Exam 2 Flashcards
(294 cards)
1
Q
What is the name of the legendary twin son of Mars and Rhea Silvia who was destined to be the founder of Rome?
A
Romulus
2
Q
After the legendary twin sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia were placed in a flimsy basket and set adrift in the Tiber River, who rescued them?
A
A she-wolf
3
Q
Why were the legendary twin sons of Mars and Rhea Silvia placed in a basket and set adrift in the Tiber River?
A
Because Amulius wanted to eliminate any heirs to the throne
4
Q
A woman selected by her family to serve the goddess Vesta in chastity and obedience was called a:
A
Vestal Virgin
5
Q
What happened to Dido and Aeneas? a. Aeneas left Dido to become the founder of Rome b. Dido committed suicide c. Dido and Aeneas marries and became the first king and queen of Rome d. Dido and Aeneas had a child who became the founder of Rome e. None of the above f. A and B
A
A and B a. Aeneas left Dido to become the founder of Rome b. Dido committed suicide
6
Q
The Romans prized all of the following except: a. honesty b. thrift c. dedication to hard work d. manly virtues e. the pursuit of pleasure
A
The pursuit of pleasure
7
Q
What took precedence over everything in Roman society?
A
Obligations to the city
8
Q
What happened at Lake Vidimon in 308 BC?
A
The Romans conquered the Etruscans
9
Q
The Romans adopted all of the following values, ideas, ad advancements from the Etruscans except: a. equal rights for women b. gladitorial combat c. the masonry arch d. sanitary and civil engineering e. the idea of the triumphal procession
A
Equal rights for women
10
Q
The Romans rejected all of the following aspects of Etruscan culture except: a. elaborate tombs b. gladiatorial combat c. luxurious living d. the pursuit of pleasure e. equal rights for woman
A
Gladitorial combat
11
Q
How did the Romans treat their women?
A
They had scarcely any freedoms at all
12
Q
Did the Romans have values that were similar to the Greeks?
A
No
13
Q
What is an oligarchy?
A
A government ruled by a small percentage of wealthy people
14
Q
In Roman society, the lad-owning aristocrats were called:
A
Patricians
15
Q
In Roman society, the commoners (those who were not members of the aristocracy) were called:
A
Plebeians
16
Q
All of the following are characteristics of the government set up by the patricians except: a. There were two consuls who governed with full power for one year. b. The consuls appointed patricians to life terms in the 300 member Senate. c. The Centuriate Assembly had less power than the Senate but elected consuls and voted on laws. d. Members of the lower classes served as jurors. e. The Assembly elected two censors who determined eligibility for military service.
A
Members of the lower classes served as jurors
17
Q
Were plebeians able to serve in the Roman government?
A
No, they could not serve at any level
18
Q
Because they could veto each other’s decision, the two consuls could put the state in jeopardy during a war. How did the Romans resolve this problem?
A
They created a new office called a dictator. The dictator was the supreme military commander.
19
Q
How did Julius Caesar become dictator for life?
A
He appointed himself
20
Q
During the 5th century BC, what did plebeian forces accuse judges of doing?
A
Abusing their office because there were no written laws
21
Q
What action was taken as a result of the plebeians’ complaints against the judges?
A
A very harsh code of laws was enacted
22
Q
What problem did Roman pragmatists fail to resolve that led to the Empire’s demise?
A
The problem of land ownership
23
Q
What happened to the working farmer? a. Absentee landlords controlled a large part of the agricultural market, leaving the working farmer with his small acreage struggling to make ends meet. b. Competition from estate holders plus drought and pestilence forced the working farmer into debt and ultimately into slavery. c. Large estates grew larger, operating with lower overheads because they used war booty slaves. d. Many farmers ended up as urban poor: landless and unemployed. e. All of the above. f. A and B
A
All of the above
24
Q
By the first century BC, what percentage of Rome’s population were slave laborers or living on welfare?
A
80%
25
The wars between Rome and Carthage were called the:
Punic wars
26
Which of the following occurred during the First Punic War? a. General Hannibal crossed the Alps with his elephants and attacked Rome from the rear. b. Carthage attempted to expand its trading empire by attacking Sicily. c. Marcus Portius Cato initiated and unprovoked attack on Carthage. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.
Carthage attempted to expand its trading empire by attacking Sicily.
27
During the second Punic War, how did General Hannibal cross the alps?
On elephants
28
Why did Marcus Portius Cato want to attack Carthage?
He wanted Carthage for its fertile soil and abundant harvests
29
What happened to Carthage during the third Punic War? a. Carthage was captured and demolished. b. The men were killed and the women and children were sold into slavery. c. Carthage fought against Rome and won. d. A and B e. None of the above.
A and B a. Carthage was captured and demolished. b. The men were killed and the women and children were sold into slavery.
30
What was the name for the new and very rich class of war profiteering contractors, merchants, estate owners, province governors and generals?
The Equites
31
Who did Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus represent?
The dispossessed - slaves, the jobless, and the landless
32
What happened to Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus?
They were murdered/forced to commit suicide
33
Marius did all of the following except: a. He was the first general to seize power b. He created the first police and fire departments c. He reorganized the army d. He won victories against North African and Celtic tribes e. He converted the army from amateurs to professionals
He created the first police and fire departments
34
When did Rome's civil war begin?
