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Radt 1502 A&P > Exam 1 - Chest > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Chest Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function/purpose of the thymus gland?

A

immune response

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2
Q

Which cavity defines potential space between lung and chest wall?

A

pleural cavity

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3
Q

What is the muscular partition between thoracic and Abdomen?

A

diaphragm

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4
Q

What is path condition that shows a collapsed lung?

A

atelectasis

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5
Q

Anatomical angle by junction of lung and pericardium?

A

cardio phrenic angle

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5
Q

How many inches is trachea?

A

4.5 inches

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6
Q

Correct breathing instructions for PA lateral chest?

A

take image on inspiration of 2nd breath

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7
Q

How can you tell if a PA projection symmetrical?

A

clavicles

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8
Q

Preferred chest SID?

A

72 in

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9
Q

Where should the arms be positioned for a lateral chest x-ray?

A

over head

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10
Q

Which pt position demonstrates mediastinal structures in cardio?

A

oblique

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11
Q

What term is used if pt left shoulder breast thorax is touching IR?

A

LAO

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12
Q

What view demonstrates apices of lung best?

A

lordotic

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13
Q

What are methods used for radiation protection?

A

lead shield & collimation

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14
Q

Pt comes in with emphysema, what technique adjustments?

A

decrease

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15
Q

How many lobes in R lung?

A

3

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16
Q

How many lobes in L lung?

A

2

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17
Q

Which term describes abnormal breathing with absent and rapid?

A

cheyne stokes

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18
Q

Term refers to crackle in chest?

A

rales

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19
Q

Invasive procedure to remove fluid?

A

thoracentesis

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20
Q

Air in pleural cavity term?

A

pneumothorax

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21
Q

Exchange of gasses in alveoli?

A

diffusion

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22
Q

Which pleural is closer to lungs?

A

visceral

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23
Q

Disease with chronic dilation of bronchi?

A

bronchiectasis

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24
Q

Path condition that requires increased technique?

A

cystic fibrosis (fluid in lungs)

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25
Q

What is name of tube that serves passage way for food & air?

A

pharynx

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25
Q

Which projection best demonstrates asteriated foreign body in bronchial tree?

A

PA on inspiration & expiration

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26
Q

How many ribs above diaphragm in x-ray?

A

10

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27
Q

Is the esophagus posterior or anterior to the trachea?

A

posterior

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28
Q

Coronal plane perpendicular to IR?

A

lateral

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29
Q

Ingest foreign body where do they aspirate it?

A

to the right, into the bronchus

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30
Q

When pt can’t stand erect for fluid and air chest x-ray?

A

decubitus

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31
Q

Which structure doesn’t course through diaphragm?

A

trachea

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32
Q

Why is R lung higher?

A

liver

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33
Q

Why is PA preferred of chest?

A

reduce heart magnification

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34
Q

What causes blunt costophrenic angles?

A

pleural effusion

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35
Q

Which pt position for left pneumothorax?

A

right lateral decubitus

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36
Q

Which pathology represents lung over inflation?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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37
Q

Which pt positions provide near equivalent images?

A

RPO = LAO
RAO = LPO

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38
Q

All of the following are normal lateral chest x-ray except what?

A

closed intervertebral spaces

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39
Q

In which position is R lung best demonstrated?

A

RPO

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40
Q

If AP projection which oblique demonstrates max area of L lung?

A

LPO

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41
Q

Supine chest appears different from a upright chest how?

A

engorged great vessels

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42
Q

What part of lung extends above clavicle?

A

apices

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43
Q

Which of following is included with mediastinum?

A

thymus

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44
Q

What is most optimal position to see heart & lungs?

A

upright

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45
Q

Chronic dilation of one or more bronchi
Honeycomb pattern

A

bronchieactasis

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46
Q

Increased air spaces in tissue, associated with chronic bronchitis

A

emphysema/COPD

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47
Q

Most common fatal cancer in US, accounting for 28% of all cancer deaths
Occurs in bronchi
Smoking is main factor responsible for 85% of cases

A

Bronchogenic Carcinoma

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48
Q

Fluid in pleural cavity
Congestive heart failure, infection, trauma, neoplasm
If lung is full of fluid mediastinal shift to the right

A

Pleural Effusion (hydrothorax)

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49
Q

blood clot, 95% arise from deep venous thrombi
Potentially fatal
Hampton’s hump

A

Pulmonary embolism

50
Q

Infectious disease of the lungs (really bad cough)
Demonstrates cavitation and calcification
Pleural effusion

A

tuberculosis (TB)

51
Q

Long-continued irritation of certain dusts encountered in industrial occupations that cause a chronic interstitial

A

Pneumoconiosis

52
Q

Associated with pulmonary fibrosis
Lower part of lung
inhalation of asbestos

A

Asbestosis

53
Q

Decrease or increase technique when there is a pathological condition with air?

