Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
study of structure
A
anatomy
2
Q
What are the three subdivisions of anatomy?
A
Gross/macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
3
Q
___ is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (such as heart, lungs, and kidneys)
A
Gross/macroscopic anatomy
4
Q
___ deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
A
microscopic anatomy
5
Q
___ traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
A
developmental anatomy
6
Q
study of the function of the body
A
physiology
7
Q
The subdivisions of physiology is based on ____
A
organ systems
8
Q
Physiology often focuses on ___ and ___ level
A
cellular
molecular
9
Q
Bodies abilities depend on ___ in individual cells
A
chemical reactions
10
Q
What a structure can do depends on its specific ___
A
form
11
Q
What are the 6 levels of structural orginizations?
A
chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organismal
12
Q
This level of structural organization is where atoms combine to form molecules
A
chemical level
13
Q
This level of structural organization is where cells are made up of molecules
A
cellular level
14
Q
This level of structural organization is where tissues consist of similar types of cells
A
tissue level
15
Q
This level of structural organization is where organs are made up of different types of tissues
A
organ level
16
Q
This level of structural organization is where organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
A
organ system level
17
Q
What are the five survival needs?
A
nutrients oxygen water normal body temperature appropriate atmospheric pressure
18
Q
___, taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
A
nutrients
19
Q
Human cells can only survive a few seconds without ___
A
oxygen
20
Q
___ accounts for 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body
A
water
21
Q
What is the normal body tempature?
A
(98.6 F, 37 C)
22
Q
___ is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body.
A
Atmospheric pressure
23
Q
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are ___ feedback mechanisms
A
negative
24
Q
These mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that od the initial change, returning it to its “ideal” value
A
negative feedback mechanisms
25
This mechanism is where the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
negative feedback mechanisms
26
In ___, the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
postive feedback mechanisms
27
Where it proceeds in the same direction as the intial change, causing the vaiable to deviate further and further from its orginal value or range
positive feedback mechanisms
28
In contrast to ___ controls, which maintain some physiological function or keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges, ___ usually control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
negative feedback mechanisms
| positive feedback mechanisms
29
___ maintaining relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
homeostasis
30
___ is some type of sensor that monitors the enviroment and responds to changers, calld stimuli, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center
receptor
31
___ determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained.
control center
32
___ provides the means for the control center's response (output) to the stimulus
effector
33
Analyzes the input it recieves and determines the appropriate response or course of action
control center
34
Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance a condition called ___
homeostasis imbalance
35
A ___ is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
sagittal plane
36
A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the mideline is the ___ or ___
median pplane
| midsagittal
37
___ divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal planes
38
A frontal plane is also called what?
coronal plane
39
___ runs horizonally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
transverse or horizontal plane
40
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
superier(cranial)
41
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
inferior(caudal)
42
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
ventral (anterior)
43
toward or at the back of the body; behind
dorsal (posterior)
44
toward or at the midline of the bdy; on the inner side of
medial
45
away from the midline of the body; on the outerside of
lateral
46
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
proximal
47
farther from the orgin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
48
toward or at the body surface
superficial (external)
49
away from the body surface; more internal
deep(internal)
50
The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities is the ___
ventral body cavity
51
What are the two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
52
___ is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
thoracic cavity
53
The thoracic cavity is seperated from the more inferiro ___ by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle important in breathing
abdominopelvic cavity
54
The two subdivisions of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavities and mediastium
55
What are the two subdivisions of abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
56
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the ___ or ___
serosa or serous membrane
57
The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the ___
parietal serosa
58
The parietal serosa folds in on itself to form the ___ covering the organs in the cavity
visceral serosa
59
In the body, the serous membranes are seperated noy by air but by a thin layer of lubricating fluid, called ___. which is secreted by both membranes
