Exam 2 (anatomy) Flashcards
1
Q
What are the five characteristics of epithelial tissues?
A
polarity specialized contacts supported by connective tissues avascular, by innervated can regenerate
2
Q
All epithelia have an ___ surface, an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ, and a lower attached ___ surface
A
apical
basal
3
Q
The apical and basal surfaces differ in both structure and function and for this reason, we say that epithelia exhibit ____
A
apical-basal polarity
4
Q
Although some apical surfaces are smooth and slick, most have ___, fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane; they tremendously increase the exposed surface area
A
microvilli
5
Q
Some epithelia, such as that lining the trachea, have motile ___, tiny hairlike projections that propel substances along their free surface
A
cilia
6
Q
Adjacent to the basal surface of n epithelium is a thin supporting sheet called ___
A
basal lamina
7
Q
___ is a noncellular, adhesive sheet consisting largely of glycoprotein and collagen fibers.
A
basal lamina
8
Q
The ___ acts as a selective filter that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium
A
basal lamina
9
Q
Covering and lining epithelial tissues fit closely together to form ___
A
continuous sheets
10
Q
All epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by ___
A
connective tissue
11
Q
Just deep to the basal lamina is the ___, a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen fibers that “belongs to” the underlying connective tissue
A
reticular lamina
12
Q
The two laminae form the ___, which reinforces the epithelial sheet, helps it resist stretching and tearing and defines the epithelial boundry
A
basement membrane
13
Q
Although epithelium is ___ (contains blood vessels), it is ___ (supplies by nerve fibers)
A
avascular
innervated
14
Q
Epithelium has a high ___ capacity
A
regenerative
15
Q
Each epithelium has two names, the first name indicates the ___ of cell layers present and the second describes the ___ of its cells
A
number
shape
16
Q
___ Epithelia consist of a single cell layer. The are typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur and a thin epithelial barrier is desirable
A
simple
17
Q
___ Epithelia are composed of two or more cell layers stacked on top of each other in high abrasion
A
stratified
18
Q
___ cells are flattened and scalelike
A
squamous
19
Q
___ cells are boxlike, approximently as tall as they are wide
A
cuboidal
20
Q
___ cells are tall and column shaped
A
columnar
21
Q
___ provides a slick, friction reducing lining in lyphtic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system
A
endothelium
22
Q
___ is the epithelium found in serous membranes, the membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs
A
mesothelium
23
Q
The cells of a ___ epithelium are flattened laterally and their cytoplasm is sparse. The only function where rapid diffusion is priority
A
simple squamous epithelium
24
Q
___ consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide; their important functions are secretion and absorption. This type of epithelium forms walls of the smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
A
simple cuboidal epithelia
25
___ is a single layer of tall, closely packed cells, aligned like soldiers in a row. It lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum.
simple columnar epithelium
26
The cells of ___ vary in height; all of the cell nuclei are at different levels and it appears stratified but its not. The functions consist of secretion and absorption
pseudo stratified columnar epithelium
27
___ is the most widespread of the stratifies epithelia. These are primarily located for wear and tear. Its free surface cells are squamous, and cells of the deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar.
stratified squamous epithelium
28
___ is quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some sweat and mammary glands. It typically has two layers of cuboidal cells
stratified cuboidal epithelium
29
___ also has a limited distribution in the body. Small amounts are fond in the pharynx, the male urethra, and lining some glandular cuts. This epithelium also occurs at transition areas or junctions between two other types of epithelia.
stratified columnar epithelium
30
___ forms the lining of hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine. Cells of its basal layer re cuboidal or columnar. The apical cells vary in appearance.
Transitional epithelium
31
A ___ consists of one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid called a secretion
gland
32
___ is an aqueous (water-based) fluid that usually contains proteins, but there is variation
secretion
33
___ ductless glands that secrete hormones that travel through lymph or blood to their specific target organs where the target organs respond in some characteristic way
endocrine glands
34
___ messenger chemicals that they secrete y exocytosis directly into the extracellular space
hormones
35
All ___ glands secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
exocrine glands
36
The only important ___ glands are mucous cells and goblet cells. These glands are fond in epithelial lining of intestinal and respiratory tracts. They produce mucin
unicellular exocrine glands
37
___ a complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted
mucin
38
In ___ cells the chubbily accumulation of mucin distends the top of the cell, making the cells look like a glass with a stem. This distortion does not occur in ___ cells
goblet
| mucous
39
___ is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues, but its amount in particular organs varies
connective tissue
40
What are the four main classes of connective tissues?
connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone
blood
41
___ is the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers
ground substance
42
The ___ of connective tissue provide support
fibers
43
___ fibers are the strongest and most abundant type; they are tough and provide high tensile strength
collagen
44
___ fibers are networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
elastic fibers
45
___ fibers are short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers; they branch, forming networks that offer more "give"
reticular
46
___ cells are immature cells; they are actively mitotic cells that secrete the round substance and the fibers characteristic of their particular matrix
blast
47
___ in connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
48
___, ___ in cartilage
chondroblasts
| chondrocytes
49
___, ___ in bone
osteoblasts
| osteocytes
50
___ in bone marrow
hematopoietic stem cells
51
___ are mature cells; maintain matrix
cyte cells
52
___ cells, which store nutrients
fat cells
53
___ cells, and other cell types that are concerned with tissue response to injury
white blood cells
54
___ cells, which typically cluster along blood vessels. These oval cells detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory responses against them.
Mast
55
___ large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials, ranging from foreign molecules to entire bacteria to dust particles
macrophages
56
What are the two subclasses of connective tissue proper?
loose connective tissue
| dense connective tissue
57
___ is chondroblasts and chondrocytes. It is tough yet flexible and lacks nerve fibers. It has up to 80% of water and can rebound after compression. It is Avascular and consists of three types.
Cartilage
58
___ cartilage, or gristle, is the most abundant cartilage in the body. Although it contains large numbers of collagen fibers, they are not apparent and the matrix appears glossy. It is covers the ends of long bones and in joint cavities.
Hyaline cartilage
59
___ cartilage, is similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. It maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. It supports the external ear; epiglottis.
Elastic cartilage
60
___ matrix is similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock, and it is located in the intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.
Fibrocartilage
61
What is the three subdivisions of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
62
What is another name for bone?
osseous tissue
63
___ has an exceptional ability to support and protect body structures. It stores fat and synthesizes blood cels in cavities. It has more collagen than it does cartilage and has more inorganic calcium salts
bone
64
___ produce matrix in bone
osteoblasts
65
___ maintain the matrix in bone
osteocytes
66
___ are the structural units in bone
osteons
67
___ is the most atypical connective tissue. The vast majority of these cells are red blood cells, or erythrocytes, but scattered while blood cells and platelets. The fibers in this are soluble proteins that precipitate during blood clotting. Its primary function is transport.
blood
68
___ are highly cellular, well-vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of movements
muscle tissue
69
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
70
___ muscle tissue is found in skeletal muscle and it is very voluntary
skeletal muscle tissue
71
___ muscle tissue is found in the walls of the heart and it is involuntary
cardiac muscle tissue
72
___ muscle tissue is mainly in the walls of hollow organs other than the heart and it is involuntary
smooth muscle tissue
73
___ is the main component of the nervous system–the brain, spinal cord, and nerves–which regulates and controls body functions
nervous tissue
74
___ are highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
neurons
75
___ supporting the cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
neuroglia
76
___ is your skin. It is an organ system consisting of a keratinized stratifies squamous epithelium (epidermis) firmly attached to a thick layer of connective tissue (dermis)
cutaneous membranes
77
___ or mucosae, line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the hollow organs of the digestive,respiratory, and urogenital tracts. They are moist membrane bathed by secretions
mucous membranes
78
The epithelia sheet that lies directly over a layer of loose connective tissue called the ___
lamina propria
79
___ are the moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities. A serous membrane consists of simple squamous epithelium resting on thin layer of loose connective tissue
serous membrane
80
The sores are names according to their site and specific organ associations. For example, the ___ line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs, the ___ encloses the heart; and the ___ encloses the abdominopelvic viscera
pleurae
pericardium
peritoneum
81
___ serosae line internal body cavity walls
parietal
82
___ serosae cover internal organs
visceral
83
___ is when the same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue; the original function is restored
regeneration
84
___ is when connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue; the original function is lost
fibrosis
85
How well does the epithelial tissue and bone regenerate?
regenerate well
86
How well does the smooth muscle regenerate?
moderate regeneration
87
How well does the cardiac muscle and nervous tissue regenerate?
no regeneration
88
What are the three layers of the integumentary system?