A

decrease

54
Q

Decrease or increase technique when there is a pathological condition with fluid?

A

increase

55
Q

What covers the lungs?

A

pleura

56
Q

Inner layer of pleura

A

visceral

56
Q

Outer layer of pleura

A

parietal

57
Q

Which bronchus is shorter, wider, and more vertical?

A

right

58
Q

What is the space between the 2 pleural cavities?

A

mediastinum

59
Q

What happens within the alveoli?

A

diffusion

60
Q

What are the requirements for a chest x-ray?

A

Apices to costophrenic angles (where the ribs meet the diaphragm)
Cardiophrenic angles
10 ribs
symmetrical clavicles

61
Q

Body habitus of a larger person, stomach is higher, adipose tissue pushes organs up, 5% of pt

A

hypersthenic

62
Q

Body habitus of a average sized pt, normal organ places, 50% of pt

A

sthenic

63
Q

Body habitus of a slim person, organs slightly lower, 35% of pt

A

hyposthenic

64
Q

Body habitus of a very skinny pt, organs are close to pelvic region, 5% of pt

A

asthenic

65
Q

Exposure time should be no more than?

A

0.5 seconds

66
Q

Average kVp for chest x-ray

A

110

67
Q

higher kVp =

A

more gray tones

68
Q

average kVp for abdomen x-ray

A

80

69
Q

If kVp is too low then…

A

image will be under exposed

70
Q

If kVp is too high then…

A

image will of burnout (loss of detail)

71
Q

Where should you center for a PA chest x-ray?

A

midsagittal plane of body, CR enters at T7

72
Q

Where should the CR be for a AP chest x-ray?

A

3 inches below juglar notch

73
Q

Where should the CR be for a lateral chest x-ray?

A

T7, hilum in approx center of x-ray

74
Q

Where should the CR be for an oblique chest x-ray?

A

T7

75
Q

What angle should the pt be at for an oblique projection?

A

45 deg

76
Q

What angle should the pt be at for an oblique projection examining the cardiac area?

A

50-60 deg

77
Q

What angle should the pt be at for an oblique projection examining pulmonary disease?

A

10-20 deg

78
Q

Where should the side of interest be in PA oblique projections?

A

farthest away from the IR

79
Q

SID 72 in, Pt stands 1 ft in front of vertical grid and rests shoulders on grid
Or angle tube 15-20 degree cephalic angle (towards head)
To see apices and interlobular infusions

A

AP Axial “Lindblom Method” Lordotic Position

80
Q

CR 10-15 degree cephalad, T3; apices above clavicles
to see pulmonary apices

A

PA Axial

81
Q

What position do you use when a pt has fluid or air in their lungs?

A

lateral decubitus

82
Q

Where should the affected side be when there is fluid in the lungs?

A

down

83
Q

Where should the affected side be when there is air in the lungs?

A

up

84
Q

Lower border of IR at level of manubrium, top border at nose
Pt inhale slowly during exposure
Take image right at end of inhalation
Demonstrate foreign bodies, swelling, masses in airway, fractures in larynx or hyoid bone

A

Ap trachea

85
Q

Upper border of IR at level of laryngeal prominence
CR midway between jugular notch

A

Lateral trachea

86
Q

shortness of breath

A

dyspnea

87
Q

breathing stops

A

apnea

88
Q

energetic respiration, deep breathing (after physical exhertion)

A

hyperpnea

89
Q

determines ability of lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide
uses spirometers to measure different lung volume

A

pulmonary function tests

90
Q

determines hydrogen ion concentration, partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration, and oxyhemoglobin saturation
performed with pulmonary function tests; use arterial blood obtained from radial artery

