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Anatomy and Physiology > Exam 2 (anatomy) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (anatomy) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five characteristics of epithelial tissues?

A 
polarity 
specialized contacts 
supported by connective tissues 
avascular, by innervated 
can regenerate
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2
Q

All epithelia have an ___ surface, an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ, and a lower attached ___ surface

A

apical

basal

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3
Q

The apical and basal surfaces differ in both structure and function and for this reason, we say that epithelia exhibit ____

A

apical-basal polarity

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4
Q

Although some apical surfaces are smooth and slick, most have ___, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane; they tremendously increase the exposed surface area

A

microvilli

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5
Q

Some epithelia, such as that lining the trachea, have motile ___, tiny hairlike projections that propel substances along their free surface

A

cilia

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6
Q

Adjacent to the basal surface of n epithelium is a thin supporting sheet called ___

A

basal lamina

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7
Q

___ is a noncellular, adhesive sheet consisting largely of glycoprotein and collagen fibers.

A

basal lamina

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8
Q

The ___ acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium

A

basal lamina

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9
Q

Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together to form ___

A

continuous sheets

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10
Q

All epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by ___

A

connective tissue

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11
Q

Just deep to the basal lamina is the ___, a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen fibers that “belongs to” the underlying connective tissue

A

reticular lamina

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12
Q

The two laminae form the ___, which reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing and defines the epithelial boundry

A

basement membrane

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13
Q

Although epithelium is ___ (contains blood vessels), it is ___ (supplies by nerve fibers)

A

avascular

innervated

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14
Q

Epithelium has a high ___ capacity

A

regenerative

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15
Q

Each epithelium has two names, the first name indicates the ___ of cell layers present and the second describes the ___ of its cells

A

number

shape

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16
Q

___ Epithelia consist of a single cell layer. The are typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desirable

A

simple

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17
Q

___ Epithelia are composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other in high abrasion

A

stratified

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18
Q

___ cells are flattened and scalelike

A

squamous

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19
Q

___ cells are boxlike, approximently as tall as they are wide

A

cuboidal

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20
Q

___ cells are tall and column shaped

A

columnar

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21
Q

___ provides a slick, friction reducing lining in lyphtic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system

A

endothelium

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22
Q

___ is the epithelium found in serous membranes, the membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

A

mesothelium

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23
Q

The cells of a ___ epithelium are flattened laterally and their cytoplasm is sparse. The only function where rapid diffusion is priority

A

simple squamous epithelium

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24
Q

___ consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide; their important functions are secretion and absorption. This type of epithelium forms walls of the smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules

A

simple cuboidal epithelia

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25
Q

___ is a single layer of tall, closely packed cells, aligned like soldiers in a row. It lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum.

A

simple columnar epithelium

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26
Q

The cells of ___ vary in height; all of the cell nuclei are at different levels and it appears stratified but its not. The functions consist of secretion and absorption

A

pseudo stratified columnar epithelium

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27
Q

___ is the most widespread of the stratifies epithelia. These are primarily located for wear and tear. Its free surface cells are squamous, and cells of the deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar.

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

___ is quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some sweat and mammary glands. It typically has two layers of cuboidal cells

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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29
Q

___ also has a limited distribution in the body. Small amounts are fond in the pharynx, the male urethra, and lining some glandular cuts. This epithelium also occurs at transition areas or junctions between two other types of epithelia.

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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30
Q

___ forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. Cells of its basal layer re cuboidal or columnar. The apical cells vary in appearance.

A

Transitional epithelium

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31
Q

A ___ consists of one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion

A

gland

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32
Q

___ is an aqueous (water-based) fluid that usually contains proteins, but there is variation

A

secretion

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33
Q

___ ductless glands that secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs where the target organs respond in some characteristic way

A

endocrine glands

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34
Q

___ messenger chemicals that they secrete y exocytosis directly into the extracellular space

A

hormones

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35
Q

All ___ glands secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities

A

exocrine glands

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36
Q

The only important ___ glands are mucous cells and goblet cells. These glands are fond in epithelial lining of intestinal and respiratory tracts. They produce mucin

A

unicellular exocrine glands

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37
Q

___ a complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted

A

mucin

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38
Q

In ___ cells the chubbily accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making the cells look like a glass with a stem. This distortion does not occur in ___ cells

A

goblet

mucous

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39
Q

___ is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues, but its amount in particular organs varies

A

connective tissue

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40
Q

What are the four main classes of connective tissues?

