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Health Behavior Theory > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A person’s evaluation of the anticipated positive or negative outcomes associated with engaging in a given behavior

A series of beliefs about behaviors gives rise to an attitude: Belief + Belief + Belief = Attitude

A

Attitudes

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2
Q

The perceived social pressure to engage or not engage in a certain behavior

These norms result from normative beliefs – those things we believe important people in our lives want us to do. Example: Getting into a good college would make my parents proud

A

Subjective norms

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3
Q

the degree to which the behavior was under volitional control. normative beliefs about a behavior

This extension, perceived control, is an effort to account for factors outside of the individual’s control that may affect the individual’s intention or behavior

A

Perceived control

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4
Q

processes can be applied consciously or they can be automatized as habits over time.
Most modern conceptions of volition address it as a process of conscious action control which becomes automatized

A

Volitional control:

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5
Q

Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior

A

Cues to action

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6
Q

One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)

A

Perceived susceptibility

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7
Q

One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences)

A

Perceived severity

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8
Q

One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior

A

Perceived barrier

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9
Q

Perceived Susceptibility” + “Perceived Severity” =

A

Perceived Threat

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10
Q

a thing intended; an aim or plan. Intention is influenced by:
Attitudes toward the behavior (TRA/TPB)
Subjective/social norms (TRA/TPB)
Perceived control (TPB)

A

Intention

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11
Q

Theories that are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge

A

Theoretical concept

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12
Q
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
A

Stages of Change

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13
Q

Stages of Change

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
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14
Q

“Behavior change occurs through a series of stages.”

The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior

A

Theoretical concept of TTM

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15
Q
  1. Stages of Change
  2. Processes of Change
  3. Decisional Balance
  4. Self-Efficacy
    The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior
A

The four core constructs of TTM and the aim of the theory using the constructs:

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16
Q

The four core constructs of TTM and the aim of the theory using the constructs:

A
  1. Stages of Change
  2. Processes of Change
  3. Decisional Balance
  4. Self-Efficacy
    The aim is to move people through the stages using other core constructs to change behavior
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17
Q

Understand that processes of change that mediate progression across the stages (e.g., which process(es) is/are more beneficial for those who are in action stage?)

A

PRECONTEMPLATION: Consciousness Raising, Environment, Reevaluation, Dramatic Relief, Social Liberation, Pros of Changing Increasing

CONTEMPLATION: Consciousness Raising, Environment, Reevaluation, Dramatic Relief, Social Liberation, + Self-Reevaluation, Pros of Changing Increasing + Cons of changing decreasing

PREPARATION: self-reevaluation, self-liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, Cons of changing decreasing, self-efficacy increasing

ACTION: self-liberation, helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control and self-efficacy increasing.

MAINTENANCE: Helping relationships, counter conditioning, reinforcement management, stimulus control

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18
Q

Identify each stage in the stages of change and explain the stages:

  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
A
  1. Precontemplation- No intention to take action within the next 6 months
  2. Contemplation- Intends to take action within the next 6 months
  3. Preparation- Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
  4. Action- Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
  5. Maintenance- Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
19
Q
  1. Precontemplation- No intention to take action within the next 6 months
  2. Contemplation- Intends to take action within the next 6 months
  3. Preparation- Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
  4. Action- Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months
  5. Maintenance- Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
A

Identify each stage in the stages of change and explain the stages:

20
Q

No intention to take action within the next 6 months.
During this stage, there are no thoughts or intentions about changing behavior
Individuals in this stage:
• Usually not informed about the risks associated with their behavior
• Don’t know a behavior needs to be changed
• May have tried before and it didn’t work
• Is not ready to change

A
  1. Precontemplation
21
Q
  1. Precontemplation
A

No intention to take action within the next 6 months.
During this stage, there are no thoughts or intentions about changing behavior
Individuals in this stage:
• Usually not informed about the risks associated with their behavior
• Don’t know a behavior needs to be changed
• May have tried before and it didn’t work
• Is not ready to change

