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Neuroanatomy > Exam 2 Book Questions > Flashcards

Exam 2 Book Questions Flashcards

1
Q

The white matter of the spinal cord does not contain:
a. neuroglia
b. endothelium
c. perikarya
d. axons

A

C. Perikarya

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2
Q

True or False:

Dorsal roots are formed by central processes of the dorsal root ganglia.

A

True

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3
Q

A spinal cord segment is defined by:
a. The section of spinal
cord directly corresponding to
every vertebrae.
b. A line drawn midway between
rootlets of the adjacent spinal roots.
c. A line drawn at the rootlets of the
spinal roots.

A

A line drawn midway between rootlets of the adjacent spinal roots.

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4
Q

There are _______ cervical vertebrae and _______ cervical spinal cord segments.
a. 8, 7
b. 7, 8
c. 8, 8
d. 7, 7

A

B. 7 cervical vertebrae and 8 cervical spinal cord segments.

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5
Q

The ventral horn of the spinal cord receives the blood primarily from the:
a. Central branch of the ventral spinal
artery
b. Dorsal plexus of the dorsal spinal
artery

A

A. Central branch of the ventral spinal artery

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6
Q

The dorsal funiculus is:
a. A white matter bounded by the
dorsal median and dorsolateral sulci
b. A white matter bounded by the
dorsolateral and ventral median
fissure
c. A gray matter lateral to the dorsal
median septum
d. A gray matter lateral to the central
canal

A

A. A white matter bounded by the dorsal median and dorsolateral sulci

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7
Q

True or False:

The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord corresponds to C1 through C5.

A

False

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8
Q

Interneurons in the spinal cord are:
a. The same as motor neurons
b. Always excitatory
c. Always inhibitory
d. Either excitatory or inhibitory

A

D. Either excitatory or inhibitory

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9
Q

True or False:

Motor neurons are also known as projection neurons as they project axons to skeletal muscle.

A

False

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10
Q

Visceral motor neurons are located in the:
a. T1-L3 and S2-S3
b. T1-L3 only
c. S2-S3 only
d. C6-T1

A

A. T1-L3 and S2-S3

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11
Q

Lower motor neurons are located in the:
a. dorsal horn
b. ventral horn
c. cerebral motor cortex
d. thalamus

A

B. Ventral horn

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12
Q

Ture or False:

Each skeletal muscle fiber is innervated by various numbers of spinal motor neurons.

A

False

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13
Q

True or False:

A motor unit is defined as a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.

A

True

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14
Q

Visceral motor neurons are located in the:
a. dorsal horn
b. ventral horn
c. intermediate substance

A

Intermediate substance

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15
Q

The pelvic limbs of a dog are paralyzed. Pain sensation is also absent in both limbs, and the quadriceps reflex is absent in both pelvic limbs. The thoracic limbs show normal motor control and sensory perception. A lesion in this animal is most likely present somewhere in the:
a. Cord segments C1-C5
b. Cord segments C6-T1
c. Cord segments T3-L3
d. Cord segments L4-S3

A

D. Cord segments L4-S3

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16
Q

True or False:

The myotatic reflex is triggered by stretching the Golgi-tendon organs.

A

False

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17
Q

A large lesion of the ventral horn likely induces:
a. loss of pain sensation
b. hyperreflexia
c. muscle atrophy
d. hypertonia

A

C. Muscle atrophy

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18
Q

Which statement is correct for myotatic reflex?
a. Myotatic reflex is referred to as the
polysynaptic reflex
b. Perineal reflex is one example of
myotatic reflex
c. Myotatic reflex is always present as
long as interneurons are in tact
d. The quadriceps reflex is one
example of myotatic reflex

A

D. The quadriceps reflex is one example of myotatic reflex.

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19
Q

Absence of the triceps reflex suggests a problem in which of the following spinal cord segments?
a. C1-C5
b. C6-T1
c. T3-T6
d. L4-S1

A

C6-T1

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20
Q

When a fibrocartilagenous embolus blocks the dorsal plexus of the right dorsal spinal artery to the cord segments T3-T5, the quadriceps reflex is:
a. Absent
b. Present

A

Present

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21
Q

A dog has a lesion in the right half of the spinal cord from L4 to S2. Which of the following statements best describes the clinical presentation you would expect to see in this animal?
a. Normal reflex of the R thoracic limb,
hyperreflexia of the R pelvic limb
b. Areflexia of the R thoracic and pelvic
limbs
c. Areflexia of the R thoracic limb,
hyperreflexia of the R pelvic limb
d. Normal reflex of the R thoracic limb,
areflexia of the R pelvic limb

