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Horse Production > Exam 2- Anatomy > Flashcards

Exam 2- Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Periosteum

A

Site of healing, becomes inflamed if injured and lays down more bone

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2
Q

Growth plate

A

Called a phyis, usually close around 2 but varies

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3
Q

Synovial joints

A

Where two bones join together and have articular cartilage. Synovial fluid decreases friction

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4
Q

Lower limb bones

A

Extra metacarpal and metatarsal bones (3, 2&4), two sesamoid bones, navicular bone

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5
Q

Types of ligaments -connects bone to bone

A

Suspensory, collateral, annular ligaments

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6
Q

Types of tendons- attaches muscle to bone

A

Superficial digital flexor, deep digital flexor, common digital extensor tendon

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7
Q

Unique aspects of anatomy

A

Stay apparatus(allows soft tissue to lock so horse can sleep) , reciprocal apparatus, interosseous ligament ossification

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8
Q

Blood return from leg

A

Venous return by movement, digital cushion is compressed by weight and starts blood flow

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9
Q

Dermal laminae

A

Sensitive lamina- against coffin bone

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10
Q

Epidermal laminae

A

Insensitive laminae- on the hoof wall

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11
Q

Primary laminae

A

Perpendicular to the inner surface- sensetive and insensitive

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12
Q

Secondary laminae

A

perpendicular to the primary laminae- insensitive

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13
Q

Hoof growth

A

Originates from the coronary band, 1/4 inch average per month, whole hoof takes a year

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14
Q

Farrier care- trim every 6-8 weeks

A

Hoof Angle- don’t want them to be straight up and down
Break-Over – bring back toe of hoof to shorten step instead of taking long steps
Seasonal Changes – grow the most slow in winter, grow fast in spring, increased fly stomping in summer and fall, shoes can cause snowballs in winter on feet

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15
Q

Lameness

A

Abnormal movement often as a result of pain or mechanical (permentant or temporary)

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16
Q

Unsoundness

A

Decreases servicability, permenant, associate soundess with no lameness, horse can work/perform

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17
Q

Blemish

A

Imperfection/scar- no effect of servicability, permenant

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18
Q

Congenital defect

A

There since birth

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19
Q

Aquired defect

A

Aquired after birth

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20
Q

Arthritis- articular or periarticular

A

calcification of the articular cartilage or breakdown, caused by concussion of uneven loading/trauma,Progressie unsoundness permanent, impact ability to perform