A

arterial blood gas tests

91
Q

determines number of reduced white blood cells per volume of blood and measures hemoglobin
issues venipuncture technique to obtain blood sample

A

complete blood count

92
Q

continuously monitors blood oxygen saturation; is useful in assessing exercise tolerance, transient changes in blood oxygenation, and sleep disorders
uses application of noninvasive oxygen sensor to client’s finger

A

oximetry

93
Q

observes lung fields for fluid, masses, fractures, and other abnormal processes

A

chest radiograph

94
Q

visually examines trachea and bronchial tree, obtains biopsy and fluid or sputum samples, or removed airway obstructions
uses tubular metal bronchoscope or flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope to visualize airway

A

bronchoscopy

95
Q

identifies abnormal masses by size and location
combines radiography and computer tech to calculate tissue absorption and show density variations

A

lung scan

96
Q

determines presence of pathogenic microorganisms and antibiotics to which they are most sensitive
obtained with swab

A

throat culture

97
Q

identifies specific microorganisms and it’s drug sensitivities or presence of tubercle bacillus or abnormal cells
collected by trap with suctioning or by client after cough

A

sputum specimens

98
Q

aspirates fluid for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes or removes biopsy specimen
uses needles to perforate chest walls and pleural space

A

thoracentesis

99
Q

location: in bronchi
casual factors: newborn inherited
manifestations: repeated pneumonia, pancreatic insufficiency
radio appearance: hyperinflation, irregular thickening, increased radiodensities
treatment: prophylactic, antibiotics, chest physiotherapy, bronchodilators

A

cystic fibrosis

100
Q

location: alveoli
casual factors: newborn, premi, lack of surfactant
manifestations: difficulty breathing
radio appearance: minutes granular densities in parenchyma, air bronchogram sign
treatment: artificial surfactant, positive pressure ventilation

A

hyaline membrane disease

101
Q

location: subglottic, trachea, larynx
casual factors: primarily viral infections
manifestations: inspiratory stridor (barking cough)
radio appearance: smooth, tapered narrowing
treatment: steam, mist tent oxygen

A

croup

102
Q

location: supraglottic
casual factors: acute infections, primarily, influenza
manifestations: sudden complete airway obstruction
radio appearance: fat epiglottic shadow
treatment: ER-intubation, antibiotics for infections

A

epiglottis

103
Q

location: lobar/segment
casual factors: pneumococcus bacteria
manifestations: inflammatory exudates replaces air in the alveoli, upper respiratory tract infection, shills, fever
radio appearance: lobe/segment opacification, solid
treatment: antibiotic

A

pneumoccocal pneumonia

104
Q

location: bronchial airway/alveoli
casual factors: streptococcus or staphylococcus bacteria
manifestations: abscesses
radio appearance: patchy opacification with air bronchogram
treatment: antibiotic

A

staphylococcal pneumonia

105
Q

location: alveolar/interstitial
casual factors: virus
manifestations: inflammatory exudates replaces air in the alveoli, upper respiratory tract infection, shills, fever
radio appearance: linear or reticular pattern perihilar infiltrate
treatment: antibiotic

A

viral or mycoplamic pneumonia

106
Q

location: alveolar (lobe/segment)
casual factors: foreign object
manifestations: edema
radio appearance: patchy opacification air bronchogram sign
treatment: corticosteroid and antibiotic

A

aspiration pneumonia

107
Q

location: most common in right lung
casual factors: embolus, pneumonia, foreign bodies
manifestations: coughing, infected sputum
radio appearance: encapsulated opaque mass with air fluid level
treatment: antibiotic, aid in expectoration of purulent material

A

lung abscess

108
Q

location: anywhere in lung
casual factors: myobacterium, childhood
manifestations: fever, weight loss, weakness
radio appearance: small focal lesions anywhere in the lungs with hilar enlargement
treatment: 2 drug regimen for 2 months or longer

A

primary TB

109
Q

location: upper lobes and posterior segments
casual factors: mycobacterium adulthood
manifestations: fever, weight loss, weakness
radio appearance: gi lateral infiltrates in upper lobes, cavities, and calcifications
treatment: 2 drug regimen for 2 months or longer