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
89
The ___, composed of epithelial cells, is the outermost protective shield of the body. (Superficial region)
epidermis
90
The underlying ___, making up the bulk of the sin, is a tough, leathery layer composed mostly of fibrous connective tissue
dermis
91
The ___, also called superficial fascia because it is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping of the skeletal muscles, consists of mostly of adipose tissue
hypodermis
92
What are the five layers of the epidermis
```
stratum basale
stratum spinosum
stratum granulosum
stratum lucidum
stratum corneum
```
93
What layer of the epidermis is only in thick skin
stratum lucidum
94
The ___ is the deepest epidermal layer, it is firmly attached to the dermis. For the most part it consists of a single row of stem cells
stratum basale
95
___ is a continually renewing cell population
stem cells
96
___ is several layers thick. These cells contain web-like system of intermediate procreation filaments attached to desmosomes. They have abundant maleness and dendritic cells
stratum spinosum
97
The thin ___ consists of four to six cell layers in which keratinocyte appearance changes drastically, and the process of keratinization begins
stratum granulosum
98
The ___ is visible only in thick skin, it is a thin translucent band just above the stratum granulosum. It is only a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes
stratum lucidum
99
The ___has 20-30 rows of dead, flat, inoculate keratinized membranous sacs. Three-quarters of epidermal thickness. It is tough dead, and its cells have functions
stratum corneum
100
The chief role of ___ is to produce keratin. It's the most cells of the epidermis and it tightly connected by desmosomes
keratinocytes
101
___ the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
keratin
102
___ the 10-25% of cells that are in the deepest epidermis. It produces pigment melanin
melanocytes
103
___ protects the apical surface of keratinocyte nucleus from UV damage
melanin
104
___ macrophages – key activators of immune system
dendritic cells
105
what is the other name for dendritic cells?
langerhans
106
___ cells are the sensory touch receptors
tactile cells
107
what is the other name for tactile cells?
merkel
108
What are the two layers of the dermis?
papillary
| reticular
109
The thin superficial ___ layer is areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels
papillary layer
110
___ they mostly contain capillary loops, some contain eissners corpuscles (touch receptors), some contain free nerve endings (pain receptors). In tick skin they lie atop dermal ridges that cause epidermal ridges
dermal papillae
111
___ enhance gripping ability, contribute to sense of touch, and the pattern in fingertips
friction ridges
112
The deeper ___ layer, accounting for about 80% of the thickness of the dermis, is coarse, irregularly arranged, dense fibrous connective tissue. The elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties
reticular layer
113
The two forms of ___, range in color from reddish-yellow to brownish-black. The color differences is due to the amount and form. It is produced in melanocytes. It migrates to keratinocytes to form "pigment shields" for nuclei
melanin
114
___ stimulates melanin production
sun exposure
115
___ is the yellow to orange pigment (most obvious in palms and soles). It accumulates in stratum core and hypodermic. It can be converted to vitamin A for vision and epidermal health
carotene
116
___ is the pinkish hue of fair skin
hemoglobin
117
___ is blue skin color–low oxygenation of hemoglobin
cyanosis
118
___ is when you have a fever, hypertension, inflammation, allergy
erythema (redness)
119
___ is when you have anemia, low blood pressure, fear, anger and you skin turns colors
pallor (blanching)
120
___ the color you get when you have a liver disorder
jaundice (yellow cast)
121
___ when there is inadequate steroid hormones in addison disease
bronzing
122
___ when there are clotted blood beneath the skin
bruises
123
___ extend form the epidermal surface to the dermis. They are two-layered walls – part dermis, part epidermis
hair follicles
124
The deep end of the follicle, located about 4mm below the skin surface, expands to form a ___
hair bulb
125
___ is the smooth muscle attached to follicle. This is what is responsible for goose bumps
arrector pili
126
___ is the dermal tissue-blood supply
hair papilla
127
The body hair of children and adult females is pale, fine ___ hair
vellus
128
The coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows and scalp is ___ hair, which also may be darker
terminal
129
Growth influenced by ___ and ___
nutrition and hormones
130
A ___ is a scalelike modification of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of finger and toe
nail
131
___ is responsible for nail growth
nail matrix
132
___, also called sudoríferos glands, are distributed over the entire skin surface except the nipples and parts pf the external genitalia
sweat glands
133
What are the two types of sweat glands
eccrine
| apocrine
134
___ are far more numerous and are particularly abundant on the palms, soles of the feet, and forehead
eccrine sweat glands
135
The eccrine sweat glands secretion is ___
sweat
136
___ approximately 2000 of them, are largely confined to the airily and anogenital areas. They lie deeper in the dermis or even in the hypodermic, and their ducts empty into hair follicles. They begin functioning at puberty
apocrine sweat glands
137
___ – lining of external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)
ceruminous glands
138
___ – secrete milk
mammary glands
139
___ are found all over the body, but not in thick skin like the palms of hands and soles. Most of them develop from hair follicles and secrete into hair follicles. They are relatively inactive until puberty. They also secrete sebum
sebaceous oil glands
140
What are the 6 functions of the integumentary system?