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21
Q

Bone spavin

A

Hock joint arthritis

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22
Q

Osselets

A

Fetlock joint arthritis

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23
Q

High ringbSone

A

Pastern joint arthritis

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24
Q

Low ringbone

A

Coffin joint arthritis

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25
Ossification
Laying down of bone by osteoclasts, caused by concussion by uneven loading, abnormal weight distribution, blemish (splint), unsoundness (sidebone)
26
Splint
Interosseous ligament
27
Sidebone
Collateral cartilage
28
Secondary weight bearing structure
Frog
29
Landmark for horseshoes
white line
30
Bowed tendon
Swelling to rupture of tendon , caused by injury or bandage bow, unsoundness
31
Soft tissue abnormality of hock
Common in all aged performance horses, blemish (swelling, but does not impact movement)
32
Curb (Soft tissue abnormality)
Below hock on back, inflammation of plantar ligament
33
Thouroughpin
Above hock in web, swelling of DDFT sheath
34
Bursitis
Bursa can become permenantly enlarged, caused by trauma, blemish
35
Capped hock (bursitis)
inflammation of hock bursa
36
Capped elbow or shoe boil (bursitis)
Inflammation of elbow bursa
37
Joint effusion
Swelling of the joint, caused by arthritis (joint defect), mostly blemish, can be unsoundess
38
Arthritis of the hock joint
Bog spavin
39
Arthritis of the fetlock joint
Windpuff
40
Short term lameness
Temporary lameness
41
Cause of a sole bruise
Carrying too much weight, rock in hoof
42
Hoof abscess
most common cause of quick lameness, bacterial infection in the hoof
43
Thrush
Bacteria in the soil that gets into the collateral groove- eats at the frog
44
Navicular syndrome
Collection of symptoms, progressive, front feet, unsoundess
45
What causes navicular syndrome
concussion (small feet, upright hooves), trauma, poor farrier care, develops at 6-8 years of age
46
What actually causes pain in the hoof and leg for navicular syndrome
Abnormal pressure from the DDFT on the navicular bone and navicular bursa during work
47
two biggest causes of lameness in horses
Laminites and navicular
48
Laminitis
Inflammation of the laminae, unsoundness
49
Founder
Sinking or rotation of phalanx 3
50
Phases of laminitis
Developmental, acute, chronic
51
Early acute symptoms
Restlessness, heat in feet, increase in DP's
52
Later acute symptoms
Founder stance, unwillingness to stand
53
Chronic hoof changes
wide white line, hoof rings, curled toe, sole bruising
54
Risk factors and triggers
previous laminitis, weight gain, hyperinsulemia, Cushing's disease, sepsis
55
Long term management of laminitis
prevent obesity, avoid triggers of laminitis, therapeutic shoeing
56
Treatment of laminitis
Remove trigger, decrease inflammation, decrease DDFT tension, cushion sole
57
Cushing's disease
Overly active pars intermedia
58
Signs of Cushing's disease
loss of topline and muscle mass, elevated cortisol levels, lethargy
59
Hypertrichosis
Abnormal hair growth but can't shed (Cushing's symptom)
60
Equine metabolic syndrome
Poor response to insulin- elevated blood insulin levels
61
Symptoms of EMS
Obesity, abnormal fat deposition, insulin resitance- increased risk of laminitis
62
Both EMS and PPID
Abnormal fat deposits, hyperinsulemia, abnormal sweating
63
What is colic
Any type of abdominal pain
64
Symptoms of colic
Biting at sides, rolling, kicking at belly, lip curling
65
What should a manager do with a horse they suspect has colic?
Call a vet, don't medicate the horse, don't feed the horse, potenitally walk it (prevents rolling)
66
What might a vet do to determine colic?
Listen for GI movement, check reflux, rectal papation, ultrasound
67
What could treatment look like for colic
Surgery, hydration, medication- prognosis depends on timing of treatment
68
How can colic be prevented?
Free access to water, reduce stress, avoid feeding sand, check food for mold/ objects, parasite control
69
Impaction and obstruction colic
Food blocking- caused by dehydration, bad teeth sand, poor quality roughage
70
Strangulation colic
Decreases blood flow, food in wrong position- caused by twists, hernia, adhesions, displacement
71
Intussuception
Intestine folds over on itself
72
Flatulent and spasmodic colic
Gas and cramping colic- caused by gas, changes in feed, stress, diahhrea
73
Gastritis, colitis, peritonitis
Inflammation caused by parasites, toxins, GI ulcers, foreign body
74
Equine Infections Anemia (EIA)
Spread by blood to blood transfer and horseflies, is spread between horses, causes fever, anemia, weight loss, no vaccine/treatment, reduce spread by Coggin's test
75
Equine protozoal myoencephalitis (EPM)
Spread in opposum feces that get ingested, not spread between horses, causes progressive neurological symptoms, muscle asymmetry, no vaccine/treatment is expensive, reduce spread by securing food from wildlife
76
EIA testing
Usually done with change of ownership, traveling, showing, breeding or boarding facility
77
Biosecurity
Incubation period, quarantine, vaccines, isolate traveling herds, ventilation and hygiene
78
Types of core vaccines
Rabies, tetanus, west nile virus
79
Types of risk based vaccines
Flu, EHV, strangles
80
Tetanus Disease
Spread by clostriduim bacteria in soil, not spread between horses, causes neuro symptoms and prolapsed third eye lid, often fatal, annual vaccine
81
Rabies Disease
Spread by infected wildlife with virus, not spread horse to horse, causes salivation, spasms, neuro symptoms, always fatal, annual vaccine
82
WNV/ EEE +WEE Disease
Spread by mosquitos with virus, not spread horse to horse, causes neuro symptoms w/ fevers, often fatal, annucal vaccine
83
Flu Disease
Spread by myxovirus, spreads horse to horse, causes respiratory symptoms, mild illness, risk based vaccine (2X a year)
84
EHV Disease
Spread by infected horses, causes respiratory symptoms, mild illness, risk based vaccines (2X a year)- one strain causes abortions and can be fatal
85
Strangles Disease
Caused by streptococcus equi bacteria, sperads horse to horse, causes respiratory symptoms +lymph node damage/drainage, illness can be severe, risk based vaccine

Horse Production (4 decks)

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