous.
The Diogenes Project
O’Sullivan and Ekman’s study of gifted face readers.
Animal and food terms
Using animal names and food products in reference to women.
Childlike terms
Referring to adult women as girls.
Parallel Terms
Pairs of words in the English language in which the objective meaning of the female and male terms are comparable, but the female word has a negative connotation (ie. bachelor/spinster or old maid, master vs. mistress)
Diminutive Suffixes for Female Terms
Differentiating genders by using a root word to designate a male and an added suffix to specify a female (ie. actor/actress)
Spotlighting
The practice of emphasizing an individual’s gender.
Masculine generic language
Language that uses male terms but purports to be inclusive of females and males (ie chairman, freshman, businessman).
Male is normative
The assumption that male behaviors, roles, and experiences are the standards for society; also known as androcentrism
Sexist language
Language that unnecessarily differentiates between females and males or excludes and trivializes members of either sex.
Modern sexism
Characterized by the belief that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society and is manifested by harmful treatment of women in ways that appear to be socially acceptable.
Backlash Effect
Violating gender stereotypes can result in social and economic reprisals.
(ex. a negative reaction toward women who are perceived as counter-stereotypical bc they engage in ‘masculine’ behaviors during the performance of their jobs)
Benevolent sexism
Positive stereotypes of women, such as women are pure and need to be protected. It is patronizing, as it assumes that women are the weaker and less competent sex.
Hostile sexism
Negative stereotypes of women. Reflecting an active dislike of women; holding stereotypical views of a woman that suggest that women are inferior to men.
Ambivalent sexism
Sexism can include both negative and seemingly positive stereotypes.
Sexism
Stereotypes and/or disciminatory behaviors that serve to restrict women’s roles and maintain male dominance. Hostile sexism = negative stereotypes of women; benevolent = positive stereotypes of women, such as “women are pure.” Both types view women as weak.
Social role theory
Stereotypes of women and men stem from the association of women with the domestic role and men with the employee role. This theory contends that bc we have observed primarily women in the domestic role, we assume women have the nurturing traits characteristic of that role. Similarly, bc more men than women have traditionally been seen in the employment role, we perceive men as having the agentic traits displayed in the workplace.
Social categorization
Sorting individuals into categories in order to better understand complex social environments.
Ableism
Biases against people bc of their disability.
Ageism
Biases against people based on their age.
Social construction of gender
Regardless of their accuracy, gender-related beliefs serve as lenses that guide our expectations and interpretations of other people. They an elicit stereotypic behaviors from others.
(ex. a teacher who believes females are more nurturant than males may ask a female student to volunteer in a daycare center, not a male.)
Agency
The group of traits associated with achievement, orientation, and ambitiousness, reflect a concern about accomplishing tasks. (men are seen to have this more than women)
Communion
Personality characteristics such as sympathy and warmth, reflect a concern about other people. (women are seen to have this more than men)
Gender Stereotypes
Widely shared beliefs about the attributes of females and males.
Emasculated
(of a man) Deprived of his “male role” or identity sometimes resulting in aggressive behavior.
Machismo
Strong or aggressive masculine pride.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)
A form of neurological damage some players incur as a result of playing football that causes dementia and other symptoms.
Intermale Dominance
A minority of men dominates the masses of men (intermale dominance is also what patriarchy entails)
Pain Principle
Boys are taught that to endure pain is to be courageous and to survive pain is manly.
Patriarchy
A form of social hierarchy; a system of inter-male dominance.
The experiment
Whether violent video games would increase aggressive responses and decrease prosocial outcomes and if prosocial video games has the opposite effect.
Prosocial and aggressive cognition
Accessibility of prosocial thoughts and hostile expectations.
Prosocial behavior in video games
Predominant goal is to benefit another game character.
Violence in video games
Predominant goal is to harm another game character.
1). Ideologies
2). Vested interests
3). Conspiracist worldviews
4). Fears and phobias
5). Personal-identity expression
6). Social-identity needs
What are the six psychological motives for rejecting science?
Conspiracist Worldview
Belief that it is common for people to spread hoaxes out of malevolent intentions
Vested interests
Refers to people and organizations that believe they would undergo a material cost if they accepted science.
Theory of Cultural Cognition
Divergence between scientific conclusion and personal ideologies can lead to rejection of science.
Deficit Model
People’s lack of access to accurate information or lack of scientific literacy skills is the reason for their rejection of science.