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood

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41
Q

___ is the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers

A

ground substance

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42
Q

The ___ of connective tissue provide support

A

fibers

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43
Q

___ fibers are the strongest and most abundant type; they are tough and provide high tensile strength

A

collagen

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44
Q

___ fibers are networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil

A

elastic fibers

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45
Q

___ fibers are short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; they branch, forming networks that offer more “give”

A

reticular

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46
Q

___ cells are immature cells; they are actively mitotic cells that secrete the round substance and the fibers characteristic of their particular matrix

A

blast

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47
Q

___ in connective tissue proper

A

fibroblasts

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48
Q

___, ___ in cartilage

A

chondroblasts

chondrocytes

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49
Q

___, ___ in bone

A

osteoblasts

osteocytes

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50
Q

___ in bone marrow

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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51
Q

___ are mature cells; maintain matrix

A

cyte cells

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52
Q

___ cells, which store nutrients

A

fat cells

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53
Q

___ cells, and other cell types that are concerned with tissue response to injury

A

white blood cells

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54
Q

___ cells, which typically cluster along blood vessels. These oval cells detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them.

A

Mast

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55
Q

___ large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles

A

macrophages

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56
Q

What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?

A

loose connective tissue

dense connective tissue

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57
Q

___ is chondroblasts and chondrocytes. It is tough yet flexible and lacks nerve fibers. It has up to 80% of water and can rebound after compression. It is Avascular and consists of three types.

A

Cartilage

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58
Q

___ cartilage, or gristle, is the most abundant cartilage in the body. Although it contains large numbers of collagen fibers, they are not apparent and the matrix appears glossy. It is covers the ends of long bones and in joint cavities.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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59
Q

___ cartilage, is similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. It maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. It supports the external ear; epiglottis.

A

Elastic cartilage

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60
Q

___ matrix is similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock, and it is located in the intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.

A

Fibrocartilage

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61
Q

What is the three subdivisions of cartilage?

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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62
Q

What is another name for bone?

A

osseous tissue

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63
Q

___ has an exceptional ability to support and protect body structures. It stores fat and synthesizes blood cels in cavities. It has more collagen than it does cartilage and has more inorganic calcium salts

A

bone

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64
Q

___ produce matrix in bone

A

osteoblasts

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65
Q

___ maintain the matrix in bone

A

osteocytes

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66
Q

___ are the structural units in bone

A

osteons

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67
Q

___ is the most atypical connective tissue. The vast majority of these cells are red blood cells, or erythrocytes, but scattered while blood cells and platelets. The fibers in this are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting. Its primary function is transport.

A

blood

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68
Q

___ are highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of movements

A

muscle tissue

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69
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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70
Q

___ muscle tissue is found in skeletal muscle and it is very voluntary

A

skeletal muscle tissue

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71
Q

___ muscle tissue is found in the walls of the heart and it is involuntary

A

cardiac muscle tissue

72
Q

___ muscle tissue is mainly in the walls of hollow organs other than the heart and it is involuntary

A

smooth muscle tissue

73
Q

___ is the main component of the nervous system–the brain, spinal cord, and nerves–which regulates and controls body functions

A

nervous tissue

74
Q

___ are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

A

neurons

75
Q

___ supporting the cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

A

neuroglia

76
Q

___ is your skin. It is an organ system consisting of a keratinized stratifies squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)

A

cutaneous membranes

77
Q

___ or mucosae, line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the hollow organs of the digestive,respiratory, and urogenital tracts. They are moist membrane bathed by secretions

A

mucous membranes

78
Q

The epithelia sheet that lies directly over a layer of loose connective tissue called the ___

A

lamina propria

79
Q

___ are the moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities. A serous membrane consists of simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of loose connective tissue

A

serous membrane

80
Q

The sores are names according to their site and specific organ associations. For example, the ___ line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs, the ___ encloses the heart; and the ___ encloses the abdominopelvic viscera

A

pleurae
pericardium
peritoneum

81
Q

___ serosae line internal body cavity walls

A

parietal

82
Q

___ serosae cover internal organs

A

visceral

83
Q

___ is when the same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue; the original function is restored

A

regeneration

84
Q

___ is when connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue; the original function is lost

A

fibrosis

85
Q

How well does the epithelial tissue and bone regenerate?

A

regenerate well

86
Q

How well does the smooth muscle regenerate?

A

moderate regeneration

87
Q

How well does the cardiac muscle and nervous tissue regenerate?