With the beginning of Rome's war against King Mitridates in 88 BC
35
Who was in the first ruling triumvirate?
Pompey, Caesar and Crassus
36
Julius Caesar did all of the following except: a. Gave a daring speech in which he defended the legal rights of a treasonous conspirator. b. Paid huge bribes to the right people in order to advance his political career. c. Got himself appointed governor of the conquered portions of Gaul. d. Had an affair with Dido, queen of the Phoenician city of Carthage, in order to secure its tax money. e. Joined the democratic party and sided with the masses against the unpopular and entrenched aristocracy.
Had an affair with Dido, queen of the Phoenician city of Carthage, in order to secure its tax money
37
Caesar conquered all of the following except: a. Egypt b. North Africa c. Greece d. Spain e. Russia
Russia
38
How did Caesar solidify his power in Rome and raise money?
He campaigned in Egypt where he stabilized the reign of Queen Cleopatra, thus guaranteeing for himself all of the revenues
39
What did Caesar do after he captured Gaul? a. He refused to follow the order that all field commanders must return to Rome without their troops. b. He invaded and conquered Italy in several weeks. c. He appointed family and friends to key posts in the government. d. He endowed a veterans' pension fund from his own capital. e. All of the above. f. A and B
A and B a. He refused to follow the order that all field commanders must return to Rome without their troops. b. He invaded and conquered Italy in several weeks.
40
Why was Julius Caesar killed? a. Because of patriotic concerns over constitutional violations. b. Because his reforms interfered with the corrupt practices of the bloated aristocracy. c. Because his killers were jealous of his power. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.
All of the above a. Because of patriotic concerns over constitutional violations. b. Because his reforms interfered with the corrupt practices of the bloated aristocracy. c. Because his killers were jealous of his power.
41
How did Octavian (Caesar Augustus) avenge Caesar's death?
He drove two of Caesar's assassins to suicide (Brutus and Cassius)
42
Antony and Cleopatra are known for:
Using Caesar's son in their own bid to try to capture the Empire from Octavian
43
Who ruled after Caesar's death?
Octavian
44
Which of the following innovations was Octavian (Caesar Augustus) responsible for? a. He created civil service based on merit. b. He created police and fire departments. c. He sponsored public works projects. d. He endowed a veteran's pension fund from his own capital. e. All of the above.
All of the above a. He created civil service based on merit. b. He created police and fire departments. c. He sponsored public works projects. d. He endowed a veteran's pension fund from his own capital.
45
Marcus Aurelius faced all of the following problems except: a. An increasing national debt due to military expenses. b. A declining population in Italy. c. A growing disinclination to take public office in cities outside Rome. d. Growing rebellion on the borders of the Empire. e. Religious unheaval.
Religious unheaval
46
What is the Pax Romana?
A period in Roman history during which there were no wars
47
What was the Edict of Milan?
It granted freedom of worship throughout the Empire
48
What did the Roman Empire end?
476
49
Who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire?
Theodosius
50
After Christianity was declared the official religion of Rome, how did Christians treat members of other religions?
They persecuted them
51
What is the name of this structure?
Keystone arch
52
What is the name of this structure?
Barrel vault
53
What is the name of this structure?
Groin vault
54
What was the purpose of the aqueducts?
Aqueducts were structures that brought water from moutain streams into the city
55
What was the purpose of the basillica?
Basillicas were large meeting halls
56
What was the purpose of the Colosseum?
The Colosseum was a large sports stadium
57
Which of the following has a drainage system in the floor?
a. The Pont du Gard
b. The Colosseum
c. The Basillica of Constantine
d. Maison Carree
e. The Pantheon
The Pantheon
58
What did the triumphal arch symbolize to conquered people?
An oxen yoke
59
How was the Pantheon lighten?
It had a large hole in the roof
60
What is the name of this building?
The Colosseum
61
Which of the following was later used as a model for the design of medieval cathedrals?
a. Basilicas
b. Aqueducts
c. The Pantheon
d. Roman temples
Basilicas
62
What is the name of this structure?
The Pont du Gard
63
Which of the following was constructed with a series of 80 barrel vaults arranged in a circle?
The Colosseum
64
What is the name of this building?
The Pantheon
65
How did Roman temples differ from Greek temples?
a. Roman temples were built on a cement slab.
b. The walls of Roman temples were enclosed with bricks.
c. The columns on the sides of Roman temples were decorative rather than structural.
d. Roman temples had a flight of stairs leading up to the portico whereas Greek temples only had three stairs.
e. All of the above.
f. 1 and 2 only.
All of the above
66
What is this structure used for?
It was used for triumphal processions after a war victory
67
Which of the following has a different style of Greek column on each level?
a. Maison Carree
b. Basilica of Constantine
c. The Pantheon
d. The Pont du Gard
e. The Colosseum
The Colosseum
68
What is the name of this structure?
The Arch of Constantine
69
Which of the following was used for gladitorial combat, battles between humans and animals, and other greusome sporting events?
a. The Pont du Gard
b. The Colosseum
c. The Basilica of Constantine
d. The Pantheon
e. The Arch of Constantine
The Colosseum
70
Which technique was used to make this ceiling lighter?
It is coffered
71
Which of the following is true?
a. Roman sculpture is more realistic than idealistic
b. Roman sculpture is more idealistic than realistic
Roman sculpture is more realistic than idealistic
72
A ____ is palced at the beginning of the staff to show the exact names of the lines and spaces.
