Exam 2 Flashcards
A person’s evaluation of the anticipated positive or negative outcomes associated with engaging in a given behavior
A series of beliefs about behaviors gives rise to an attitude: Belief + Belief + Belief = Attitude
Attitudes
The perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a certain behavior
These norms result from normative beliefs – those things we believe important people in our lives want us to do. Example: Getting into a good college would make my parents proud
Subjective norms
the degree to which the behavior was under volitional control. normative beliefs about a behavior
This extension, perceived control, is an effort to account for factors outside of the individual’s control that may affect the individual’s intention or behavior
Perceived control
processes can be applied consciously or they can be automatized as habits over time.
Most modern conceptions of volition address it as a process of conscious action control which becomes automatized
Volitional control:
Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior
Cues to action
One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)
Perceived susceptibility
One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences)
Perceived severity
One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior
Perceived barrier
Perceived Susceptibility” + “Perceived Severity” =
Perceived Threat
a thing intended; an aim or plan. Intention is influenced by:
Attitudes toward the behavior (TRA/TPB)
Subjective/social norms (TRA/TPB)
Perceived control (TPB)
Intention
Theories that are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge
Theoretical concept
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
Stages of Change
Stages of Change
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
“Behavior change occurs through a series of stages.”
The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior
Theoretical concept of TTM
- Stages of Change
- Processes of Change
- Decisional Balance
- Self-Efficacy
The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior
The four core constructs of TTM and the aim of the theory using the constructs:
The four core constructs of TTM and the aim of the theory using the constructs:
- Stages of Change
- Processes of Change
- Decisional Balance
- Self-Efficacy
The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior
Understand that processes of change that mediate progression across the stages (e.g., which process(es) is/are more beneficial for those who are in action stage?)
PRECONTEMPLATION: Consciousness Raising, Environment, Reevaluation, Dramatic Relief, Social Liberation, Pros of Changing Increasing
CONTEMPLATION: Consciousness Raising, Environment, Reevaluation, Dramatic Relief, Social Liberation, + Self-Reevaluation, Pros of Changing Increasing + Cons of changing decreasing
PREPARATION: self-reevaluation, self-liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, Cons of changing decreasing, self-efficacy increasing
ACTION: self-liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control and self-efficacy increasing.
MAINTENANCE: Helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control
Identify each stage in the stages of change and explain the stages:
- Precontemplation
- Contemplation
- Preparation
- Action
- Maintenance
- Precontemplation- No intention to take action within the next 6 months
- Contemplation- Intends to take action within the next 6 months
- Preparation- Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
- Action- Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
- Maintenance- Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
- Precontemplation- No intention to take action within the next 6 months
- Contemplation- Intends to take action within the next 6 months
- Preparation- Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
- Action- Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
- Maintenance- Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
Identify each stage in the stages of change and explain the stages:
No intention to take action within the next 6 months.
During this stage, there are no thoughts or intentions about changing behavior
Individuals in this stage:
• Usually not informed about the risks associated with their behavior
• Don’t know a behavior needs to be changed
• May have tried before and it didn’t work
• Is not ready to change
- Precontemplation
- Precontemplation
No intention to take action within the next 6 months.
During this stage, there are no thoughts or intentions about changing behavior
Individuals in this stage:
• Usually not informed about the risks associated with their behavior
• Don’t know a behavior needs to be changed
• May have tried before and it didn’t work
• Is not ready to change
- Intends to take action within the next 6 months
- An individual becomes aware of a desire to change a particular behavior (usually within the next 6 months)
- Contemplators still represent a large proportion of individuals engaged in unhealthy behaviors
- Cues to action move people from Precontemplation to Contemplation. For example:
- TV/media
- Friends and family
- Health professionals
- Information or knowledge acquisition
- Contemplation
- Contemplation
Intends to take action within the next 6 months
- An individual becomes aware of a desire to change a particular behavior (usually within the next 6 months)
- Contemplators still represent a large proportion of individuals engaged in unhealthy behaviors
- Cues to action move people from Precontemplation to Contemplation. For example:
- TV/media
- Friends and family
- Health professionals
- Information or knowledge acquisition
Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
• An individual in the Preparation Stage develops a plan for making the change
• Preparation lasts about one (1) month to get things ready for making the change
• Examples:
o Sign up a gym membership
o Change work hours
o Make the dentist appointment
- Preparation
- Preparation
Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
• An individual in the Preparation Stage develops a plan for making the change
• Preparation lasts about one (1) month to get things ready for making the change
• Examples:
o Sign up a gym membership
o Change work hours
o Make the dentist appointment
Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
• An individual in the Action Stage has put the plan into motion/action
• Success is measured against some predetermined criteria set by the individual
• Examples:
o Participate in recommended physical activity levels
o No smoking at all in the past months (less than 6 months)
- Action
- Action
Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
• An individual in the Action Stage has put the plan into motion/action
• Success is measured against some predetermined criteria set by the individual
• Examples:
o Participate in recommended physical activity levels
o No smoking at all in the past months (less than 6 months)
Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
• This stage is the most difficult of all the stages
• An individual in the Maintenance Stage works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior
• Maintenance begins 6 months after the Action Stage began
• In order for the change to be successful, the new 5. Maintenance must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle
• Self-efficacy is a critical component of the Maintenance Stage
- Maintenance
- Maintenance
Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
• This stage is the most difficult of all the stages
• An individual in the Maintenance Stage works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior
• Maintenance begins 6 months after the Action Stage began
• In order for the change to be successful, the new 5. Maintenance must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle
• Self-efficacy is a critical component of the Maintenance Stage
Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior.
