Exam 2 Brightspace Terms

Question 1

Affirmative Action

Answer 1

Efforts designed to redress the imbalances caused by long-standing discrimination.

Question 2

Tonal Agnosia

Answer 2

For patients with this type of damage, expressive qualities of the voice disappear.

Question 3

“Feeling tone”

Answer 3

Grasping the expression that goes with words. Some types of people with aphasia are particularly adept at this.

Question 4

Utterance

Answer 4

An uttering forth of one’s whole meaning with one’s whole being – the understanding of which involves infinitely more than mere word-recognition.

Question 5

Aphasia

Answer 5

Damage to the brain, affecting speech production and/or recognition. They have lost the ability to understand language which makes them more sensitive to information written on faces.

Question 6

Facial-feedback system

Answer 6

When an expression you do not even know that you are making creates an emotion you did not choose to feel.

Question 7

“Duping Delight”

Answer 7

The thrill one gets from fooling other people.

Question 8

Duchenne Smile

Answer 8

A spontaneous smile resulting from a genuine emotion.

Question 9

“Microexpression”

Answer 9

What Ekman calls the fleeting look that flashes across a person’s face so quickly that it’s almost imperceptible. Involuntary system is how we convey our authentic feelings.

Question 10

FACS

Answer 10

Facial Action Coding System - the assemblage/collection of all the combinations of facial movements and the rules for interpreting them. Created by Ekman and Frisen.

Question 11

Action Unit

Answer 11

Forty three distinct movements made by the muscles of the face. When combined, the possiblities for expression are tremendous.

Question 12

The Diogenes Project

Answer 12

O’Sullivan and Ekman’s study of gifted face readers.

Question 13

Animal and food terms

Answer 13

Using animal names and food products in reference to women.

Question 14

Childlike terms

Answer 14

Referring to adult women as girls.

Question 15

Parallel Terms

Answer 15

Pairs of words in the English language in which the objective meaning of the female and male terms are comparable, but the female word has a negative connotation (ie. bachelor/spinster or old maid, master vs. mistress)

Question 16

Diminutive Suffixes for Female Terms

Answer 16

Differentiating genders by using a root word to designate a male and an added suffix to specify a female (ie. actor/actress)

Question 17

Spotlighting

Answer 17

The practice of emphasizing an individual’s gender.

Question 18

Masculine generic language

Answer 18

Language that uses male terms but purports to be inclusive of females and males (ie chairman, freshman, businessman).

Question 19

Male is normative

Answer 19

The assumption that male behaviors, roles, and experiences are the standards for society; also known as androcentrism

Question 20

Sexist language

Answer 20

Language that unnecessarily differentiates between females and males or excludes and trivializes members of either sex.

Question 21

Modern sexism

Answer 21

Characterized by the belief that gender discrimination is no longer a problem in society and is manifested by harmful treatment of women in ways that appear to be socially acceptable.

Question 22

Backlash Effect

Answer 22

Violating gender stereotypes can result in social and economic reprisals.
(ex. a negative reaction toward women who are perceived as counter-stereotypical bc they engage in ‘masculine’ behaviors during the performance of their jobs)

Question 23

Benevolent sexism

Answer 23

Positive stereotypes of women, such as women are pure and need to be protected. It is patronizing, as it assumes that women are the weaker and less competent sex.

Question 24

Hostile sexism

Answer 24

Negative stereotypes of women. Reflecting an active dislike of women; holding stereotypical views of a woman that suggest that women are inferior to men.

Question 25

Ambivalent sexism

Answer 25

Sexism can include both negative and seemingly positive stereotypes.

Question 26

Sexism

Answer 26

Stereotypes and/or disciminatory behaviors that serve to restrict women’s roles and maintain male dominance. Hostile sexism = negative stereotypes of women; benevolent = positive stereotypes of women, such as “women are pure.” Both types view women as weak.

Question 27

Social role theory

Answer 27

Stereotypes of women and men stem from the association of women with the domestic role and men with the employee role. This theory contends that bc we have observed primarily women in the domestic role, we assume women have the nurturing traits characteristic of that role. Similarly, bc more men than women have traditionally been seen in the employment role, we perceive men as having the agentic traits displayed in the workplace.

Question 28

Social categorization

Answer 28

Sorting individuals into categories in order to better understand complex social environments.

Question 29

Ableism

Answer 29

Biases against people bc of their disability.

Question 30

Ageism

Answer 30

Biases against people based on their age.

Question 31

Social construction of gender

Answer 31

Regardless of their accuracy, gender-related beliefs serve as lenses that guide our expectations and interpretations of other people. They an elicit stereotypic behaviors from others.
(ex. a teacher who believes females are more nurturant than males may ask a female student to volunteer in a daycare center, not a male.)

Question 32

Agency

Answer 32

The group of traits associated with achievement, orientation, and ambitiousness, reflect a concern about accomplishing tasks. (men are seen to have this more than women)

Question 33

Communion

Answer 33

Personality characteristics such as sympathy and warmth, reflect a concern about other people. (women are seen to have this more than men)

Question 34

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 34

Widely shared beliefs about the attributes of females and males.

Question 35

Emasculated

Answer 35

(of a man) Deprived of his “male role” or identity sometimes resulting in aggressive behavior.

Question 36

Machismo

Answer 36

Strong or aggressive masculine pride.

Question 37

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

Answer 37

A form of neurological damage some players incur as a result of playing football that causes dementia and other symptoms.

Question 38

Intermale Dominance

Answer 38

A minority of men dominates the masses of men (intermale dominance is also what patriarchy entails)

Question 39

Pain Principle

Answer 39

Boys are taught that to endure pain is to be courageous and to survive pain is manly.

Question 40

Patriarchy

Answer 40

A form of social hierarchy; a system of inter-male dominance.

Question 41

The experiment

Answer 41

Whether violent video games would increase aggressive responses and decrease prosocial outcomes and if prosocial video games has the opposite effect.

Question 42

Prosocial and aggressive cognition

Answer 42

Accessibility of prosocial thoughts and hostile expectations.

Question 43

Prosocial behavior in video games

Answer 43

Predominant goal is to benefit another game character.

Question 44

Violence in video games

Answer 44

Predominant goal is to harm another game character.

Question 45

1). Ideologies
2). Vested interests
3). Conspiracist worldviews
4). Fears and phobias
5). Personal-identity expression
6). Social-identity needs

Answer 45

What are the six psychological motives for rejecting science?

Question 46

Conspiracist Worldview

Answer 46

Belief that it is common for people to spread hoaxes out of malevolent intentions

Question 47

Vested interests

Answer 47

Refers to people and organizations that believe they would undergo a material cost if they accepted science.

Question 48

Theory of Cultural Cognition

Answer 48

Divergence between scientific conclusion and personal ideologies can lead to rejection of science.

Question 49

Deficit Model

Answer 49

People’s lack of access to accurate information or lack of scientific literacy skills is the reason for their rejection of science.