Clef
73
The bass clef is used for:
Relatively low-pitched instruments and voices
74
The treble clef is used for:
Relatively high-pitched instruments and voices
75
The bass clef is sometimes called the:
F clef
76
The treble clef is sometimes called the:
G clef
77
How many tones are there in Western music?
Twelve
78
Western music uses _____ of the alphabet to indicate pitch.
The first seven letters
79
The names of the spaces in the treble clef can be remembered by chich of the following words?
a. CAGE
b. FADE
c. DEAF
d. FACE
FACE
80
The names of the lines in the bass clef can be remembered by which of the following sayings?
a. all cows eat grass
b. bad cowboys smoke grass
c. good boys do fine always
d. good boys don't ever fail
e. dumb birds can't fly
Good boys do fine always
81
The names of the lines in the treble clef can be remembered by which of the following sayings?
a. all cows eat grass
b. bad cowboys smoke grass
c. every good boy does fine
d. good boys don't ever fail
e. dumb birds can't fly
Every good boy does fine
82
The names of the spaces in the bass clef can be remembered by which of the following sayings?
a. all cows eat grass
b. bad cowboys smoke grass
c. every good boy does fine
d. good boys don't ever fail
e. bumb birds can't fly
All cows eat grass
83
What do these notes spell?
CAGE
84
What do these notes spell?
FADE
85
What are the dates of the Medieval Period?
ca. 400 - 1450
86
An important phenomenon that changed life during the Medieval Period was:
The rise of Christianity
87
According to the Roman calendar, what was the primary historical reference point?
The birth of Christ
88
During the Medieval Period, what was the dominant religion in Western culture?
Christianity
89
Where did Medieval people turn for spiritual guidance and leadership?
To the Christian church fathers
90
During the Medieval period, people spent a great deal of time preparing for:
Heaven
91
The Medieval period was characterized by:
a. Famine
b. Plagues
c. Warfare
d. Courtly anners and chivalry
e. All of the above
All of the above
a. Famine
b. Plagues
c. Warfare
d. Courtly anners and chivalry
92
How was God viewed during the Medieval Period?
As a strict disciplinarian who doled out harsh punishment to those who failed to follow his commands
93
What was the Cult of the Virgin Mary?
A general cultural phenomenon where worshippers prayed to Mary so that she might intercede on their behalf with God
94
Whe the choir is separated into two or more groups, each of which si placed in a different part of the performance space for stereo effect, this is called:
Antiphonal singing
95
All of the following are characteristics of Byzantine cathedrals except:
a. rounded arches
b. minarets
c. mosaics
d. rectangular floor plan
e. gargoyles
Gargoyles
96
All of the following are characteristics of Gothic cathedrals except:
a. pointed typanum
b. large stained-glass windows
c. gargoyles
d. rounded Roman arches
e. flying butresses
Rounded Roman arches
97
All of the following are characteristics of Romanesque cathedrals except:
a. cross-shaped floor plan
b. rounded Roman arches
c. large stained-glass windows
d. a rounded typanum
e. thick, rounded columns
Large stained-glass windows
98
Gothic cathedrals are typically more ornate than Romanesque cathedrals. T/F
True
99
Gothic cathedrals are older than Romanesque cathedrals. T/F
False
100
Gothic cathedrals are usually taller than Romanesque cathedrals. T/F
True
101
What type of church is this?
Byzantine
102
What are these called?
Flying buttresses
103
The nave of this church in constructed with:
Barrel vaults
104
In what type of church would this artwork be found?
Byzantine
105
What type of church is this?
Romanesque
106
What type of church is this?
Romanesque
107
What is this called?
Tympanum
108
What are the tower-like structures on the side of this church called?
Minarets
109
What are these called?
Gargoyles
110
What type of church is this?
Byzantine
111
What Bible story is depicted in this sculpture?
The Last Judgment
112
What is this called?
Lancet arch
113
In what type of church would you find this?
Gothic
114
What type of church is this?
Byzantine
115
What type of church is this?
Gothic
116
What type of church is this?
Gothic
117
What type fo church is this?
Gothic
118
The eight daily services practiced in convents and monasteries were called:
The canonical hours
119
The four services which were most important musically were:
Matins, Lauds, Vespers, and Compline
120
In addition to attending services, what activities did monks and nuns participate in?
a. manuscript engraving
b. embroidery
c. teaching
d. composing music
e. all of the above
All of the above
a. manuscript engraving
b. embroidery
c. teaching
d. composing music
121
In the Middle Ages, women were forbidden to sing in church. T/F
True
122
What unique advantage did a cloistered life offer women?
a. the opportunity to learn to read and write
b. access to musical training
c. the opportunity to be ordained as a priestess
d. all of the above
e. a and b
A and B
a. the opportunity to learn to read and write
b. access to musical training
123
Gregorian chant is some of the oldest recorded music in Western culture. T/F
True
124
Why don't we know much about music before the Medieval Period?
The music wasn't written down
125
Gregorian chant is _____ in texture.
Monophonic
126
A melody without harmony or accompaniment is called:
Monophonic
127
When a solo singer starts a chant and is later joined by the choir, this is called:
Responsorial singing
128
What concern did the Medieval church fathers have about religious music?
