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Immunology And Infectious Diseases > Exam 2: Bacteria And Antibiotics > Flashcards

Exam 2: Bacteria And Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the time-dependent, minimal/moderate persistent effect antibacterial? (5)

A

Cephalosporins
Penicillins
Carbapenems
Macrolides
Oxazolidiones

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2
Q

What are the concentration-dependent, prolonged-persistent effect antibiotics? (2)

A

Aminoglycosides
Quinolones

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3
Q

What are the time-dependent, prolonged persistent effect antibiotics? (3)

A

Vancomycin
Azithromycin
Tetracycline

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4
Q

What are the dosing GOALS for time-dependent min./mod. effect drugs? (4)

A

Prolonged infusion time
Continuous infusion
Shorter dosing interval
Increase dose

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5
Q

What is the dosing GOALS for time-dependent prolonged effect drugs? (1)

A

Optimize SAFE dose

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6
Q

What are the dosing GOALS for concentration-dependent prolonged effect drugs? (2)

A

Extended interval dosing
Maximize SAFE dose

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7
Q

What is the KEY PARAMETER for time-dependent min/mod. effect antibiotics?

A

%T>MIC

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8
Q

What are the KEY PARAMETERS for concentration -dependent prolonged effect antibiotics? (2)

A

Cmax:MIC
AUC:MIC

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9
Q

What is the KEY PARAMETER for time-dependent prolonged effect antibiotics?

A

AUC:MIC

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10
Q

What are the PK alterations that occur when the infection site is blood? (2)

A

Increased Vd and CL

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11
Q

What is the PK alteration that occur when the infection site is the lungs?

A

Impaired permeability

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12
Q

What is the PK alteration that occur when the infection site is bone?

A

Impaired permeability

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13
Q

What is the PK alteration that occur when the infection site is the CNS?

A

Impaired permeability

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14
Q

How do you optimize the dosing regimen of a blood infection? (2)

A

Add a loading dose
Increase the dose frequency

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15
Q

How do you optimize the dosing regimen of a lung infection? (1)

A

Increase the dose

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16
Q

How do you optimize the dosing regimen of a soft tissue infection? (1)

A

Increase the dose ONLY in OBESITY

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17
Q

How do you optimize the dosing regimen of a bone infection? (2)

A

Increase dose
Increase duration of therapy

(Remember, bone infections are very serious, usually require MRI!)

18
Q

How do you optimize the dosing regimen of a CNS infection? (1)

A

Maximize dose

19
Q

What are the antibiotics WITHOUT renal dosing? (12)

A

Ceftriaxone
Linezolid
Tigecycline

Clindamycin
Oxacillin
Moxifloxacin
Metronidazole
Azithromycin
Nafcillin
Doxycycline
Erythromycin
Dalfopristin/quinupristin

CLT COMMANDED

20
Q

What is the resistance mechanism for ciprofloxacin?

A

Genetic materials are obtained externally (ie. plasmids)

21
Q

What is the resistance mechanism for vancomycin?

A

Decreased permeability of cell wall (harder for drug to permeate)

22
Q

What is the resistance mechanism for Linezolid?

A

Ribosomal protection

23
Q

Is Staph. aureus Gram positive or negative?

A

Positive

24
Q

Is S. pyogenes Gram positive or negative?

A

Positive

25
Q

Is Pseudomonas [aeruginosa] Gram positive or negative?

A

Negative

26
Q

What two bacteria do the later generations of cephalosporins cover that the earlier generations don’t?

A

Pseudomonas
MRSA (cefepime specifically)

27
Q

What are the 4 classes of beta lactam antibiotics we should know?

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

28
Q

Are penicillins bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bactericidal

Gram + aerobes, Enterococci, MSSA

*Piperacillin covers Pseudomonas
*combos cover Gram-neg anaerobes

29
Q

Are cephalosporins bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bactericidal

Gram positive aerobes, MSSA

Later gens cover pseudomonas and MRSA (cefepime)

30
Q

What classes of bacteria do carbapenems usually cover?

A

Gram positive aerobes
Gram-negative aerobes
Pseudomonas
- exception: ertapenem
** good against extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)

31
Q

Are aminoglycosides bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bactericidal

Gram positive (Gentamicin only, in combo with cell wall active agent)

32
Q

Which aminoglycoside is the most active against Pseudomonas?

A

Amikacin

33
Q

Are tetracyclines bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bacteriostatic

**mainly cover atypicals
Also cover Gram + aerobes, MSSA, enterococcus, some MRSA

34
Q

Are macrolides bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bacteriostatic

Gram + aerobes, **atypicals
No Pseudomonas, Gram - anaerobe or MRSA coverage

35
Q

Is lincosamides [clindamycin] bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria does it usually cover?

A

Bacteriostatic

MSSA/Gram + aerobes, some MRSA, some Gram - anaerobes
No Pseudomonas/atypicals coverage

36
Q

Are fluoroquinolones bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bactericidal

Gram + aerobes (Moxifloxacin), Gram - aerobes (Ciprofloxacin), atypicals

37
Q

Are glycopeptides [VANCOMYCIN] bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bactericidal

Gram + aerobes, MRSA, Enterococci
NO pseudomonas, gram - anaerobe, atypical activity

38
Q

Is daptomycin indicated for pneumonia? What is the main bacteria it is used for?

A

No! Low pulmonary penetration

Mainly used for MRSA

39
Q

Is TMP/SMX bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria does it usually cover?

A

Bacteriostatic

Gram + aerobes, MRSA, P. carinii

40
Q

Are nitroimidazoles/metronidazole bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bactericidal

**Gram + and - anaerobes!

41
Q

Are oxazolidinones [linezolid] bacteriostatic or bactericidal? What classes of bacteria do they usually cover?

A

Bacteriostatic

Gram + aerobes, MRSA, Enterococci

Immunology And Infectious Diseases (7 decks)

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