serous fluid
60
___, like bones and teeth, have a definite shape and volume.
solid
61
___ such as blood plasma have a definate volume , but they conform to the shape of their container
liquid
62
___ have neither a definate shape nor a definate volume
gas
63
___ is anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
64
___ is defined as the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion
energy
65
___, unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
elements
66
Each element is composed of more or less identical particles or building blocks, called ___
atoms
67
An atom has a central ___ containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together
nucleus
68
___ bear a positive electrical charge
protons
69
___ are neutral, so the nucleus is positively charged overall
neutrons
70
___ bear a negative charge equal on strength to the positive charge of a proton
electrons
71
The ___ of any atom is equal to the number of proton in tits nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol
atomic number
72
The ___ of an atom is the sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons
mass number
73
___ is an average of the relative weughts (mass numbers) of all the isotopes of an element, taking into account their relative abundance in nature
atomic weight
74
Such a combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds is called a ___
molecule
75
When two or mroe different kinds of atoms bind, they form molecules of a ___
compound
76
If two or more atoms of the sane element combine, the resulting substance is called a ___
molecule of that element
77
___ are chemically pure, and all of their molucules are identical
compounds
78
___ means that the mixture has exactly the same composition or makeup throughout
homogeneous
79
homogenous; dissolved in water, ex. saline
solutions
80
___ is simply any mixture that is not uniform throughout
heterogeneous
81
heterogeneous; large solutes do not settle out, ex. muddy water
colloids
82
heterogeneous; large solutions settle out, ex. blood
suspensions
83
___ are substances composed of two or more components physically intermixed
mixture
84
does not require chemical bonding
mixtures
85
requires chemical bonding
compounds
86
___ applies to most atoms; states that every atom wants to have eight valence electrons in its outermost electron shell.
octet rule
87
___ is an electron in one of the outer shells of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms
valence electron
88
___ is a chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
ionic bond
89
___ - atoms gain or loose electrons and become charged (anions/cations); salts
ionic bonds
90
___ - sharing of valence electrons (polar/nonpolar); water
covalent bonds
91
Electron sharing procedures molecules in whuicg the shared electrons occupy a single orbital common to both atoms, which constitues a ___
covalent bond
92
When atoms or molecules combine to form larger, more comples molecile, the process is a ___, or ___
sythesis
| combination reaction
93
A ___ occurs when a molecule os broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
decomposition reaction
94
___ where bonds are both made and broken; this is where parts of the reactent molecules change partners, so to speak, producing different product molecules
exchange, or displacement reactions
95
A + B ----> AB
synthesis; combination reaction
96
AB ----> A + B
decomposition
97
AB + C ----> AC + B and AB + CD ----> AD + CB
exchange or displacement reactions
98
What are the four things that can affect the rate of chemical reactions?
increased tempature
increased reactant concentration
decreased particle size
catalysts
99
___ of a substance increases the kinetic energy of its particles and the force of their collisions.
increasing the tempature
100
As the ___ of the reactants declines, the reaction slows
concentration
101
The smaller the reacting ___ the faster a chemical reaction goes at a given tempature and concentration
partical
102
___ are substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without themselves becoming chemically changed or part of the product
catalysts
103
what is the universal solvent
water
104
these are ionic compounds; electrolytes
slats
105
proton donars
acids
106
proton acceptors
bases
107
The relative concentration of hydrogen ions in various body fluids is measured in concentration units called ___
pH units
108
Higher [ ___ ], lower [___] = more acidity
H+ , pH
109
Lower [___], Higher [___] = less acidity
H+. pH
110
___ resist abrupt changes in pH
buffers
111
____ where you mix acids and bases
nuetralization
112
___ contain carbon
organic compunds
113
___ a group of molecules that includes sugar and starches, represent 1-2% of cell mass
carbohydrates
114
___ are insoluble in water but dissolve readily in other lipids and in organix solvents such as alcohol and ether
lipids
115
___ composes 10-30% of cell mass and is the basic structural material of the body
protein
116
___ composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are the largest molecules in the body
nucleic acids
117
___, or simple sugars, are single-chained or single rain structures containing from three to seven carbon atoms
monosaccharides
118
___, or double sugar, is formed when two monoaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis
disaccaride
119
___ are polymers of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis
polysaccharides
120
___- energy storage, insulation, protection
triglycerides
121
___- cell membrane structure
phospholipids
122
___- cholesterol, steriod hormons
steriods
123
___- prostaglandins
Eicosanoids
124
___ structure: chain
primary structure
125
___ structure: alpha helix and beta sheets
secondary
126
___ structure: folded up helix or sheet; globular
tertiary
127
___ structure: two or more tertiary; globular
quaternary
128
___ composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, are the largest molecules in the body
nucleic acids
129
What is the three parts of the nucleic acid composition in order?