They were afraid it would distract the worshippers
129
The term syllabic means:
One note to a syllable
130
131
The term neumatic means:
Two to four notes to a syllable
132
The term melismatic means:
a. one note to a syllable
b. a melofy without harmony or accompaniment
c. music with multiple independant voices
d. two to four notes to a syllable
e. none of the above
None of the above
133
A long passage with many notes to a syllable is often referred to as a:
Melisma
134
All of the following are characteristic of Gregorian chant except:
a. all male or all female choir
b. unmetered with no clear downbeat
c. polyphonic
d. latin text
e. step-wise motion
Polyphonic
135
A famous woman composer of Gregorian chant was:
Hildegard of Bingen
136
Why didn't most composers sign their musical compositions?
They believed that their work was for the purpose of glorifying God and not themselves
137
\_\_\_\_\_ music has two or more independent parts or voices.
Polyphonic
138
When a second part was added to a chant, the second part was called the:
Vox organalis
139
In a polyphonic composition, the chant upon which it is based is called the:
Vox principalis
140
When two voices move up or down at the same interval, this is called:
Parallel motion
141
What is organum?
A type of music where two voices move in parallel motion at the itnerval of a fourth or fifth
142
When two voices move in opposite directions, this is called:
Contrary motion
143
When one voice moves up or down while the other stays on the same pitch, this is called:
Oblique motion
144
Whe two voices move in the same direction but at different intervals, this is called:
Similar motion
145
The style of singing in which the original chant are lengthened and the upper voice sings a decorative against it is called:
Florid organum
146
Troubadour and trouver songs were about:
Love
147
Who wrote troubadour and trouver songs?
French aristocrats
148
All of the following are characteristics of troubadour and trouver songs except:
a. latin text
b. monophonic
c. sung by a soloist or combination male/female vocal ensemble
d. accompanied by instruments
e. syllabic or neumatic
Latin text
149
What is this called?
The grand staff
150
Which of the following instruments would read music from this?
a. piano
b. trombone
c. snare drum
d. violin
e. flute
Piano
151
What are these called?
Ledger lines
152
What is the purpose of these lines?
To extend the staff
153
The pianist usually plays lower pitched notes with his/her _____ hand.
Left
154
The higher pitched notes are located on the _____ hand side of the piano.
Right
155
What is this called?
A score
156
How are instruments arranged in a score?
From highest to lowest
157
What is the proper arrangement of groups of instruments in a score?
Woodwinds, brass, percussion, harp, keyboard, strings
158
A group of staves that are bracketed together are called:
A system
159
All of the following are part of the four unique aspects of Judaism except:
a. Monotheism: There is only one god and he came to be viewed as universal
b. Covenant: God chose Israel to be his people and they accepted him as their god
c. Gravel images: images of God were placed in the temples. People were to worship the images and leave sacrifices on their alters.
d. The name God (Yaheh) was not to be taken "in vain," i.e. was not to be spoken
Gravel images: images of God were placed in the temples. People were to worship the images and leave sacrifices on their alters.
160
The first 5 books of the Bible are called the:
Pentateuch
161
Which of the following words means "law," "teaching," and "direction"?
a. Torah
b. Covenant
c. Incarnation
d. Testament
e. Eucharist
Torah
162
All of the following are the cardinal points of Jesus's teaching except:
a. God is the creator and loving father of all mankind.
b. All people are the children of God and all men and women are brothers and sisters.
c. You must live an ascetic life of isolated contemplation, celibacy and self-denial in order to be saved.
d. Human beings are capable of better lives than they lead. Human inadequacies, imperfections and shortcomings can be forgiven if they are repentant.
e. Life is eternal and death is not extinction.
You must live an ascetic life of isolated contemplation, celibacy and self-denial in order to be saved.
163
The idea that Christ's death atoned for humankind's inherent guilt is knwon as:
The Doctrine of Christ the Redeemer
164
The Christian belief that the Son of God became a man in the person of Jesus Christ is referred to as:
The Incarnation
165
What is a social religion?
A religion where believers must demonstrate their faith through acts of love, mercy, and compassion in the world
166
Does Jesus leave any written account of his work?
No
167
What is the Arian heresy?
The claim that God and Jesus cannot be one and the same because God the Father would ahve had to come before Jesus the Son in time
168
All of the following were advocated by the Manichean religion (the religion that Augustine followed in his early years) except:
a. The belief that trust in a savior was required for salvation.
b. A dualistic belief in the powers of good and evil conflicting in the world.
c. The belief that the "elect" were required to lead a Spartan life.
d. The belief that strict celibacy was required to ensure immediate happiness after death.
The belief that trust in a savior was required for salvation.
169
Did Augustine accept all of the doctrines of the Manicheans?
No, he could not accept the doctrines and ultimately became a skeptic, a believer in nothing
170
What ruling did Constanting make about the ordination of priests?
He ruled that once the church ordained a priest, his administration of the sacraments remained valid even though his actions may be reprehensible
171
The doctrine of the infalibility of the church stemmed from the belief that
The efficacy of the sacraments lay in the priestly office
172
According to Augustine, what is the only reality?
God
173
According to Augustine and other believers of the Middle Ages, what was the only true goal in life?
Union with God
174
What kind of life did Augustine lead before his conversion?