A

secondary TB

110
Q

location: bronchi/bronchioles
casual factors: bacteria, dust, cigarette smoke
manifestations: cough, shortness of breath, wheezing
radio appearance: no image change in 50%, increased bronchovascular markings, hyperinflation and depressed diaphragm
treatment: prophylactic antibiotics, bronchial dilators, expectorants, no cure

A

chronic bronchitis

111
Q

location: destroyed alveolar septa
casual factors: compensating (older adults, lung removal), centrilobar COPD (smoking, dust, inhalation)
manifestations: barrel chest, hypoxia, difficulty breathing
radio appearance: pulmonary hyperinflation, bulla formation, flattened diaphragm, radiolucent retrosternal space
treatment: treat symptoms, no cure

A

emphysema

112
Q

location: bronchi
casual factors: childhood, allergies, exercise, stress, anxiety
manifestations: wheezing, coughing, tight chest
radio appearance: no evidence unless during acute attack, bronchial narrowing/hyperlucent lungs
treatment: preventative and rescue bronchial dilators

A

asthma

113
Q

location: basal segments of lower lobes
casual factors: repeated pulmonary infection and obstruction
manifestations: chronic productive cough
radio appearance: coarseness and decreased interstitial markings; radiodense lower lungs
treatment: antimicrobial or antibiotic drugs

A

bronchieactasis

114
Q

location: most often upper lobes lung parenchyma
casual factors: inhalation of silica
manifestations: fibrous nodules
radio appearance: “egg shell” multiple, well defined, scattered nodules of uniform density
treatment: prevent further exposure, breath clean air, treat complications

A

silicosis

115
Q

location: pleural lining
casual factors: inhalation of asbestos
manifestations: pulmonary fibrosis
radio appearance: pleural thickening with calcified plaques
treatment: prevent further exposure, breath clean air, treat complications

A

asbestosis

116
Q

location: lung parenchyma
casual factors: 55-60 years, males, smoking
manifestations: cough, weight loss, dyspnea
radio appearance: “coin” lesion solitary, ill defined atelectasis with obstruction, hilar enlargement, cavitation in upper lung
treatment: surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

117
Q

location: throughout lungs
casual factors: female reproductive
manifestations: cough, weight loss, dyspnea
radio appearance: “cotton ball” sign multiple nodules, sharp margins, miliary/snowstorm nodules, solitary nodule, coursened, interstitial markings
treatment: all treatments palliative, surgical resection, radiation therapy, chemotherapy

A

pulmonary metastases

118
Q

location: most often lower lobes
casual factors: inactivity
manifestations: none
radio appearance: serial films demonstrating progressive enlargement of affected vessel - “hampton’s hump” in pulmonary infarct
treatment: anticoagulants, throbolytics, vena cava filter

A

pulmonary embolism

119
Q

location: obstruction of segment/lobe or lung collapse
casual factors: obstruction of a bronchus, pneumothorax, or pleural effusion
manifestations: due to causative pathology
radio appearance: local increase in density, plate-like streaks; mediastinal shift with severe cases
treatment: positioning of patient incentive spirometry

A

atelectasis

120
Q

location: lung structure breakdown
casual factors: newborn, prematurity, lack of surfactant
manifestations: difficult breathing
radio appearance: patchy, ill-defined areas of consolidation
treatment: diuretics to decrease fluid build up oxygen therapy and ventilation

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

121
Q

location: air in pleural cavity
casual factors: rupture of subpleural bulla, trauma, iatrogenic causes
manifestations: sudden, severe chest pain and dyspnea
radio appearance: peripheral radiolucency without pulmonary markings
treatment: small-none, large-chest tube with suction

A

pneumothorax

122
Q

location: fluid in the pleural cavity
casual factors: congestive heart failure, pulmonary embolism, infection, pleurisy, neoplastic dz, and connective tissue disorders
manifestations: weight gain, difficulty breathing
radio appearance: fluid best seen on lateral decubitus
treatment: thoracentesis to remove fluid

A

pleural effusion

123
Q

location: infected fluid in pleural cavity
casual factors: chest wounds, ruptured abscess, obstruction
manifestations: difficulty breathing
radio appearance: lesion-lobulated fluid; possible air/fluid level
treatment: needle aspiration with possible drain placement

A

empyema

Radt 1502 A&P (5 decks)

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