A

D. Normal reflex of the R thoracic limb, areflexia of the R pelvic limb.

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22
Q

An example of monosynaptic reflex is the:
a. withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)
b. perineal reflex
c. triceps reflex
d. all of the above

A

Triceps reflex

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23
Q

A dog was hit by a car, causing dislocation of the right shoulder. He shows paralysis of the right thoracic limb and no pain sensation. The cutaneous trunci reflex on the right side in this animal is most likely:
a. Present
b. Absent

A

Absent

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24
Q

Which statement is true for an animal with a lesion of the left half of the spinal cord segments between T2 and T5?
a. The perineal reflex is absent
b. The triceps reflex of the left limb
shows hyperreflexia
c. The quadriceps reflex of the left limb
shows hyperreflexia
d. The flexor reflex of the left thoracic
limb is absent.

A

The quadriceps reflex of the left limb shoes hyperreflexia.

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25
Q

True or False:

Pacinian corpuscles have rapid adaptation, whereas Merkel’s corpuscles have slow adaptation.

A

True

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26
Q

Pain is detected by the:
a. free nerve endings
b. Pacinian corpuscles
c. muscle spindle
d. Merkel’s corpuscle

A

Free nerve endings

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27
Q

Which statement is correct about the system that mediates pain sensation?
a. Pacinian corpuscles are nerve
endings for pain sensation
b. Ventral roots carry pain signals to
the spinal cord
c. cell bodies of the primary sensory
neurons are located in the dorsal
root ganglion
d. second-order neurons are located in
the ventral horn

A

Cell bodies of the primary sensory neurons are located in the dorsal root ganglion.

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28
Q

A receptor that detects temperature of the skin and feeds signals to the spinothalamic tract is the:
a. muscle spindle
b. free nerve ending
c. Merkel’s corpuscle
d. Pacinian corpuscle

A

Free nerve ending

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29
Q

Pacinian corpuscles are one example of:
a. tonic receptors
b. phasic receptors

A

Phasic receptors

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30
Q

If a sensory receptor continues to respond, but decreases its frequency of action potentials, it is called a:
a. rapidly adapting receptor
b. slowly adapting receptor

A

Slowly adapting receptor

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31
Q

The muscle spindles are made of _______ and connective tissue capsule.
a. extrafusal muscle fibers
b. smooth muscle fibers
c. intrafusal muscle fibers

A

Intrafusal muscle fibers

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32
Q

A lesion involving the left spinomedullary (fasciculus gracilis) tract causes a loss of proprioceptive positioning of the:
a. Right thoracic limb
b. Both R and L thoracic limbs
c. Right pelvic limb
d. Left pelvic limb

A

Left pelvic limb

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33
Q

Dorsal root ganglion cells are classified as:
a. unipolar neurons
b. bipolar neurons
c. neuroglia
d. multipolar neurons

A

Unipolar

34
Q

The nucleus thoracis mediates signals for:
a. pain sensation
b. touch sensation
c. temperature
d. proprioception

A

Proprioception

35
Q

The dorsal root ganglion cells mediate:
a. motor signals only
b. sensory signals only
c. both motor and sensory signals

A

Sensory signals only

36
Q

Which statement is correct?
a. Free nerve endings in the epidermis
are terminal ends of motor fibers
b. Schwann cells are present in the
dorsal root ganglia
c. Motor neurons are located in the
dorsal horn of the spinal cord
d. Unipolar neurons are present in the
ventral horn of the spinal cord

A

Schwann cells are present in the dorsal root ganglia.

37
Q

Signals for conscious proprioception from the thoracic limbs are mediated by the:
a. spinothalamic tract
b. fasciculus cuneatus
c. spinocervicothalamic tract
d. corticospinal tract

A

Fasciculus cuneatus

38
Q

The sensory receptor sensitive to touch and pressure is the:
a. Pacinian (or lamellar) corpuscle
b. Golgi-tendon organ
c. Muscle spindle
d. Merkel’s corpuscle

A

Merkel’s corpuscle

39
Q

The fasciculus cuneatus ascends in the:
a. dorsal funiculus
b. dorsal horn
c. lateral funiculus
d. ventral funiculus

A

Dorsal funiculus

40
Q

Which statement is correct for muscle spindles?
a. They are made of extrafusal muscles surrounded by
connective tissue capsule
b. They are made of extrafusal muscles with no connective
tissue capsule
c. They are made of intrafusal muscles with no connective tissue
capsule
d. They are made of intrafusal muscles surrounded by connective
tissue capsule

A

They are made of intrafusal muscles surrounded by connective tissue capsule.

