Exam 2 Anatomy Of Prokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards
Dna of prokaryotic cells
Shape
Not enclosed by what?
Cell walls almost always made of what
Dna is circular with one chromosome
Not enclosed by a nuclear membrane
Cell walls almost always made of peptidoglycan
Prokaryotic cell division
binary fission
Similar to mitosis
Bacterial cell-shaped coccus
Spheres
Diplo cocci
Streptococci
tetrad
sarcinae
Staphylococci
Two spheres
Chain of spheres
Four spheres in a row
Eight spheres and a cube
Cluster of spheres
Bacillus
Rod shaped
Diplobacilli
Streptobacilli
Coccobacilli
Two rods
Chain of rods
Combination of a rod and a sphere
Example of coccobacilli
Coynebacterium xerosis
Spiral
Corkscrew shaped
Vibrios
Spirilla
Spirochetes
Curved rod
Corkscrew
Flexible. Helix
Monomorphic
Most bacteria are this one shape for its lifetime
Pleomorphic
Bacteria that can change shape
Glycocalyx
Prevents this by being sticky
If firmly attached called this
If loosely attached called this
Found on the external surface of the organism
Sticky gel prevents dehydration
Firmly attached. Called capsule increases the virulency of the bacteria
Loosely attached called slime layer
Extracellular polymeric substance or EPS?
The glycocalyx of biofilms
Attaches organisms to their environment
Allows cells to communicate
Biofilms definition
Groups of organisms in close proximity with a covering over them
Flagella function and structure
Long filaments that propel organisms
Helical meaning they rotate like a propeller
Allows motility the ability to move on its own
Flagellar arrangement atrichous
No. Flagella
Flagellar arrangements pritrichous
Flagella around the entire cell
Flagella arrangement monotrichous
One flagella
Flagella arrangement amphitrichous
Flagella at each end of the bacteria
Flagella arrangement lophotrichous
Tuft or cluster of flagella at one end
Basal bodies what do they do
amount that gram-negative and gram-positive have
Anchors the filament and the hook to the cell wall
gram-negative have two pair
Gram-positive have one pair
Similar to washers or bolts
Motility types of bacteria
Run tumble and swarm
Movement
Run is to move in a straight line
Tumble change in direction reverse the rotation of the flagella from a run
Swarm group of organisms, travel or move is one unit
Example of bacteria type that swarms
Proteus sp
Taxis to include chemotaxis and phototaxis
Movement to or from a stimulus
Chemotaxis moving to or from chemicals?
Phototaxis moving to or from light
Axial filaments or endophagella
Structure, what type of bacteria are they commonly found ON, and function
Examples of bacteria with them
Fibers that spiral around the organism
Common and spirochetes such as treponema pallidum causes syphilis
Borrelia burgdorfi causes Lyme disease
Allows the bacteria to spiral like a corkscrew through body fluids
Fimbriae location
Used for what
Made of protein called what
Examples
Made of protein called pilin
Used for attachment, not movement
Located at the poles of the bacteria or over the entire organism
Neisseria gonorrhaea attaches to mucous membranes
E. Coli attaches to digestive lining
Pili or pilus amount
One or two per cell
Conjugation pili
Allows for the transfer of DNA from one bacteria cell to another
One cell sends a copy to another
Can code for resistance or toxin production?
Twitching motility
Short jerky movements that occur during the exchange of DNA
Cell wall functions
What does it do for shape protection pressure attachment?
Why is it usually targeted and by what?
Maintain cell shape
Protects cell membrane and interior cell from the outside environment
Protects cell from pressures
Point of attachment for flagella
Usually targeted by antibodies
Composition of cell wall that forms the lattice shape
Made of macromolecule called peptidoglycan which forms a lattice shape
Gram-Positive cell wall composition
What is the space between the cell wall and cell membrane called?
Wall is made of several layers of peptidoglycin
Periplasmic also called periplasmic tongue
The space between the cell wall and the cell membrane
Gram-Negative cell wall
Few layers of this make it what
What is a space between the cell membrane and the cell wall called and what is it filled with?
Few layers of peptidoglycan makes gram-negative susceptible
Periplasmic space is filled with a gel called periplasm
Outer membrane of gram-negative cell composition Three things
Gram negative charge allows evasion of what
Protects itself from what?
Made of liposaccharides, lipoproteins and phospholipids
Gram-negative charge allows evasion of a host immune system
Protection from metals, antibiotics, lysozyme, and detergents
Gram-Negative cell wall porins
Proteins in the membrane
Form channels
Allow useful substances to enter the cell
Gram-Negative liposaccharide or LPS layer contains what lipid and what antigen and why
Contains lipid a (an endotoxin)
Released when the cell dies
Has o antigen to stimulate the host immune system
Gram variable definition, why it happens, and examples of bacteria it happens to
Occurs when gram positive appears is gram-negative
Happens as culture’s age
Cell walls weaken
And CVI leaks out
Commonly occurs in bacillus, SP
Clostridium SP
Mycobacterium SP
Atypical cell wall
Name of bacteria
Mistaken for what?
Cell membrane contains what acid?
