Exam 2: Antiretroviral -Part 1- Moniri

Question 1

What is the name of the family that HIV belongs to?

Answer 1

Retroviridae

Question 2

What are the 2 types of viruses you can have?

Answer 2

DNA or RNA

Question 3

What type of virus is HIV?

Answer 3

retro-RNA

Question 4

How are HIV proteins made?

Answer 4

vRNA PLUS RT –> vDNA –> mRNA –> proteins

Question 5

The key enzyme needed to covert vRNA to vDNA is _______?

Answer 5

-reverses transcriptase

Question 6

What are the 2 main Retroviridae that can infect humans?

Answer 6

HIV

HTLV- oncogenic

Question 7

What is the hallmark of HIV infection?

Answer 7

• the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes leading to IMDef

the higher the titer the lower the CD4+ cells will be

Question 8

What cells have CD4+?

Answer 8

T-cells, monocytes, macrophages

Question 9

How can HIV be transmitted?

Answer 9

• blood
• vaginal fluid
• Cowper’s fluid
• breast milk

Question 10

What are the 3 major routes of infection?

Answer 10

• sexual contact***
• contaminated blood supplies (needles)
• mother-baby

Question 11

Are CD8+ cells infected?

Answer 11

No, they just can’t kill b/c there are no CD4+ to direct them.

Question 12

T/F?

IMMATURE T-cells express CD4+.

Answer 12

False

-MATURE

Question 13

Add pathophys

Answer 13

Add pathophys

Question 14

What does the nucleocapsid hold?

Answer 14

it encapsulates the nuclear material (RNA-virus)

Question 15

HIV encodes for what 3 main genes?

Answer 15

pol, gag, env

Question 16

What does pol give rise to?

Answer 16

• RT
• Intergrase
• Protease

Question 17

What does gag give rise to?

Answer 17

• structural pieces of the virus including the nucleocapsid proteins

Question 18

What does env give rise to?

Answer 18

• gp160 ligand

- gp41 (stalk) + gp120 (head)

Question 19

Which enzyme is responsible for converting vRNA to vDNA?

Answer 19

-RT

Question 20

Which enzyme is responsible for combing vDNA with host DNA?

Answer 20

-Integrase

Question 21

Which enzyme is responsible for cutting the polypeptide proteins?

Answer 21

-Protease

Question 22

HIV-1 vs. HIV-2
location?
virulent?

Answer 22

• HIV-2 (west Africa)

- HIV-1 (most virulent)

Question 23

What antibodies are produced after 1-2 months of being infected and is used for detection in bodily fluids?

Answer 23

• gp24-nucelocapsid protein (inconsistent-follows the viral load)
• gp41 (consistent)

Question 24

What antibody can only be used to detect early transmission or prior to latency phase?

Answer 24

-gp24

Question 25

What is Kaposi Sarcoma?

Answer 25

oncogenic cancer causing virus that infects aids patients b/c their body can’t respond.

Question 26

What binds CD4-Receptors and cause a confirmational change?

Answer 26

``` gp160 ligand (gp41/gp120) - this is a HIGH affinity interaction ```

Question 27

What happens as a result of the confirmational change caused by gp160 binding to CD4-R?

Answer 27

This drives the virus to interact w/ GPCRs (CCR5/CXCR4) on the surface of T-cells

Question 28

What is another name for the GPCRs?

Answer 28

co-receptors for HIV entry

Question 29

How do GPCRs affect the affinity of the virus for the cell?

Answer 29

it causes a 100-1,000 fold increase to affinity of the virus for the cell

Question 30

Name the 3 types of Tropism?

Answer 30

- CCR5 tropic - CXCR4 tropic - MIXED tropic

Question 31

What happens after the GPCRs interact w/ the virus?

Answer 31

The viral nucleocapsid then enters the cell

Question 32

What translates the vmRNA into a polyprotein?

Answer 32

The endoplasmic reticulum of this T-cells

Question 33

______ is responsible for cleavage of polyprotein into fxn proteins?

Answer 33

Protease

Question 34

How is a mature virion formed?

Answer 34

immature virion (no envelope) goes to the cell surface of T-cell to bud out of plasma membrane and it makes the PM w/ it.. forming an envelope and a now MATURE virion.

Question 35

What determines the clinical benefit of HIV Tx?

Answer 35

the magnitude of plasma HIV RNA suppression

Question 36

What is the major cause of therapy failure and death?

Answer 36

lack of adherence to the regimen

Question 37

What leads to resistance in HIV Tx?

Answer 37

-HIV RT lacks the 3' exonuclease activity needed to correct transcriptions errors that present as mutations