41
Q

True or False:

Muscle spindles are innervated by both sensory and motor nerve fibers.

A

True

42
Q

What structure directly projects sensory signals to the cerebral cortex?
a. dorsal root ganglia
b. thalamus
c. primary sensory neurons in the dorsal horn
d. second-order neurons in the dorsal horn

A

Thalamus

43
Q

Muscle spindles are:
a. nonencaspsulated receptors
b. present in the tendon
c. proprioceptors
d. synonymous with motor end plates

A

Proprioceptors

44
Q

A large lesion affecting the right lateral funiculus of the spinal cord at the cord segments L4-S1 is likely to show:
a. absence of proprioceptive positioning on the left thoracic
limb
b. absence of the quadriceps reflex in the left pelvic limb
c. paralysis of the right pelvic limb
d. no pain sensation in either pelvic limb

A

Paralysis of the R pelvic limb.

45
Q

A dog shows no quadriceps reflex on the right limb. However, the affected limb shows normal perception of all sensory modalities. The lesion is most likely present in the:
a. right dorsal horn
b. left lateral funiculus
c. upper motor neurons
d. right ventral horn

A

Right ventral horn

46
Q

A lesion of the right half of the spinal cord at cord segments C1-C2 is likely to induce:
a. loss of pain sensation from the right limbs
b. hyperreflexia of the left limbs
c. loss of conscious proprioception from the left limbs
d. pupillary constriction of the right eye

A

Pupillary constriction of the right eye.

47
Q

A large lesion of the right dorsal funiculus at the upper cervical spinal cord is likely to affect the:
a. pain sensation of the right thoracic limb
b. pain sensation of the right pelvic limb
c. conscious proprioception of the right thoracic limb
d. subconscious proprioception of the left pelvic limb

A

Conscious proprioception of the right thoracic limb

48
Q

The proprioceptive positioning test examines proprioception reaching the:
a. cerebrum
b. cerebellum

A

Cerebrum

49
Q

True or False:

A light mechanical displacement applied to the Pacinian corpuscle hyper polarizes its membrane, inducing a small receptor potential.

A

False

50
Q

The spinomedullary tract (fasciculus gracilis) and spinocerebellar tracts originate from the:
a. lateral cuneate nucleus
b. nucleus thoracicus
c. dorsal root ganglia
d. intermediolateral nucleus

A

Nucleus thoracis

51
Q

To reach the cerebrum and cerebellum, sensory signals from muscle spindles in the thoracic limbs ascend in the:
a. dorsal funiculus
b. lateral funiculus

A

Dorsal funiculus

52
Q

The tract that carries signals for pain and temperature sensation is the:
a. spinocerebellar tract
b. crus cerebri
c. spinothalamic tract
d. corticospinal tract

A

Spinothalamic tract

53
Q

The right pelvic limb is paralyzed. Pain sensation and the quadriceps reflex are absent in the right pelvic limb. The thoracic limbs show normal motor control and sensory perception. A lesion in this animal is most likely present somewhere in the cord segments:
a. C1-C3
b. C6-T1
c. T3-L5
d. L4-S1

A

L4-S1

54
Q

The nucleus thoracis mediates signals for:
a. touch sensation
b. spinal lower motor neurons
c. lateral cervical nucleus
d. proprioception

A

Proprioception

55
Q

Modality intensity detected by Pacinian corpuscles is determined by:
a. duration of action potential
b. magnitude of action potential
c. frequency of action potential

A

Frequency of action potential

56
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood are detected by:
a. physiologic receptors
b. nociceptors

A

Physiologic receptors

57
Q

Nociceptors in viscera are not particularly sensitive to:
a. inflammation and ischemia
b. stretching and distention
c. cutting
d. spasm

A

Cutting

58
Q

The pelvic nerve mediates viscerosensory signals from:
a. physiologic receptors
b. nociceptors

A

Physiologic receptors

59
Q

Parasympathetic division of the ANS mediates signals primarily from:
a. physiologic receptors
b. nociceptors

A

Physiologic receptors

60
Q

True or False:

The carotid body and carotid sinus send their information to the spinal cord.

