Exam 1 Flashcards
study of structure
anatomy
What are the three subdivisions of anatomy?
Gross/macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
___ is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye (such as heart, lungs, and kidneys)
Gross/macroscopic anatomy
___ deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy
___ traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span
developmental anatomy
study of the function of the body
physiology
The subdivisions of physiology is based on ____
organ systems
Physiology often focuses on ___ and ___ level
cellular
molecular
Bodies abilities depend on ___ in individual cells
chemical reactions
What a structure can do depends on its specific ___
form
What are the 6 levels of structural orginizations?
chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organismal
This level of structural organization is where atoms combine to form molecules
chemical level
This level of structural organization is where cells are made up of molecules
cellular level
This level of structural organization is where tissues consist of similar types of cells
tissue level
This level of structural organization is where organs are made up of different types of tissues
organ level
This level of structural organization is where organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely
organ system level
What are the five survival needs?
nutrients oxygen water normal body temperature appropriate atmospheric pressure
___, taken in via the diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building
nutrients
Human cells can only survive a few seconds without ___
oxygen
___ accounts for 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body
water
What is the normal body tempature?
(98.6 F, 37 C)
___ is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body.
Atmospheric pressure
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are ___ feedback mechanisms
negative
These mechanisms cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that od the initial change, returning it to its “ideal” value
negative feedback mechanisms
This mechanism is where the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity
negative feedback mechanisms
In ___, the result or response enhances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
postive feedback mechanisms
Where it proceeds in the same direction as the intial change, causing the vaiable to deviate further and further from its orginal value or range
positive feedback mechanisms
In contrast to ___ controls, which maintain some physiological function or keep blood chemicals within narrow ranges, ___ usually control infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
negative feedback mechanisms
positive feedback mechanisms
___ maintaining relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
homeostasis
___ is some type of sensor that monitors the enviroment and responds to changers, calld stimuli, by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center
receptor
___ determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained.
control center
___ provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus
effector
Analyzes the input it recieves and determines the appropriate response or course of action
control center
Homeostasis is so important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance a condition called ___
homeostasis imbalance
A ___ is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts
sagittal plane
A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the mideline is the ___ or ___
median pplane
midsagittal
___ divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal planes
A frontal plane is also called what?
coronal plane
___ runs horizonally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
transverse or horizontal plane
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
superier(cranial)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
inferior(caudal)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
ventral (anterior)
toward or at the back of the body; behind
dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the midline of the bdy; on the inner side of
medial
away from the midline of the body; on the outerside of
lateral
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
proximal
farther from the orgin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
toward or at the body surface
superficial (external)
away from the body surface; more internal
deep(internal)
The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities is the ___
ventral body cavity
What are the two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
___ is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest
thoracic cavity
The thoracic cavity is seperated from the more inferiro ___ by the diaphragm, a dome-shaped muscle important in breathing
abdominopelvic cavity
The two subdivisions of the thoracic cavity
pleural cavities and mediastium
What are the two subdivisions of abdominopelvic cavity?
abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane, the ___ or ___
serosa or serous membrane
The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is called the ___
parietal serosa
The parietal serosa folds in on itself to form the ___ covering the organs in the cavity
visceral serosa
In the body, the serous membranes are seperated noy by air but by a thin layer of lubricating fluid, called ___. which is secreted by both membranes
serous fluid
___, like bones and teeth, have a definite shape and volume.
solid
___ such as blood plasma have a definate volume , but they conform to the shape of their container
liquid
___ have neither a definate shape nor a definate volume
gas
___ is anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
___ is defined as the capacity to do work, or to put matter into motion
energy
___, unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
elements
Each element is composed of more or less identical particles or building blocks, called ___
atoms
An atom has a central ___ containing protons and neutrons tightly bound together
nucleus
___ bear a positive electrical charge
protons
___ are neutral, so the nucleus is positively charged overall
neutrons
___ bear a negative charge equal on strength to the positive charge of a proton
electrons
The ___ of any atom is equal to the number of proton in tits nucleus and is written as a subscript to the left of its atomic symbol
atomic number
