Exam 1 Flashcards
physical events that occur in the body and are controlled by the brain
physical events that occur in the body and are controlled by the brain
Terms: Behavior
- The various types of support that people receive from others
One of the important functions of social network
Alway intended by the “sender” to be helpful
- The various types of support that people receive from others
One of the important functions of social network
Social support is always intended by the “sender” to be helpful
Terms: Social support
A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explains or predicts events or situations by specifying relationships among variables
Do NOT have a specified content or topic area
A systematic way of understanding events or situations
A theory is a systematic way of understanding events or situations
A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that explains or predicts events or situations by specifying relationships among variables
Theories do NOT have a specified content or topic area
Terms: Theory
A composite, a mixture of ideas or concepts, taken from any number of theories and used together
Can help people understand a specific problem in a particular setting, which perhaps one theory alone cannot do
A composite, a mixture of ideas or concepts, taken from any number of theories and used together
Can help people understand a specific problem in a particular setting, which perhaps one theory alone cannot do
Terms: Model
Specific terminology of a concept within a theory
Developed or adapted for use in a particular theory
Specific terminology of a concept within a theory
Concepts developed or adapted for use in a particular theory
Terms: Construct
Major components of a theory
Building blocks, the primary elements of a theory
Major components of a theory
Building blocks, the primary elements of a theory
Terms: Concept
The actions, responses, or reactions of an individual, group, or system that prevent illness, promote health, and maintain quality of life
The actions, responses, or reactions of an individual, group, or system that prevent illness, promote health, and maintain quality of life
Terms: Health Behavior
– is Community level based on the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influences. Was derived from biological science and refers to the interrelations between organisms and their environments
As they have evolved in behavioral sciences and public health, focuses on the nature of people’s transactions with their physical and socio-cultural surroundings, which is environments
– is Community level based on the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influences. Ecology was derived from biological science and refers to the interrelations between organisms and their environments
Ecological Model, as they have evolved in behavioral sciences and public health, focuses on the nature of people’s transactions with their physical and socio-cultural surroundings, which is environments
Terms: Ecological Model
Operational forms of constructs into a measurable entity when needed to be assessed during evaluation of a theory-driven program
Operational forms of constructs into a measurable entity when needed to be assessed during evaluation of a theory-driven program
Terms: Variable
What are the principles of behavior?
- Behaviors are complex and influenced by many factors
- Almost all human behaviors are learned
- All behaviors occur for a reason
- No behaviors occur “out of the blue”
- Behaviors continue to occur when they are effective
- Behaviors stop occurring when they are ineffective
- Behaviors are motivated
How can the Ecological Model be distinguished from other theories/models?
Ecological Model emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of behavior, while incorporating social and individual influences
- Behaviors are complex and influences by many factors
- Almost all human behaviors are learned
- All behaviors occur for a reason
- No behaviors occur “out of the blue”
- Behaviors continue to occur when they are effective
- Behaviors stop occurring when they are ineffective
- Behaviors are motivated
What are the principles of behavior?
- Identify the health problem and the population affected
- Gather information about the problem and/or the population
- Identify possible causes for the health problems
- Identify the level of interaction for the possible causes of the problem
- Identify the theory that best matches the level and causes
- Identify the health problem and the population affected
- Gather information about the problem and/or the population
- Identify possible causes for the health problems
- Identify the level of interaction for the possible causes of the problem
- Identify the theory that best matches the level and causes
What are the steps in choosing a theory for health behavior change?
- Identify the health problem and the population affected
- Gather information about the problem and/or the population
- Identify possible causes for the health problems
- Identify the level of interaction for the possible causes of the problem
- Identify the theory that best matches the level and causes
Steps in choosing a theory for health behavior change
What are the roles of theory?
Theory can be used to:Define the specific objectives/strategies related to a targeted behavior
Alter hypothesized mediators or causes of the targeted behavior
Lead to effective behavior change
Note the emphasis on effectiveness – not all health programs and promotions are equally successful
For a large number of people
The objective of public health
-Researchers and practitioners use theories and models to investigate answers to the questions of “why”, “what_”, and “how” health problems should be addressed
Theories can guide the search to…
Understand why people do or do not engage in certain health behaviors
Help identify what information is needed to design an effective intervention strategy
Identify which indicators should be monitored and measured during program evaluation
Theory can be used to:Define the specific objectives/strategies related to a targeted behavior
Alter hypothesized mediators or causes of the targeted behavior
Lead to effective behavior change
Note the emphasis on effectiveness – not all health programs and promotions are equally successful
For a large number of people
The objective of public health
-Researchers and practitioners use theories and models to investigate answers to the questions of “why”, “what_”, and “how” health problems should be addressed
Theories can guide the search to…
Understand why people do or do not engage in certain health behaviors
Help identify what information is needed to design an effective intervention strategy
Identify which indicators should be monitored and measured during program evaluation
Theory can be used to:Define the specific objectives/strategies related to a targeted behavior
Alter hypothesized mediators or causes of the targeted behavior
Lead to effective behavior change
Note the emphasis on effectiveness – not all health programs and promotions are equally successful
For a large number of people
The objective of public health
-Researchers and practitioners use theories and models to investigate answers to the questions of “why”, “what_”, and “how” health problems should be addressed
Theories can guide the search to…
Understand why people do or do not engage in certain health behaviors
Help identify what information is needed to design an effective intervention strategy
Identify which indicators should be monitored and measured during program evaluation
Roles of Theory
Where does a theory come from?
