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A&P Lab > Exam 2: Brain & Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Exam 2: Brain & Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Gyri

A

Elevated ridges

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2
Q

Sulci

A

Shallow depressions

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3
Q

Fissures

A

Deep grooves

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4
Q

Neural cortex surface area of cerebrum

A

Includes gyri, sulci, & fissures

Folded surface increases surface area

Consists of gray matter

Also called cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest part of the brain

Coordinates repetitive body movements

Separated by vermis and covered by gray matter

MAJOR FXNS: (automatic processing center)

  1. Adjust the postural muscle of the body (maintains balance & equilibrium)
  2. Programs & fine tunes mvmnt (@ conscious & subconscious level)
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6
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located under cerebrum and cerebellum

Links cerebrum with brainstem

Three divisions:
left thalamus
right thalamus
hypothalamus

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7
Q

Thalamus

A

Relays and process a sensory information

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis i.e. temperature endocrine system
emotion
autonomic function

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9
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Major Endocrine gland

Connected to hypothalamus

Via infundibulum

Interfaces nervous and endocrine systems

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10
Q

The brainstem

A

Processes information between spinal cord, cerebrum and cerebellum

Includes:
Mesencephalon
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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11
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Also called midbrain

Processes vision, hearing and associated reflexes

Maintains conscious

Located superior of pons & contains corpora quadrigemina & cerebral peduncles

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12
Q

Pins

A

Connect cerebellum and brainstem

Is involved in somatic and visceral motor control

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13
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Connects brain to spinal cord

Relays info

Regulates autonomic fnxs:
Heart rate
blood pressure
Digestion

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14
Q

Ventricles of the brain

A

Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, circulates from ventricles to central canal into subarachnoid space

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15
Q

Septum pellucidum

A

Thin medial membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

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16
Q

Third ventricle

A

Ventricle of the diencephalon

Lateral ventricles communicate with third ventricle via intraventricular foreman

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17
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Connected with their ventricle via mesencephalic aqueduct

Extend into medulla oblongata

Continuous into the central canal of the spinal cord

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18
Q

Brain protection and support

A

Physical protection:
Bones of the cranium
Cranial meninges
CSF

Biochemical isolation:
Blood-brain barrier

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19
Q

Layers

A 
Skin
Periosteum
Bone
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia
Cerebrum
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20
Q

Cranial meninges

A

Has 3 layers (dura, arachnoid, pia)

Continuous with spinal meninges

Protects the brain from cranial trauma

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21
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer fibrous layer:
Endosteal layer, fused to periosteum
Inner fibrous layer
Venous sinuses btwn both layers

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22
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Covers brain

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23
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Btwn arachnoid mater & pia mater

Filled with CSF

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24
Q

Pia mater

A

Attaches directly to brain by astrocytes

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25
Q

Dural folds

A

Folded inner layer of dura mater

Extended into cranial cavity

Stabilize and support brain

Contain collecting veins: Durval sinuses

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26
Q

Flax cerebri

A

Projections between the cerebral hemispheres

Contains superior and inferior sagittal sinuses

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27
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A

Separates cerebellum and cerebrum

Contains transverse sinus

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28
Q

CSF

A

Surrounds all exposed surfaces of CSF

Interchanges with interstitial fluid of brain

  1. Cushions delicate neural structures
  2. Supports brain
  3. Transports nutrients, chem. msgsrs & waste products
29
Q

Choroid plexus

A

Ependymal cells secrete CSF into ventricles; adjust composition of CSF

30
Q

Circulation of CSF

A

Choroid plexus—> ventricles—> central canal—> subarachnoid space of brain and spinal cord

Removed via arachnoid granulations into venous sinus

31
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Isolates CNS neural tissue from general circulation

Formed by network of tight jxns

Btwn astrocytes cells of CNS capillaries

Restrict permeability: lipid soluble compounds (O2, CO2), steroids and prostaglandins diffuse into interstitial fluid of brain and spinal cord

32
Q

Blood CSF barrier

A

Formed by special ependymal cells

Surrounding capillaries of choroid plexus

33
Q

Selective & active transport

A

Across blood brain & blood CSF barriers:
Limits mvmnt of compounds
Allows chem. composition of blood & CSF to differ

34
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 nerves connected to brain

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulochoclear 
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglosseal
35
Q

Vermis

A

Narrow band of cortex connects hemispheres

36
Q

Folia

A

Surface of cerebellum, highly folded neural cortex

37
Q

Arbor vitae

A

Network of axons in cerebellum

38
Q

Cerebellar peduncles

A

Tract of nerve fibers linking cerebellum with brain stem, cerebrum & spinal cord (superior, middle and inferior)

39
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A 
Two pairs of sensory nuclei:
Superior colliculus (visual)
Inferior colliculus (auditory)
40
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Nerve fiber bundles on ventrolateral surfaces

41
Q

Thalamus

A

Filters sensory info

Contains lateral geniculate nucleus & medial geniculate nucleus

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Inferior of thalamus

43
Q

Lateral geniculate nucleus

A

visual signals to occipital lobe

44
Q

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

emotional input to frontal lobe

45
Q

Mamillary body

A

Processes olfactory info

46
Q

Pineal gland (epithalamus)

A

Endocrine gland; located at roof of diencephalon

47
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest part of brain

Controls higher mental fnxs: conscious thoughts, sensation, intellect & memory

Divided by longitudinal fissure

48
Q

Axons in cerebrum

A

Association fibers
Commissural fibers
Projection fibers

49
Q

Commissural fibers

A

Fibers connecting both hemispheres (corpus callosum & anterior commissure

50
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates motor & sensory areas

51
Q

Special sensory cortexes

A

Conscious perception and sensory input

Visual-info from light receptors
Auditory-info from sound receptors
Olfactory-info from odor receptors
Gustatory-info from taste receptors

52
Q

Speech center

A

Coordinates all focalization fxns including breathing & muscle mvmnt

53
Q

Hemispheric lateralization

A

Fxnl diffs btwn L&R hemispheres

Each hemisphere performs fxns NOT performed by the other hemisphere

54
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Dominating

Controls speech, writing, math & lang, decision making

55
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Relates to senses (touch, smell, sight, taste & feel) and recognitions (faces, voice inflections)

56
Q

Olfactory nerve

A

Sensory: smell

Through receptors of olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulbs

57
Q

Optic nerve

A

Sensory: Vision

Through optic canals of sphenoid to diencephalon via optic chiasm

58
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Medial portion cross to opposite side of brain

59
Q

Oculomotor

A

Motor: Eye mvmnts

Through superior orbital fissures of sphenoid to various muscles

60
Q

Throchlear

A

Motor: Eye mvmnts

Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid to superior oblique muscle

61
Q

Trigeminal

A

Ophthalmic, maxillary, & mandibular

Mixed: sensory & motor

62
Q

Abducens

A

Motor: eye mvmnts

Through superior orbital fissure of sphenoid to lateral rictus muscle

63
Q

Facial

A

Mixed: sensory & motor to face

Motor: motor nuclei of pons

64
Q

Vestibulochoclear

A

Sensory vestibular branch: balance & equilibrium

Cochlear branch: hearing

65
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A

Mixed sensory & motor head & neck

Motor: motor nuclei of medulla oblongata

66
Q

Vagus

A

Mixed sensory & motor of thorax & abdomen

Motor: motor nuclei in medulla oblongata

67
Q

Accessory

A

Motor to muscles of neck & upper back through jugular foramen

68
Q

Hypoglosseal

A

Motor tongue mvmnts

Through hypoglossal canals of occipital log to muscles of tongue

A&P Lab (6 decks)

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