sugar+phosphate+base
130
Adenine can join together with what other base?
Thymine
131
Guanine can join together with what other base?
cytosine
132
What two bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
133
What two bases are pyrimidines?
Thymine and Cytosine
134
Purines- adenine and guanine = ___ rings
2
135
Pyrimidines- Thymine and Guanine = ___ rings
1
136
___ the outer boundary of the cell
plasma membrane
137
What is the three basic parts of the cell?
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
138
___ the intercellular fluid packed with organelles, small structures that preform specific cell functions
cytoplasm
139
___ an organelle that controls cellular activities; typically lies near the cells center
nucleus
140
___ forms the basic "fabric" of the membrane
lipid bilayer
141
___a two-layered arrangement of phosphate and lipid molecules that form a cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer
142
A cell's plasma membrane bristles with ___ that allow it to communicate with its environment
membrane proteins
143
___ make up about half of the plasma membrane by mass and are responsible for most of the specialized membrane functions
membrane proteins
144
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
145
___ the cell provides the metabolic energy needed to move substances across the membrane
active processes
146
what process requires ATP
active processes
147
what process does not require ATP
passive processes
148
___ is the tendency of molecules or ions to move from an area they are in higher concentration to an area where they are lower in concentration, that is, down or along their ___
diffusion
| concentration gradient
149
Which transport goes down in concentration gradient
passive transport
150
which transport goes up in concentration gradient
active transport
151
Sodium Potassium - primary active transport; ___ in ___ out
K
| Na
152
___ refers to the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells internal water volume
tonicity
153
___ solution has no change in cell size / shape
isotonic
154
___ solution is where cells shrink
hypertonic
155
___ solution is where cells swell
hypotonic
156
What are the three major components of the cytoplasm
cytosol
organelles
inclusions
157
___ is the viscous, semitransparent fluid which the other cytoplasmic elements are suspended
cytosol
158
___ are the metabolic machinery of the cell
organelles
159
___ are chemical substances that may or may not be present, depending on cell type
inclusions
160
___ - synthesize ATP; contain own DNA
mitochondria
161
___ - sites of protein synthesis
ribosomes
162
___ - synthesizes phospholipids
Rough ER
163
___ - steroid hormone synthesis
Soft ER
164
___ - modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins
Golgi apparatus
165
___ - digestive organelles
lysosomes
166
___ moves substances across cell surfaces
cilia
167
___ propels the sperm
flagella
168
___ increase surface area for absorption
microvilli
169
What are the three parts of the nucleus?
nuclear envelope
nucleoli
chromatin
170
___ a double membrane barrier separates by a fluid-filled shaped space
nuclear envelope
171
___ are the dark-staining spherical bodies found within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled
nucleoli
172
___ contains DNA and histone proteins that pack DNA into chromosomes
chromatin
173
___ - normal growth and function
interphase
174
___ - hromosomes and mitotic spindles form
prophase
175
___ - chromosomes align at equate
metaphase
176
___ - chromosomes split
anaphase
177
___ - new nuclear envelope forms
telophase
178
When the cell cycle and mitosis is done what does it result in ?
2 new identical cells
179
___ - is the series of events that parcels out the replicated DNA of the mother cell to two daughter cells
mitosis