Theories are born from the need to solve a problem or to find an explanation that would account for some repeatedly observed occurrence
Theories come from:
Theory = A PROBLEM + QUALITATIVE RESEARCH + INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive Reasoning – starts with observations and moves to a conclusion
Observation 1: The chair in the living room is red
Observation 2: The chair in the dining room is red
Observation 3: The chair in the bedroom is red
Conclusion: All chairs in the house are red
Theories are born from the need to solve a problem or to find an explanation that would account for some repeatedly observed occurrence
Theories come from:
Theory = A PROBLEM + QUALITATIVE RESEARCH + INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive Reasoning – starts with observations and moves to a conclusion
Observation 1: The chair in the living room is red
Observation 2: The chair in the dining room is red
Observation 3: The chair in the bedroom is red
Conclusion: All chairs in the house are red
Theories are born from the need to solve a problem or to find an explanation that would account for some repeatedly observed occurrence
Theories come from:
Theory = A PROBLEM + QUALITATIVE RESEARCH + INDUCTIVE REASONING
Inductive Reasoning – starts with observations and moves to a conclusion
Observation 1: The chair in the living room is red
Observation 2: The chair in the dining room is red
Observation 3: The chair in the bedroom is red
Conclusion: All chairs in the house are red
Where a theory comes from
What are the types of theory?
Explanatory Theories
Help understand the causes/determinants of a behavior
Descriptive – explaining the reasons why a problem exists
Examples: Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Transtheoretical Model
Change Theories
Guide the development of interventions
Provide a framework for addressing the multitude of factors that are influencing human behavior
Process oriented
Examples: Community Organization and Diffusion of Innovations
Explanatory Theories
Help understand the causes/determinants of a behavior
Descriptive – explaining the reasons why a problem exists
Examples: Health Belief Model, Theory of Planned Behavior, and Transtheoretical Model
Change Theories
Guide the development of interventions
Provide a framework for addressing the multitude of factors that are influencing human behavior
Process oriented
Examples: Community Organization and Diffusion of Innovations
Types of Theories
What are the advantages of using Ecological Model?
Ecological Model emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of behavior, while incorporating social and individual influences
When multiple levels of influence are addressed at the same time, change in behavior is more likely to be successful and sustained
Changing human behavior is diverse and complicated
Human behavior is influenced by multiple factors
No single factor on its own can lead to behavior change
( ) Model emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of behavior, while incorporating social and individual influences
When multiple levels of influence are addressed at the same time, change in behavior is more likely to be successful and sustained
Changing human behavior is diverse and complicated
Human behavior is influenced by multiple factors
No single factor on its own can lead to behavior change
Advantages to the Ecological Model
What are the dimensions of health behavior?
1) Complexity-
2) Frequency
3) Volitionality
1) Complexity-
2) Frequency
3) Volitionality
Dimensions of Health Behavior
What are the core principles of Ecological Model?
- ) Multiple levels of factors influence health behaviors
- ) Influences interact across levels & work together
- ) Multi-level interventions should be more effective in changing behavior
- ) Ecological Model is the most powerful when it is behavior-specific
- ) Multiple levels of factors influence health behaviors
- ) Influences interact across levels & work together
- ) Multi-level interventions should be more effective in changing behavior
- ) Ecological Model is the most powerful when it is behavior-specific
Core principles of Ecological Model
Describe the social network-
The web of social relationships that surround individuals
Most useful in health promotion as a strategy to use for a limited or defined groups of people (not for large scale interventions)
The web of social relationships that surround individuals
Most useful in health promotion as a strategy to use for a limited or defined groups of people (not for large scale interventions)
Social Network Description
What are the characteristics of social network?
Reciprocity
Intensity
Complexity
Density
Reciprocity
Intensity
Complexity
Density
Characteristic of social network
Describe what is meant by the terms reciprocity, intensity, complexity, and density when describing a social network
Reciprocity- Extent to which resources and support are both given and received in relationship
Intensity- Extent to which social relationships offer emotional closeness
Complexity- Extent to which social relationships serve many functions
Density- Extent to which network members know and interact with each other
- Extent to which resources and support are both given and received in relationship
- Extent to which network members know and interact with each other
- Extent to which social relationships serve many functions
- Extent to which social relationships offer emotional closeness
Reciprocity
Density
Complexity
Intensity
Describe the social support -
The various types of support that people receive from others
One of the important functions of social network
Social support is always intended by the “sender” to be helpful
Types of social support
- )Emotion Support
- ) Instrumental Support
- ) Informational Support
- ) Appraisal Support
Describe the social capital
“Certain resources” that arise from social networks which facilitate “collective action”
The resources include trust, norms, and networks of association representing any group gathering for a common purpose
“Behavior is influenced by who we know and how we know them.”
What is the core of Social Capital Theory?
? Networks & Relationships?
What are the linked models/theories with social network, social support and/or social capital?
Health Belief Model
• Cues to action – other people provide information, encouragement to undertake, or refrain from recommended actions
• Modifying variable – individual’s beliefs and perceptions are affected by others in social network
Social Learning Theory
• The (social) environment – the social environment is the context in which people observe new behavior and evaluate the implications directly or vicariously of new behavior
Ecological Model
• Interpersonal level – social support provides a context in which behavior can be encouraged or discouraged
PRECEDE Model
• Reinforcing factors – Attitudes/behaviors of significant others that encourage or dissuade action
Theory of Reasoned Action
• External factors – attitudes toward reference groups
• Subjective perceptions of norms – this component is especially relevant to appraisal and feedback types of social support (Ex. appraisal support)