A lusty life of pleasure
175
According to Augustine, all of the following are true except:
a. All events are simultaneour for God
b. God knowns about events without influencing them
c. People have free will
d. God knows about and influences all events
God knows about and influences all events
176
According to Augustine, which is true?
a. In God's realm, past and future have no meaning. All is present.
b. In God's realm, the flow of time is similar to the flow of time on earth.
c. In God's realm, time flows slightly faster than time on earth.
d. In God's realm, time flows much slower than time on earth.
In God's realm, past and future have no meaning. All is present.
177
Which of the following describes Augustine's feelings about material possessions?
## Footnote
a. If the world is God's creation, it must be good.
b. Being overly concerned with the acquisition of worldly goods can turn a person away from God.
c. God gives worldly possessions to those he loves.
d. All of the above.
e. A and B
A and B
## Footnote
a. If the world is God's creation, it must be good.
b. Being overly concerned with the acquisition of worldly goods can turn a person away from God.
178
According to Augustine, all of the following would be "seminal reasons for created things" except:
a. trees
b. ideas
c. human bodies
d. animals
e. rocks
Ideas
179
According to Augustine, who was in the City of God?
Those who were faithful believers in Jesus and members of the church
180
What is the name for the medieval contractual arrangement by which a lord granted land to his vassal (manservant) in esxchange for military service?
Feudalism
181
What is the name for the system whereby a lord resided in his manor and gave a small parcel of land to a priest, and a strip of land to his serf to farm?
Manorialism
182
All of the following characterize the life of the serfs except:
a. They had the bare necessities.
b. They rarely traveled beyond the manor on which they lived.
c. Education was unknown and illiteracy was the norm.
d. There was little news from the outside world.
e. If the serf outlived the lord, he inherited the lord's land.
If the serf outlived the lord, he inherited the lord's land
183
How does the textbook characterize the relationship between Islam and Christianity?
Distrust, fear and open warfare
184
Who is the chief deity of Mecca?
Allah
185
What does the word "Islam" mean?
Submission
186
Muslims believe in all of the following except:
## Footnote
a. Allah, who is the only God
b. The angels - Gabriel and others
c. The sacred books - Old and New Testaments, Psalms of David and the Koran
d. The prophets - Muhammad, Abraham, Noah, Moses and Jesus
e. The Messiah who will return to earth to save the world from sin.
f. Resurrection on the Day of Judgment.
g. The Qador - God's plan fo rthe collective benefit of all mankind.
The Messiah who will retun to earth to save the world from sin
187
Which of the following is not one of the Five Pillars of Faith for Muslims?
a. Belief in the Incarnation
b. Fasting during the month of Ramadan
c. Giving to the poor
d. Pilgrimage to Mecca
e. The obligation of five daily prayers
Belief in the Incarnation
188
What does the word "Muslim" mean in Arabic?
Believer
189
What is the Shahadah?
The saying "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet."
190
During the Middle Ages, what did the west accuse Muslims of being?
Infidels
191
In the early stages of Islam, all able-bodied men were required to fight in the holy war. What was this war called?
The Jihad
192
Kibla
The side of the mosque facing Mecca
193
Mihrab
A niche in the wall of a mosque indicating the direction of Mecca
194
Minibar
The high pulpit from which an Islamic preacher delivers the sermon
195
Sahn
The ritual pool in mosque courtyards in which the faithful make their ablutions
196
Minaret
A slender tower attached to a mosque from which a meuzzin calls the faithful to prayer
197
What did people believe would happen in the year 1000 AD?
The world would end
198
Which of the following led to the rise and expansion of medieval cities?
a. The increase of farm land due to the drainage of swamps.
b. The nobles' need for central military forces for quicker mobilization to fight bigger wars.
c. Increasing trade and commerce.
d. All of the above.
e. A and B.
All of the above
## Footnote
a. The increase of farm land due to the drainage of swamps.
b. The nobles' need for central military forces for quicker mobilization to fight bigger wars.
c. Increasing trade and commerce.
199
How did the rise of cities affect trade and commerce?
Merchants setup stalls under the protection of churches and abbeys in order to sell goods
200
What was the official stated agenda of the Crusaders?
a. To rescue the Holy Lands from its Muslim inhabitants
b. To make Christian shrines accessible to Western pilgrims
c. To conquer the world
d. All of the above
e. A and B
A and B
a. To rescue the Holy Lands from its Muslim inhabitants
b. To make Christian shrines accessible to Western pilgrims
201
Which of the following did women in the Middle Ages do while their husbands were away at war?
a. Elevated standards of behavior, dress, and manners
b. Introduced poetry and music to the courts
c. Efficiently managed their estates
d. All of the above
e. A and B
All of the above
a. Elevated standards of behavior, dress, and manners
b. Introduced poetry and music to the courts
c. Efficiently managed their estates
202
Who was considered to be France's first professional writer and an early feminist?
Christine de Pisan
203
Which of the following established Courts of Love which wrote legal sounding codes of etiquette that led to a transformation from a fighting code to a human and courtly standard?
a. Christine de Pisan
b. Hildegard of Bingen
c. Ebbo of Reims
d. Artemesia Gentileschi
e. Eleanor of Aquitane
Eleanor of Aquitane
204
The Christian doctrine of the Father (God), Son (Jesus), and the Holy Ghost is known as:
The Trinity
205
Which of the following describes the view of women in the Middle Ages?
a. Women were inferior to men and regarded as property
b. Woemn were regarded as equal to men
c. Women were regarded as superior to men
d. Women had slightly less status than a man but the same rights
Women were inferior to men and regarded as property
206
Why did people often pray to the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages?