Cell membrane prevents what from occurring
Mycoplasm SP
Smallest known bacteria
Often mistaken as a virus
Lack a cell wall but has a very strong cell membrane that contains mycotic acid which prevents gram staining
Danger of bacteria without cell walls
They are in danger of osmotic changes
Why do we choose to damage bacterial cell wall?
What do we use to attack it commonly?
It won’t harm human cells as we don’t have them
Common attack of chemicals
Lysozyme
Where is it found and what are its properties?
What type of bacteria is it most effective on?
Common enzyme found in tears and saliva is antimicrobial
Most effective on gram positive because it destroys the lattice work of peptidoglycan
Protoplast
What does it lack
What is it?
What is one form of it?
Gram-Positive bacteria that lacks a cell wall
Cell membrane remains intact
L-form can swell to unusual sizes and are metabolically active
Spheroplast
What type of bacteria is it?
What enzyme has minimal effect on it because what protects it?
Gram-negative bacteria
Lysozyme has minimal effect because the LPS layer protects them
Part of cell wall remains intact
Are protoplasts and spheroplasts susceptible to osmotic lysis
Yes they both are
Cell membrane composition
Made of phospholipids and proteins
Phospholipids are in a bilayer
Proteins are integral and peripheral
Glycolipids and glycoproteins in cell membrane
Extend from the cell wall
Allow communication between the cells
Determine self versus non-self
Cell membrane permeability
Side of what kind of production?
Is selectively permeable
Controls what enters and exits
Site of ATP production
Microtubules form what?
Form cilia and flagella
Intermediate filaments what do they do?
Anchor organelles in place
Cytoplasm
What does it have that’s similar to human cells?
All substances inside the cell membrane
Have a cytoskeleton similar to human cells
Nucleoid
Region of bacterial cytoplasm where the single chromosome is located
Shape of chromosome in bacteria
Double helix and circular
Is nuclear envelope present in bacteria
No
Reason for pre-synthesizing DNA
Future cell divisions
Plasmid DNA
Extra chromosomal DNA
Not essential to life
May cause dangerous traits such as resistance to antibiotics and the house, immune system or genes for toxin production
Ribosomes amount and purpose
Tens of thousands in a single bacterial cell
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosome difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
The ribosomes are targets for what? Because they are different
Examples of antibiotics that Target these ribosomes
Smaller than eukaryotic so can become targets for antibiotics
Examples erythromycin
Chloramphenicol
Type of inclusion called metachromatic granules
Store what?
Used to make what
Stain what?
Store in organic phosphates
Used to make ATP
Stain red with methylene blue
Inclusion called polysaccharide
Store what two things
Iodine does what to which parts?
Stores glycogen and starch
Glycogen turns red and starch turns black when stained with iodine
Inclusion called lipids
Store what?
Examples
All are what shape?
Stores lipids
Found in mycobacterium leprea
And mycobacterium TB corynebacterium
All are spirilla
Inclusion called sulfur granules
Are only found in bacteria that do this
Found only in bacteria that use sulfur metabolically as an energy source
Inclusion called carboxysomes
Contain the enzymes needed by bacteria for what fixation?
Have the ability to use this directly from the atmosphere
Found on what?
And helps fix what?
Contains the enzymes needed by bacteria that are capable of nitrogen fixation
The ability of organisms to use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere
Found on the roots of legumes and helps fix the soil
Inclusions called gas vacuoles
Found in these type of organisms
Used for this by them
Found in aquatic organisms used for buoyancy
Inclusions called magnetosomes
Stores what?
Use what it stores to move, how?
Protects the cell from this danger, how?
Stores iron oxide
Works as a magnet to move down to an appropriate level in mud or water
Protects to cell from dangerous hydrogen peroxide
Formation of endospores called what?
Sporulation or sporogenesis?
endospores
They are a form of this but not a method of that
Only found in what type of microorganism
How will they survive the most extreme environments
A form of survival, not a normal method of reproduction
Only found in bacteria
Will be dehydrated have thick wall around them and can survive the most extreme environments
Oldest endospores
7,500-year-old endospore found in the frozen mud
40 million-year-old endospore found in the gut of a bee that was trapped in Amber in the Dominican Republic
sporogenesis
Formation of what
What makes it begin?
Formation of endospores and begins when bacterial cell is deprived of a key nutrient
Stage 1 of sporogenesis
A Spore septum walls off a newly duplicated chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm
Stage 2 of sporogenesis
A Forespore forms when the septum becomes double layered and surrounds the material
Stage 3 of sporogenesis
Thick layers of peptidoglycan are laid down between the two layers
Stage 4 of sporogenesis
The spore coat is a thick protein layer put down on the outside of the endospore
Qualities of endospores
They do not carry out what type of reactions and can remain this type of way forever
They do not carry out metabolic reactions and can remain dormant indefinitely
Germination is the process by which spores do what?
Is triggered by what?
After the trigger occurs enzymes in a Spore do what to its surrounding layers
Process by which spores return to its vegetative state
Triggered by physical or chemical damage to the Spore coat
Often heat
Enzymes in a spore break down the surrounding layers, allowing water to enter and metabolism begins
Protein that makes up Flagella and how it attaches
Protein called flagelin
Attaches with a hook found in the cell wall
Hook found in the cell wall attaches to filament of the flagella holding in place