22
Q
  • Intends to take action within the next 6 months
  • An individual becomes aware of a desire to change a particular behavior (usually within the next 6 months)
  • Contemplators still represent a large proportion of individuals engaged in unhealthy behaviors
  • Cues to action move people from Precontemplation to Contemplation. For example:
  • TV/media
  • Friends and family
  • Health professionals
  • Information or knowledge acquisition
A
  1. Contemplation
23
Q
  1. Contemplation
A

Intends to take action within the next 6 months

  • An individual becomes aware of a desire to change a particular behavior (usually within the next 6 months)
  • Contemplators still represent a large proportion of individuals engaged in unhealthy behaviors
  • Cues to action move people from Precontemplation to Contemplation. For example:
  • TV/media
  • Friends and family
  • Health professionals
  • Information or knowledge acquisition
24
Q

Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
• An individual in the Preparation Stage develops a plan for making the change
• Preparation lasts about one (1) month to get things ready for making the change
• Examples:
o Sign up a gym membership
o Change work hours
o Make the dentist appointment

A
  1. Preparation
25
Q
  1. Preparation
A

Intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral changes
• An individual in the Preparation Stage develops a plan for making the change
• Preparation lasts about one (1) month to get things ready for making the change
• Examples:
o Sign up a gym membership
o Change work hours
o Make the dentist appointment

26
Q

Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months

• An individual in the Action Stage has put the plan into motion/action
• Success is measured against some predetermined criteria set by the individual
• Examples:
o Participate in recommended physical activity levels
o No smoking at all in the past months (less than 6 months)

A
  1. Action
27
Q
  1. Action
A

Changed overt behavior for less than 6 months

• An individual in the Action Stage has put the plan into motion/action
• Success is measured against some predetermined criteria set by the individual
• Examples:
o Participate in recommended physical activity levels
o No smoking at all in the past months (less than 6 months)

28
Q

Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
• This stage is the most difficult of all the stages
• An individual in the Maintenance Stage works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior
• Maintenance begins 6 months after the Action Stage began
• In order for the change to be successful, the new 5. Maintenance must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle
• Self-efficacy is a critical component of the Maintenance Stage

A
  1. Maintenance
29
Q
  1. Maintenance
A

Changed overt behavior for more than 6 months
• This stage is the most difficult of all the stages
• An individual in the Maintenance Stage works to avoid relapsing back to the old behavior
• Maintenance begins 6 months after the Action Stage began
• In order for the change to be successful, the new 5. Maintenance must be permanently incorporated into the lifestyle
• Self-efficacy is a critical component of the Maintenance Stage

30
Q

Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior.

A

Understand theoretical concept of HBM:

31
Q

Understand theoretical concept of HBM:

A

Personal beliefs or perceptions influence health behavior.

32
Q
  • Developed in the 50’s by the U.S. Public Health Service
  • There was a big emphasis on screening programs for disease prevention and early detection
  • Turnout was very poor for these programs
  • Especially for tuberculosis (TB) screening
  • Researchers at the U.S. Public Health Service wanted to find out “WHY” so many people didn’t take advantage of the free or low cost TB screenings
  • They conducted a study to identify the factors that determined whether a person wanted to be screened for TB
  • The research identified three factors that determine TB screening behavior:
  • Psychological readiness
  • Belief that they had or were at risk of TB, or would benefit from screening
  • Situational influences
  • Belief that they had symptoms, and other people’s opinions of their screening decision
  • Environmental condition
  • The convenience of screening
  • These became the basis of the Health Belief Model
  • The foundation of their research
  • ”Behavior is the result of how people PERCEIVE their environment/conditions.”
  • Thus, individual beliefs or perceptions are what determine behavior
  • In order for people to take action to prevent a disease, certain beliefs or perceptions about the disease need to exist
A

What is the history of HBM?