Because they sought mercy rather than harsh judgment and it was believed that Mary could mercifully intercede for the faithful
207
During the Middle Ages, Mary was seen as the possessor of all womanly virtues - warm, loving, beautiful and pure in body and soul. Who was seen as her opposite?
Eve
208
The belief that an idea is real but that is does not exist either before or after a particular physical thing (reality as an idea exists only in sense-apparent objects) is knwon as:
The Conceptualist Position
209
The idea that physical things are the only reality is known as:
The Nominalist Position
210
The idea that the ultimate reality is permanent, unchanging, without material substance and, according to the church, existing in the mind of God is knwon as:
The Realist Position
211
Why was Abelard's book *Sic et non* a bombshell for the church?
It exposed contradictions between what the church fathers were saying and what the Bible said
212
All of the following subjects were part of the quadrivium except:
a. Arithmetic
b. Geometry
c. Astronomy
d. Music
e. Literature
Literature
213
The trivium was composed of what three subjects?
Grammar, rhetoric, and logic
214
Which of the following is true?
a. Medieval women were not allowed to attend universities
b. Medieval women were allowed to attend universities
c. Upper class medieval women were allowed to attend universities byt not lower class women
Medieval women were not allowed to attend universities
215
Which of the following was true in the Middle Ages?
a. Whenever church doctrine was inexplicable or contrary to reason, doctrine was believed and intellect denied.
b. Whenever church doctrine was inexplicable or contrary to reason, intellect was believed and doctrine was denied.
Whenever church doctrine was inexplicable or contrary to reason, doctrine was believed and intellect denied.
216
The element of music defined as the organization of music in time or, more specifically, the system of signs and symbols that indicate the lengths of notes and rests and how they are grouped together is called:
Rhythm
217
The regular, recurrent pulsation that divides music into equal units of time is called the:
Beat
218
A group containing a fixed number of beats is called a:
Measure
219
The first beat of a measure if called the:
Downbeat
220
Measures are separated by:
Barlines
221
The organization of beats into regular groups is called:
Meter
222
Stressed beats are called:
Strong beats
223
Unstressed beats are called:
Weak beats
224
A song with two beats to the measure is in:
Duple meter
225
In quadruple meter, which beats are usually stessed?
The first and sometimes the third beats
226
Most waltzes and minuets are in:
Triple meter
227
When an accent occurs on an unexpected beat, such as a weak beat, this is called:
Syncopation
228
A particularly hard accent on a singlenote is called:
Sforzando
229
A sforzando piano is:
A loud, hard accent on a single note followed by a sudden reduction in volume
230
Grave
Very slow, solemn
231
Largo
Very slow, broad
232
Lento
Slow
233
Andante
Moderately slow
234
Moderato
Moderate
235
Allegretto
Moderately fast
236
Allegro
Fast
237
Vivace
Very fast, lively
238
Prestissimo
As fast as possible
239
A note played with special interest is called:
An accent
240
Most marches are in:
Duple meter
241
The song *Take Five* is in _____ meter
Quintuple
242
Which of the following songs alternates between duple and triple meter?
a. Waltz of the Flowers by Peter Tchaikovsky
b. The Wedding March by Felix Mendelssohn
c. "Finale" from Symphony No. 9 by Franz Schubert
d. America by Leonard Bernstein
e. Menuetto by Johann Sebastian Bach
America by Leonard Bernstein
243
In Dante's Inferno, what doe sthe dark woods symbolize?
Error and worldliness
244
In Dante's Inferno, what does the hill symbolize?
The mount of joy
245
What is the symbol for divine illumination in Dante's Inferno?
The sun
246
Which of the following animals symbolizes malice and fraud?
a. the snake
b. the leopard
c. the she-wolf
d. the tiger
e. the lion
The leopard
247
Which of the following animals symbolizes violence and ambition?
## Footnote
a. the snake
b. the leopard
c. the she-wolf
d. the tiger
e. the lion
The lion
248
Which of the following animals symbolizes incontinence?
## Footnote
a. the snake
b. the leopard
c. the she-wolf
d. the tiger
e. the lion
The she-wolf
249
In Dante's Inferno, what does Virgil symbolize?
Human reason
250
What route must Dante take in order to get to the light of God?
He must first descend through Hell, then ascend through Purgatory and then towards the light of God
251
Which of the following descripes opportunists?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
g. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
h. They shed the blood of others.
Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves
252
Which of the following describes the outcasts?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
g. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
h. They shed the blood of others.
They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels
253
What punishment to the opportunists and outcasts get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
i. They walk upon the burning plain. The rain descends as fire. They are subject to the wrath of nature.
Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air
254
Which of the following describes the carnal?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
g. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
h. They shed the blood of others.
i. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
255
What punishment do the carnal get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
They are forever swept up in the tempestof Hell, denied the light and reason of God
256
Which of the following describes the gluttons?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
g. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
h. They shed the blood of others.
They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God
257
What punishments do the gluttons get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vlie slush, and freezing rain
258
Which of the following describes the hoarders and wasters?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
g. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
h. They shed the blood of others.
They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses
259
What punishment do the hoarders and waters get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight
260
What punishment do the wrathful and the sullen get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn
261
What is the name of the capitol of Hell?