A

no regeneration

88
Q

What are the three layers of the integumentary system?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

89
Q

The ___, composed of epithelial cells, is the outermost protective shield of the body. (Superficial region)

A

epidermis

90
Q

The underlying ___, making up the bulk of the sin, is a tough, leathery layer composed mostly of fibrous connective tissue

A

dermis

91
Q

The ___, also called superficial fascia because it is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping of the skeletal muscles, consists of mostly of adipose tissue

A

hypodermis

92
Q

What are the five layers of the epidermis

A 
stratum basale 
stratum spinosum 
stratum granulosum 
stratum lucidum 
stratum corneum
93
Q

What layer of the epidermis is only in thick skin

A

stratum lucidum

94
Q

The ___ is the deepest epidermal layer, it is firmly attached to the dermis. For the most part it consists of a single row of stem cells

A

stratum basale

95
Q

___ is a continually renewing cell population

A

stem cells

96
Q

___ is several layers thick. These cells contain web-like system of intermediate procreation filaments attached to desmosomes. They have abundant maleness and dendritic cells

A

stratum spinosum

97
Q

The thin ___ consists of four to six cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically, and the process of keratinization begins

A

stratum granulosum

98
Q

The ___ is visible only in thick skin, it is a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum. It is only a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes

A

stratum lucidum

99
Q

The ___has 20-30 rows of dead, flat, inoculate keratinized membranous sacs. Three-quarters of epidermal thickness. It is tough dead, and its cells have functions

A

stratum corneum

100
Q

The chief role of ___ is to produce keratin. It’s the most cells of the epidermis and it tightly connected by desmosomes

A

keratinocytes

101
Q

___ the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties

A

keratin

102
Q

___ the 10-25% of cells that are in the deepest epidermis. It produces pigment melanin

A

melanocytes

103
Q

___ protects the apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage

A

melanin

104
Q

___ macrophages – key activators of immune system

A

dendritic cells

105
Q

what is the other name for dendritic cells?

A

langerhans

106
Q

___ cells are the sensory touch receptors

A

tactile cells

107
Q

what is the other name for tactile cells?

A

merkel

108
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A

papillary

reticular

109
Q

The thin superficial ___ layer is areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels

A

papillary layer

110
Q

___ they mostly contain capillary loops, some contain eissners corpuscles (touch receptors), some contain free nerve endings (pain receptors). In tick skin they lie atop dermal ridges that cause epidermal ridges

A

dermal papillae

111
Q

___ enhance gripping ability, contribute to sense of touch, and the pattern in fingertips

A

friction ridges

112
Q

The deeper ___ layer, accounting for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis, is coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue. The elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties

A

reticular layer

113
Q

The two forms of ___, range in color from reddish-yellow to brownish-black. The color differences is due to the amount and form. It is produced in melanocytes. It migrates to keratinocytes to form “pigment shields” for nuclei

A

melanin

114
Q

___ stimulates melanin production

A

sun exposure

115
Q

___ is the yellow to orange pigment (most obvious in palms and soles). It accumulates in stratum core and hypodermic. It can be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health

A

carotene

116
Q

___ is the pinkish hue of fair skin

A

hemoglobin

117
Q

___ is blue skin color–low oxygenation of hemoglobin

A

cyanosis

118
Q

___ is when you have a fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy

A

erythema (redness)

119
Q

___ is when you have anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger and you skin turns colors

A

pallor (blanching)

120
Q

___ the color you get when you have a liver disorder

A

jaundice (yellow cast)

121
Q

___ when there is inadequate steroid hormones in addison disease

A

bronzing

122
Q

___ when there are clotted blood beneath the skin

A

bruises

123
Q

___ extend form the epidermal surface to the dermis. They are two-layered walls – part dermis, part epidermis

A

hair follicles

124
Q

The deep end of the follicle, located about 4mm below the skin surface, expands to form a ___

A

hair bulb

125
Q

___ is the smooth muscle attached to follicle. This is what is responsible for goose bumps

A

arrector pili

126
Q

___ is the dermal tissue-blood supply

A

hair papilla

127
Q

The body hair of children and adult females is pale, fine ___ hair

A

vellus

128
Q

The coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows and scalp is ___ hair, which also may be darker

A

terminal

129
Q

Growth influenced by ___ and ___

A

nutrition and hormones

130
Q

A ___ is a scalelike modification of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of finger and toe

A

nail

131
Q

___ is responsible for nail growth

A

nail matrix

132
Q

___, also called sudoríferos glands, are distributed over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts pf the external genitalia

A

sweat glands

133
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands

A

eccrine

apocrine

134
Q

___ are far more numerous and are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead

A

eccrine sweat glands

135
Q

The eccrine sweat glands secretion is ___

A

sweat

136
Q

___ approximately 2000 of them, are largely confined to the airily and anogenital areas. They lie deeper in the dermis or even in the hypodermic, and their ducts empty into hair follicles. They begin functioning at puberty

A

apocrine sweat glands

137
Q

___ – lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)

A

ceruminous glands

138
Q

___ – secrete milk

A

mammary glands

139
Q

___ are found all over the body, but not in thick skin like the palms of hands and soles. Most of them develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles. They are relatively inactive until puberty. They also secrete sebum

A

sebaceous oil glands

140
Q

What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?