Understand theoretical concept of HBM:
Understand theoretical concept of HBM:
Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior.
- Developed in the 50’s by the U.S. Public Health Service
- There was a big emphasis on screening programs for disease prevention and early detection
- Turnout was very poor for these programs
- Especially for tuberculosis (TB) screening
- Researchers at the U.S. Public Health Service wanted to find out “WHY” so many people didn’t take advantage of the free or low cost TB screenings
- They conducted a study to identify the factors that determined whether a person wanted to be screened for TB
- The research identified three factors that determine TB screening behavior:
- Psychological readiness
- Belief that they had or were at risk of TB, or would benefit from screening
- Situational influences
- Belief that they had symptoms, and other people’s opinions of their screening decision
- Environmental condition
- The convenience of screening
- These became the basis of the Health Belief Model
- The foundation of their research
- ”Behavior is the result of how people PERCEIVE their environment/conditions.”
- Thus, individual beliefs or perceptions are what determine behavior
- In order for people to take action to prevent a disease, certain beliefs or perceptions about the disease need to exist
What is the history of HBM?
Understand core constructs of HBM
- Perceived Susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola) - Perceived susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)
Perceived severity: One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences) - Perceived Benefits: One’s Perception/Belief of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease.
“An individual is likely to change a behavior if the health action is perceived as beneficial.” - Perceived barrier: One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior
- Self-Efficacy: One’s Perception/Belief or confidence in performing a behavior
• People will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can’t - Cues to action: Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior
• Provide how-to information
- Perceived Susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola) - Perceived susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)
Perceived severity: One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences) - Perceived Benefits: One’s Perception/Belief of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease.
“An individual is likely to change a behavior if the health action is perceived as beneficial.” - Perceived barrier: One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior
- Self-Efficacy: One’s Perception/Belief or confidence in performing a behavior
• People will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can’t - Cues to action: Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior
• Provide how-to information
Understand core constructs of HBM
- Only model from public health field
- Tested extensively
- Simple and easy to understand
- Manageable number of constructs
- Can be applied to both one-time and long-term behaviors
What are the strengths of HBM?
What are the strengths of HBM?
- Only model from public health field
- Tested extensively
- Simple and easy to understand
- Manageable number of constructs
- Can be applied to both one-time and long-term behaviors
- Screening behaviors
• TB, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, influenza vaccinations, hypertension, etc. - Preventive behaviors
• Seat belt use, smoking cessation, physician visiting, etc. - Health promotion behaviors
• Physical activity, healthy diet, etc. - Treatment compliance behaviors
• Diabetes, bronchial asthma, weight loss, etc.
What are the appropriate behaviors that can be successfully addressed by the HBM?
What are the appropriate behaviors that can be successfully addressed by the HBM?
- Screening behaviors
• TB, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, influenza vaccinations, hypertension, etc. - Preventive behaviors
• Seat belt use, smoking cessation, physician visiting, etc. - Health promotion behaviors
• Physical activity, healthy diet, etc. - Treatment compliance behaviors
• Diabetes, bronchial asthma, weight loss, etc.
Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior: “Intention” to perform the behavior. The extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behaviorPeople are more likely to do something (Ex. engaging in a particular behavior) if they plan or aim to do it than if they do not. Ex. sunscreen use – “anytime I am outdoors, I intend to always wear sunscreen”
Understand theoretical concept of TRA/TPB:
Understand theoretical concept of TRA/TPB:
Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior: “Intention” to perform the behavior. The extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behaviorPeople are more likely to do something (Ex. engaging in a particular behavior) if they plan or aim to do it than if they do not. Ex. sunscreen use – “anytime I am outdoors, I intend to always wear sunscreen”
TPB includes perceived control construct
What is the major difference(s) between TPB and TRA
What is the major difference(s) between TPB and TRA
TPB includes perceived control construct
Understand the measurement of TRA/TPB constructs
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