The City of Dis
262
Who guards the capitol of Hell?
The rebellious angels
263
Which of the following describes the heretics?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
g. They did violence to God by denying immortality.
h. They shed the blood of others.
They did violence to God by denying immortality
264
What punishment did the heretics get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
They are placed in fiery tombs
265
Which of the following describes the violent against neighbors?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They abandoned themselves to the tempest of their passions. They were preoccupied with bodily and sexual pleasures.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
g. They did violence to God by denying immortality.
h. They shed the blood of others.
They shed the blood of others
266
What punishment do the violent against their neighbors get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
They are immersed in boiling blood forever
267
What punishment do the suicidal get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. They must spend eternity in a gigantic garbage dump filled with stinking snow, vile slush and freezing rain.
c. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
d. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
e. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
f. They are placed in fiery tombs.
g. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
h. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odious harpies, the overseers of the damned
268
Which of the following describes the panderers and seducers?
## Footnote
a. They shed the blood of others.
b. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
c. They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly.
d. They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful.
e. They deceive the senses.
f. They pretend to be someone else.
g. They are falsifiers of money.
h. They are falsifiers of words. They give false testimony.
They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes
269
What punishment do the panderers and secucers get?
## Footnote
a. They are placed in fiery tombs.
b. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
c. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
d. They walk upon the burning plain. The rain descends as fire. They are subject to the wrath of nature.
e. They make two files, one along either bank of the ditch and are driven at an endless fast walk by horned demons who hurry them along with great lashes.
f. They are sunk in excrement.
g. They are placed upside down in round, tub-like holes and their feet are set ablaze. The holes symbolize baptismal fonts.
h. Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on their bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears.
They make two files, one along either bank of the ditch and are driven at an endless fast walk by horned demons who hurry them along with great lashes.
270
What punishment do the flatterers get?
## Footnote
a. They are placed in fiery tombs.
b. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
c. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
d. They walk upon the burning plain. The rain descends as fire. They are subject to the wrath of nature.
e. They make two files, one along either bank of the ditch and are driven at an endless fast walk by horned demons who hurry them along with great lashes.
f. They are sunk in excrement.
g. They are placed upside down in round, tub-like holes and their feet are set ablaze. The holes symbolize baptismal fonts.
h. Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on their bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears.
They are sunk in excrement
271
Which of the following describes the simoniacs?
## Footnote
a. They are sellers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
b. Their lives were neither for good nor evil but only for themselves.
c. They took no sides in the rebellion of the angels.
d. They lacked all moderation in regulating their expenses.
e. They did violence to God by denying immortality.
f. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
g. They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly.
h. They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful.
They are sekkers of ecclesiastical favors. They made a mockery of holy office.
272
What punishment do the simoniacs get?
## Footnote
a. They are buried forever below the stinking waters of the river Styx, gargling the words of an endless chant in a grotesque parody of singing a hymn.
b. They are immersed in boiling blood forever.
c. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
d. They make two files, one along either bank of the ditch and are driven at an endless fast walk by horned demons who hurry them along with great lashes.
e. They are sunk in excrement.
f. They are placed upside down in round, tub-like holes and their feet are set ablaze. The holes symbolize baptismal fonts.
g. Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on their bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears.
h. They are in a pit of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope.
They are placed upside down in round, tub-like holes and their feet are set ablaze. To holes symbolize baptismal fonts.
273
What punishment do the fortune tellers and diviners get?
## Footnote
a. The sinners are divided into two raging mobs, each soul among them straining madly at a great boulder-like weight.
b. They are sunk in excrement.
c. They are placed upside down in round, tub-like holes and their feet are set ablaze. The holes symbolize baptismal fonts.
d. Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on their bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears.
e. They are sunk in boiling pitch and guarded by demons who tear them to pieces with claws and grappling hooks if they catch them above the surface of their pitch.
f. They are in a pit of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope.
g. They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience.
h. They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on thier bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears
274
Which of the following describes the grafters?
## Footnote
a. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
b. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
c. They shed the blood of others.
d. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
e. They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly.
f. They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful.
g. They pretend to be someone else.
h. They are falsifiers of money.
They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly
275
What punishment did the grafters get?
## Footnote
a. Eternally unclassified, they race round and round pursuing a wavering banner that runs forever before them through dirty air.
b. Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on their bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears.
c. They are sunk in boiling pitch and guarded by demons who tear them to pieces with claws and grappling hooks if they catch them above the surface of their pitch.
d. They are weighted down by great leaden robes. They walk eternally round and round a narrow track. The robes are brilliantly gilded on the outside and are shaped like a monk's habit.
e. They are in a pit of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope.
f. They are punished by affliction of every sense: by darkness, stench, thirst, filth, loathsome diseases, and a shreiking din.
g. Punished by loathsome diseases, they cannot move from where they lie. The disease is compounded by other afflictions including an eternity of unbearable thirst.
They are sunk into boiling pitch and guarded by demons who tear them to pieces with claws and grappling hooks if they catch them above the surface of their pitch
276
Which of the following describes the hypocrites?
## Footnote
a. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
b. They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly.
c. They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful.
d. They deceive the senses.
e. They pretend to be someone else.
f. They are falsifiers of money.
They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful
277
What punishment do the hypocrites get?