```
protection
body temperature regulation
cutaneous sensation
metabolic functions
blood reservoir
excretion
```
141
What are the three types of barriers?
chemical barriers
physical barriers
biological barriers
142
___ barriers include skin secretions and melanin
chemical
143
The continuity of skin and the hardness of its keratinized cells provide ___ barriers
physical
144
___ barriers include urge dendritic cells of the epidermis, macrophages in the dermis and DNA itself
biological
145
If body tempter normal ≈ 500 ml/day of routine ___ perspiration (if enviromentak temperature below 31-32º C)
insensible
146
If body temperature rises, dilation of dermal vessels and increased sweat gland activity ( ___ perspiration) cool the body
sensible
147
___ – part of nervous system – detect temperature, touch, and pain
cutaneous sensory receptors
148
___ sysnthesis of vitamin D precursor
metabolic functions
149
___ – up to 5% of body's blood volume
blood reservoir
150
___ – nitrogenous wastes and salt in sweat
excretion
151
What are the three major types of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
melanoma
152
This type of skin cancer is the least malignant; and most common. It is where the stratum basale cells proliferate and slowly invade the dermis and hypodermis. It is only cures by surgical excision in 99% of cases
Basal Cel Carinoma
153
This the second most common type of skin cancer. It involves keratinocytes of stratum spinosum. Its usually scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lip, and hands. The good prognosis if treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
squamous cell carcinoma
154
This is the cancer of melanocytes. It is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It is treated by wise surgical excision accompanied by immunotherapy
Melanoma
155
___ degree burns is where its only epidermal damage; localized redness, edema(swelling), and pain
first degree
156
___ degree burns is where its epidermal and upper dermal damage; this is where blisters appear
second degree
157
___ degree is where the entire thickness of skin is involved; skin gray-white, cherry red, or blackened; not painful (nerve endings destroyed) or swollen; skin grafting usually necessary
third degree
158
___ cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissue modeled to fit its body location and function
skeletal
159
___ cartilage provides support, flexability, and resilience. The only have collagen fibers and are the most abundant type of cartilages. It is found in the articular, costal, respiratory, and nasal cartilage
hyaline cartilage
160
___ cartilage is similar to the hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers. It is found in the ear and epiglottis
elastic cartilage
161
___cartilage is thick collagen fibers; it had great tensile strength. It is found in the menisci of the knee; vertebral discs
fibrocartilage
162
How many named bones are in the skeleton?
206
163
The ___ skeleton forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
axial
164
The ___ skeleton consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton
appendicular
165
___ bones are longer than they are wide; limb, wrist, ankle bones
long
166
___ bones are cubed-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle); also sesamoid bones (within tendions, patella); and they vary in size and number in different individuals
short
167
___ bones are thin, flat, and slightly curved; sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
flat
168
___ bones are complicated shapes; vertebrae, coxal bones
irregular
169
What are the seven important functions of the bones?
```
support
protection
movement
mineral and growth factor stage
blood cell formation
triglyceride storage
hormone production
```
170
Every bone has a dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye. This external layer is ___ bone. Internal to this is ___ bone a honeycomb of small needle like or flat pieces called ___
compact
spongy
trabeculae
171
A tubular ___, or shaft, forms the long axis of the bone. It is constructed of a relatively thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central ___
diaphysis
| medullary cavity
172
In adults, the medullary cavity contains fat and is called the ___
yellow marrow cavity
173
The ___ are the bone ends. An outer shell of the compact bone forms this type of structure and their interior contains spongy bone.
epiphyses
174
Between the diaphysis and each epiphyses of an adult long bone is an ___, a remnant of the epiphyseal plate
epiphyseal line
175
___ a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
epiphyseal plate
176
Hematopoietic tissue, ___, is typically found within the trabecular cavities of spongy bone of long bones and in the dipole of flat bones
red marrow