A 
protection
body temperature regulation 
cutaneous sensation 
metabolic functions 
blood reservoir 
excretion
141
Q

What are the three types of barriers?

A

chemical barriers
physical barriers
biological barriers

142
Q

___ barriers include skin secretions and melanin

A

chemical

143
Q

The continuity of skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells provide ___ barriers

A

physical

144
Q

___ barriers include urge dendritic cells of the epidermis, macrophages in the dermis and DNA itself

A

biological

145
Q

If body tempter normal ≈ 500 ml/day of routine ___ perspiration (if enviromentak temperature below 31-32º C)

A

insensible

146
Q

If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity ( ___ perspiration) cool the body

A

sensible

147
Q

___ – part of nervous system – detect temperature, touch, and pain

A

cutaneous sensory receptors

148
Q

___ sysnthesis of vitamin D precursor

A

metabolic functions

149
Q

___ – up to 5% of body’s blood volume

A

blood reservoir

150
Q

___ – nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat

A

excretion

151
Q

What are the three major types of skin cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma

152
Q

This type of skin cancer is the least malignant; and most common. It is where the stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade the dermis and hypodermis. It is only cures by surgical excision in 99% of cases

A

Basal Cel Carinoma

153
Q

This the second most common type of skin cancer. It involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. Its usually scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands. The good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically

A

squamous cell carcinoma

154
Q

This is the cancer of melanocytes. It is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It is treated by wise surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy

A

Melanoma

155
Q

___ degree burns is where its only epidermal damage; localized redness, edema(swelling), and pain

A

first degree

156
Q

___ degree burns is where its epidermal and upper dermal damage; this is where blisters appear

A

second degree

157
Q

___ degree is where the entire thickness of skin is involved; skin gray-white, cherry red, or blackened; not painful (nerve endings destroyed) or swollen; skin grafting usually necessary

A

third degree

158
Q

___ cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissue modeled to fit its body location and function

A

skeletal

159
Q

___ cartilage provides support, flexability, and resilience. The only have collagen fibers and are the most abundant type of cartilages. It is found in the articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

160
Q

___ cartilage is similar to the hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers. It is found in the ear and epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

161
Q

___cartilage is thick collagen fibers; it had great tensile strength. It is found in the menisci of the knee; vertebral discs

A

fibrocartilage

162
Q

How many named bones are in the skeleton?

A

206

163
Q

The ___ skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

A

axial

164
Q

The ___ skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

A

appendicular

165
Q

___ bones are longer than they are wide; limb, wrist, ankle bones

A

long

166
Q

___ bones are cubed-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle); also sesamoid bones (within tendions, patella); and they vary in size and number in different individuals

A

short

167
Q

___ bones are thin, flat, and slightly curved; sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

A

flat

168
Q

___ bones are complicated shapes; vertebrae, coxal bones

A

irregular

169
Q

What are the seven important functions of the bones?

A 
support 
protection
movement 
mineral and growth factor stage 
blood cell formation 
triglyceride storage 
hormone production
170
Q

Every bone has a dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye. This external layer is ___ bone. Internal to this is ___ bone a honeycomb of small needle like or flat pieces called ___

A

compact
spongy
trabeculae

171
Q

A tubular ___, or shaft, forms the long axis of the bone. It is constructed of a relatively thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central ___

A

diaphysis

medullary cavity

172
Q

In adults, the medullary cavity contains fat and is called the ___

A

yellow marrow cavity

173
Q

The ___ are the bone ends. An outer shell of the compact bone forms this type of structure and their interior contains spongy bone.

A

epiphyses

174
Q

Between the diaphysis and each epiphyses of an adult long bone is an ___, a remnant of the epiphyseal plate

A

epiphyseal line

175
Q

___ a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone

A

epiphyseal plate

176
Q

Hematopoietic tissue, ___, is typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the dipole of flat bones

A

red marrow

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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