33
Q

Understand core constructs of HBM

A
  1. Perceived Susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
    Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
    Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
    Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)
  2. Perceived susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
    Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
    Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
    Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)
    Perceived severity: One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences)
  3. Perceived Benefits: One’s Perception/Belief of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease.
    “An individual is likely to change a behavior if the health action is perceived as beneficial.”
  4. Perceived barrier: One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior
  5. Self-Efficacy: One’s Perception/Belief or confidence in performing a behavior
    • People will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can’t
  6. Cues to action: Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior
    • Provide how-to information
34
Q
  1. Perceived Susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
    Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
    Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
    Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)
  2. Perceived susceptibility: One’s Perception/Belief about the risk of developing or acquiring a disease/condition as a result of a particular behavior
    Population at risk (e.g., elderly)
    Personal risk (e.g., obese individual)
    Actual disease risk (e.g., Ebola)
    Perceived severity: One’s Perception/Belief about the seriousness of a disease/condition, specifically, its consequences (e.g., both medical and social consequences)
  3. Perceived Benefits: One’s Perception/Belief of the value or usefulness of a new behavior in decreasing the risk of developing a disease.
    “An individual is likely to change a behavior if the health action is perceived as beneficial.”
  4. Perceived barrier: One’s Perception/Belief about the obstacles (costs) to performing a recommended health action or a new behavior
  5. Self-Efficacy: One’s Perception/Belief or confidence in performing a behavior
    • People will only do what they think they can do, and will not do what they think they can’t
  6. Cues to action: Events, people, or things that move people to change their behavior
    • Provide how-to information
A

Understand core constructs of HBM

35
Q
  1. Only model from public health field
  2. Tested extensively
  3. Simple and easy to understand
  4. Manageable number of constructs
  5. Can be applied to both one-time and long-term behaviors
A

What are the strengths of HBM?

36
Q

What are the strengths of HBM?

A
  1. Only model from public health field
  2. Tested extensively
  3. Simple and easy to understand
  4. Manageable number of constructs
  5. Can be applied to both one-time and long-term behaviors
37
Q
  1. Screening behaviors
    • TB, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, influenza vaccinations, hypertension, etc.
  2. Preventive behaviors
    • Seat belt use, smoking cessation, physician visiting, etc.
  3. Health promotion behaviors
    • Physical activity, healthy diet, etc.
  4. Treatment compliance behaviors
    • Diabetes, bronchial asthma, weight loss, etc.
A

What are the appropriate behaviors that can be successfully addressed by the HBM?

38
Q

What are the appropriate behaviors that can be successfully addressed by the HBM?

A
  1. Screening behaviors
    • TB, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, influenza vaccinations, hypertension, etc.
  2. Preventive behaviors
    • Seat belt use, smoking cessation, physician visiting, etc.
  3. Health promotion behaviors
    • Physical activity, healthy diet, etc.
  4. Treatment compliance behaviors
    • Diabetes, bronchial asthma, weight loss, etc.
39
Q

Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior: “Intention” to perform the behavior. The extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behaviorPeople are more likely to do something (Ex. engaging in a particular behavior) if they plan or aim to do it than if they do not. Ex. sunscreen use – “anytime I am outdoors, I intend to always wear sunscreen”

A

Understand theoretical concept of TRA/TPB:

40
Q

Understand theoretical concept of TRA/TPB:

A

Theory of Reasoned Action/Theory of Planned Behavior: “Intention” to perform the behavior. The extent to which someone is ready to engage in a certain behaviorPeople are more likely to do something (Ex. engaging in a particular behavior) if they plan or aim to do it than if they do not. Ex. sunscreen use – “anytime I am outdoors, I intend to always wear sunscreen”

41
Q

TPB includes perceived control construct

A

What is the major difference(s) between TPB and TRA

42
Q

What is the major difference(s) between TPB and TRA

A

TPB includes perceived control construct

43
Q

Understand the measurement of TRA/TPB constructs

A

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Health Behavior Theory (2 decks)

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