Exam 2: Antiretroviral -Part 1- Moniri Flashcards
What is the name of the family that HIV belongs to?
Retroviridae
What are the 2 types of viruses you can have?
DNA or RNA
What type of virus is HIV?
retro-RNA
How are HIV proteins made?
vRNA PLUS RT –> vDNA –> mRNA –> proteins
The key enzyme needed to covert vRNA to vDNA is _______?
-reverses transcriptase
What are the 2 main Retroviridae that can infect humans?
HIV
HTLV- oncogenic
What is the hallmark of HIV infection?
- the depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes leading to IMDef
the higher the titer the lower the CD4+ cells will be
What cells have CD4+?
T-cells, monocytes, macrophages
How can HIV be transmitted?
- blood
- vaginal fluid
- Cowper’s fluid
- breast milk
What are the 3 major routes of infection?
- sexual contact***
- contaminated blood supplies (needles)
- mother-baby
Are CD8+ cells infected?
No, they just can’t kill b/c there are no CD4+ to direct them.
T/F?
IMMATURE T-cells express CD4+.
False
-MATURE
Add pathophys
Add pathophys
What does the nucleocapsid hold?
it encapsulates the nuclear material (RNA-virus)
HIV encodes for what 3 main genes?
pol, gag, env
What does pol give rise to?
- RT
- Intergrase
- Protease
What does gag give rise to?
- structural pieces of the virus including the nucleocapsid proteins
What does env give rise to?
- gp160 ligand
- gp41 (stalk) + gp120 (head)
Which enzyme is responsible for converting vRNA to vDNA?
-RT
Which enzyme is responsible for combing vDNA with host DNA?
-Integrase
Which enzyme is responsible for cutting the polypeptide proteins?
-Protease
HIV-1 vs. HIV-2
location?
virulent?
- HIV-2 (west Africa)
- HIV-1 (most virulent)
What antibodies are produced after 1-2 months of being infected and is used for detection in bodily fluids?
- gp24-nucelocapsid protein (inconsistent-follows the viral load)
- gp41 (consistent)
What antibody can only be used to detect early transmission or prior to latency phase?
-gp24
What is Kaposi Sarcoma?
oncogenic cancer causing virus that infects aids patients b/c their body can’t respond.
What binds CD4-Receptors and cause a confirmational change?
gp160 ligand (gp41/gp120) - this is a HIGH affinity interaction
What happens as a result of the confirmational change caused by gp160 binding to CD4-R?
This drives the virus to interact w/ GPCRs (CCR5/CXCR4) on the surface of T-cells
What is another name for the GPCRs?
co-receptors for HIV entry
How do GPCRs affect the affinity of the virus for the cell?
it causes a 100-1,000 fold increase to affinity of the virus for the cell
Name the 3 types of Tropism?
- CCR5 tropic
- CXCR4 tropic
- MIXED tropic
What happens after the GPCRs interact w/ the virus?
The viral nucleocapsid then enters the cell
What translates the vmRNA into a polyprotein?
The endoplasmic reticulum of this T-cells
______ is responsible for cleavage of polyprotein into fxn proteins?
Protease
How is a mature virion formed?
immature virion (no envelope) goes to the cell surface of T-cell to bud out of plasma membrane and it makes the PM w/ it.. forming an envelope and a now MATURE virion.
What determines the clinical benefit of HIV Tx?
the magnitude of plasma HIV RNA suppression
What is the major cause of therapy failure and death?
lack of adherence to the regimen
What leads to resistance in HIV Tx?
-HIV RT lacks the 3’ exonuclease activity needed to correct transcriptions errors that present as mutations