A

False

61
Q

The viscerosensory fibers innervating the stomach have their perikarya of the first-order neurons in the:
a. dorsal root ganglia
b. sympathetic trunk ganglia
c. dorsal horn
d. thalamus

A

A. Dorsal root ganglia

62
Q

The viscerosensory fibers innervating the carotid sinus and carotid body have their second-order neurons in the:
a. dorsal root ganglia
b. nucleus of the solitary tract
c. nucleus ambiguus
d. parasympathetic nucleus of the vagus nerve

A

B. Nucleus of the solitary tract

63
Q

Viscerosensory information entering the spinal cord is carried by the ______ and reaches the ________.
a. sympathetic trunk, reticular formation
b. sympathetic trunk, cranial cervical ganglion
c. fasciculus cunceatus, thalamus
d. spinothalamic tract, thalamus

A

D. Spinothalamic tract, thalamus

64
Q

The olfactory nerve fibers terminate directly in the:
a. Piriform lobe
b. Thalamus
c. Olfactory bulb
d. Olfactory tract

A

Olfactory bulb.

65
Q

Odorants bind to receptors on the:
a. cilia of the olfactory cells
b. perikarya of olfactory cells
c. neurons in the olfactory cells
d. axons of olfactory cells

A

Cilia of the olfactory cells.

66
Q

True or False:

Odorant receptor protein is coupled to G protein.

A

True

67
Q

Membrane depolarization of olfactory cells is triggered by:
a. voltage-gated Na+ channels
b. voltage-gated K+ channels
c. Ca2+ gated Cl- channels
d. Ligand-gated Na+ channels

A

Ca2+ gated Cl- channels.

68
Q

Taste molecules bind to receptors on the:
a. microvilli of receptor cells
b. perikarya of receptor cells
c. cranial nerves that mediate signals for taste
d. axon terminals innervating taste cells

A

Microvilli of receptor cells.

69
Q

True or False:

The cranial nerves that mediate signals for taste are the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

A

True

70
Q

Which statement is correct about detection of salty taste?
a. ligand bind to G-protein coupled receptor
b. amiloride-sensitive sodium channels trigger influx of Na+,
depolarizing receptor cells
c. ATP is the most likely transmitter that depolarizes sensory
terminals
d. PLC is involved in signal transduction

A

B. Amiloride-sensitive sodium channels triggers influx of Na+, depolarizing receptor cells.

71
Q

The primary afferent fibers that mediate taste signals terminate in the:
a. primary somesthetic cortex
b. thalamus
c. nucleus of the solitary tract
d. ganglia of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

A

C. Nucleus of the solitary tract

72
Q

The olfactory pathways are closely tied to which emotional-visceral system part of the brain?
a. limbic system
b. ARAS
c. vestibular system
d. trigeminal system

A

A. Limbic system

73
Q

The CSF circulates in the:
a. extradural space
b. subdural space
c. the subarachnoid space
d. none of the above

A

C. The subarachnoid space

74
Q

The leptomeninges represent the:
a. dura mater only
b. arachnoid membrane only
c. dura mater and arachnoid
d. pia mater and arachnoid

A

D. Pia mater and arachnoid

75
Q

The cerebral aqueduct is located in the:
a. medulla oblongata
b. pons
c. cerebrum
d. midbrain

A

D. Midbrain

76
Q

True or False:

The choroid plexus is present in the midbrain.

A

False

77
Q

True or False:

Composition of the CSF is similar to that of plasma, except the CSF has much higher protein and glucose.

A

False

78
Q

True or False:

The falx cerebri is the meninges separating the cerebrum and cerebellum.

A

False

79
Q

The blood-CSF barrier is the:
a. capillary endothelium of the choroid plexus
b. capillary endothelium of the cerebral cortex
c. choroid epithelium of the choroid plexus
d. arachnoid

A

C. Choroid epithelium of the choroid plexus

80
Q

True or False:

The CSF in the third ventricle enters the lateral ventricles via cerebral aqueduct.

A

False

81
Q

True or False:

The choroid plexus produces the CSF.

A

True

82
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase is located on the __________ membrane of endothelial cells.
a. luminal
b. abluminal

A

Abluminal

Neuroanatomy (13 decks)

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