Exam 2 - Abdomen Flashcards
what is the largest cavity in the body?
abdominal cavity
which cavity in the body has the largest serious membrane?
abdominal cavity
sheet of peritoneum attached to intestines
mesentery
what are the folds of the peritoneum?
greater omentum and lesser omentum
function of the peritoneum
secrete fluids
behind peritoneum, encapsulates kidneys and pancreas
retroperitoneum
what is the order in the GI system?
small intestine
cecum (appendix)
large intestine
rectum
anus
what order are the parts of the small intestine in?
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
what order are the parts of the large intestine in?
ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid
what is the largest gland in the body?
liver
what are the lobes of the liver?
right, left, caudate, quadrate
what is the function of the gallbladder?
stores and concentrates bile
where is the head of the pancreas?
lies in duodenum
what part of the pancreas produces enzymes that help digest food (pancreatic juice)?
exocrine
what part of the pancreas produces insulin and glucagon?
endocrine
epi =
above
hypo =
below
what does KUB stand for?
kidneys, ureter, bladder
what technique should you use on an abdomen x-ray?
kVp: 80, mAs: 20
where should the CR be for an AP supine abdomen?
at the level of the iliac crests
where should the CR be for an AP upright abdomen?
2 inches above iliac crests
(if bladder is needed then at level of iliac crests)
why would a PA abdomen be used?
to reduce gonadal dose
where should the CR be for an AP left lateral decubitus abdomen?
2 inches above iliac crest
what marker side do you use for decubitus?
side up
where should the CR be for a lateral abdomen?
at iliac crests or 2 in above to include diaphragm
what projection demonstrates pre-vertebral space occupied by the abdominal aorta and any intra-abdominal calcifications or tumor or masses
lateral projection abdomen
what position is used to show air fluid levels in colon?
left dorsal decubitus
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
occurs in utero from fetal bowel perforation
meconium peritonitis
bulge or protrusion of tissue and/or an organ through a part of the body in which it is usually contained die to a weakness in the muscular wall
hernia
occurs when stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus on the diaphragm
hiatal hernia
The blood supply of the herniated viscous is so constricted by
swelling and congestion as to arrest its circulation
strangulated hernia
abnormal twisting or torsion of intestine causing obstruction and impairment of normal blood flow
volvulus
Distended loop of
bowel in the RUQ
with a “coffee-bean”
contour
Cecum cannot be
identified in the right
lower quadrant.
Associated small-
bowel obstruction
with distended
centrally-located
loops
cecal volvulus
hole in bowel that allows its contents to empty into abdominal cavity. can result sepsis and death
bowel perforation
abnormal connection (tunnel) between 2 organs or leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body
fistula
abnormal channel permitting the escape of pus
sinus tract
most common parasite, found in soil, in distal small bowel, children 1-10
egg in GI tract, migrates to lungs and travels to trachea, returns to GI for maturation
ascariasis
inflammation of small intestine, caused by contaminated substances, drugs like ibuprofen, abdominal pain, diarrhea
enteritis
excessive fluid in peritoneal cavity
acites
“to fall out of place” can happen to rectum, colon, uterus
prolapse
congenital defect, born with blocked or missing anus
imperforate anus
what is the abdominal & pelvic cavity separated by?
imaginary line at the level of the anterior iliac crest
What is the main function of the peritoneum?
protection
The large intestine is supported by?
mesentery
The term that describes the abdominal cavity lining?
peritoneum
Which organ is not in the peritoneum?
kidney
In what order does food pass into the rectum?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What duct is directly connected to the gallbladder?
cystic duct
Which of these is a function of the pancreas?
acts as an endocrine gland/digestive gland
What organs are in the LLQ?
descending colon, sigmoid colon
What organs are in the RLQ?
ascending colon, appendix
What organs are in the LUQ?
left kidney, stomach, pancreas, transverse colon, descending colon, liver
What organs are in the RUQ?
liver, ascending colon, head of pancreas, gallbladder, stomach
What is the inferior border of the urinary bladder?
pubic symphysis
What prep is necessary for acute abdomen series?
no prep necessary
Which anatomical landmark correlates to the inferior border of the supine abdomen?
greater trochanter
Which structures can be seen on abdomen radiographic?
psoas muscle, transverse process of spine
Can you see ureters on abdomen x-ray?
no, would need contrast
Which pt position is preferred for a later decubitus to illustrate obstructed perforation if pt can’t stand?
left lateral (right side up)
Where does a Volvulus occur?
within sigmoid and cecal areas
Which term describes excessive fluid within peritoneal cavity?
ascites
function of peritoneum?
secrete fluid, support organs, protection
what makes up the vasculature in the liver?
portal vein & hepatic artery
what is the function of the liver?
filter & produce bile
what is the function of the spleen?
produce lymphocytes & store and remove dead or dying RBC’s
true or false? you want more gray tones and less contrast on an abdomen x-ray
true
should the patient be upright or supine if you are looking for air fluid levels?
upright
why do you use left lateral to show air in abdomen?
liver provides the density needed to outline the air versus the air-filled colon