## Footnote
a. They are sunk in boiling pitch and guarded by demons who tear them to pieces with claws and grappling hooks if they catch them above the surface of their pitch.
b. They are weighted down by great leaden robes. They walk eternally round and round a narrow track. The robes are brilliantly gilded on the outside and are shaped like a monk's habit.
c. They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience.
d. They are hacked and torn through all eternity by a great demon with a bloody sword.
e. They are punished by affliction of every sense: by darkness, stench, thirst, filth, loathsome diseases, and a shreiking din.
f. They must run without pause, chasing the internal apparition of those they impersonated while they are preyed upon by their own furies.
g. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
h. Their bodies area submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads
They are weighted down by great leaden robes. They walk eternally round and round a narrow track. The robes are brilliantly gilded on the outside and are shaped like a monk's habit.
278
What punishment does Caiaphas, the high priest of the Jews who counseled the Pharisees to crucify Jesus in the name of public expedience, get?
## Footnote
a. He must carry a cross for eternity.
b. He is crucified to the floor of Hell by three great stakes.
c. His body bleeds forever in the places where nails were driven into Jesus's body.
d. He is buried in ice, forever denied the warmth and light of God.
He is crucified to the floor of Hell by three great stakes
279
What punishment do the evil counselors get?
## Footnote
a. They are forever swept up in the tempest of Hell, denied the light and reason of God.
b. Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on their bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears.
c. They are sunk in boiling pitch and guarded by demons who tear them to pieces with claws and grappling hooks if they catch them above the surface of their pitch.
d. They are in a pit of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope.
e. They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience.
f. They are hacked and torn through all eternity by a great demon with a bloody sword.
g. They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
h. They are submerged in ice. Only half their faces area above the ice and their tears freeze in their eye sockets, sealing them with crystal visors.
They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience
280
What punishment do the thieves get?
## Footnote
a. They are placed in fiery tombs.
b. They are sunk in excrement.
c. Their punishment is to have their heads turned backwards on their bodies and to be compelled to walk backwards through all eternity, their eyes blinded by tears.
d. They are sunk in boiling pitch and guarded by demons who tear them to pieces with claws and grappling hooks if they catch them above the surface of their pitch.
e. They are weighted down by great leaden robes. They walk eternally round and round a narrow track. The robes are brilliantly gilded on the outside and are shaped like a monk's habit.
f. They are in a pit of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope.
g. They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience.
h. They must run without pause, chasing the internal apparition of those they impersonated while they are preyed upon by their own furies.
They are in a put of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope
281
What punishment do the sowers of discord get?
## Footnote
a. They are in a pit of monstrous reptiles who curl themselves about the sinners like living coils of rope.
b. They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience.
c. They are hacked and torn through all eternity by a great demon with a bloody sword.
d. They are punished by affliction of every sense: by darkness, stench, thirst, filth, loathsome diseases, and a shreiking din.
e. They must run without pause, chasing the internal apparition of those they impersonated while they are preyed upon by their own furies.
f. Punished by loathsome diseases, they cannot move from where they lie. The disease is compounded by other afflictions including an eternity of unbearable thirst.
g. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
h. Their bodies area submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads
They are hacked and torn through all eternity by a great demon with a bloody sword
282
Which of the following describes the falsifiers?
## Footnote
a. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
b. They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly.
c. They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful.
d. They deceive the senses.
e. They wallowed in food and drink and made no higher use of the gifts of God.
f. They shed the blood of others.
g. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
They deceive the senses
283
What punishment do the falsifiers get?
## Footnote
a. They are sunk in excrement.
b. They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience.
c. They are punished by affliction of every sense: by darkness, stench, thirst, filth, loathsome diseases, and a shreiking din.
d. They must run without pause, chasing the internal apparition of those they impersonated while they are preyed upon by their own furies.
e. Punished by loathsome diseases, they cannot move from where they lie. The disease is compounded by other afflictions including an eternity of unbearable thirst.
f. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
g. They are submerged in ice. Only half their faces area above the ice and their tears freeze in their eye sockets, sealing them with crystal visors.
They are punished by affliction of every sense: by darkness, stench, thirst, filth, loathsome diseases, and a shreiking din
284
Which of the following describes the evil impersonators?
## Footnote
a. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
b. They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly.
c. They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful.
d. They deceive the senses.
e. They pretend to be someone else
f. They shed the blood of others.
g. They did violence to God by denying imortality.
They pretend to be someone else
285
What punishment do the evil impersonators get?
## Footnote
a. They are hidden in great flames which are their own guilty conscience.
b. They are hacked and torn through all eternity by a great demon with a bloody sword.
c. They are punished by affliction of every sense: by darkness, stench, thirst, filth, loathsome diseases, and a shreiking din.
d. They must run without pause, chasing the internal apparition of those they impersonated while they are preyed upon by their own furies.
They must run without pause, chasing the internal apparition of those they impersonated while they are preyed upon by their own furies.
286
Which of the following describes the evil counterfeiters?
## Footnote
a. They took advantage of their position to gain money and property dishonestly.
b. They appear holy on the outside but are deceitful.
c. They deceive the senses.
d. They pretend to be someone else.
e. They are falsifiers of money.
f. They are falsifiers of words. They give false testimony.
They are flasifiers of money
287
What punishment do the counterfeiters and false witnesses get?
## Footnote
a. They must run without pause, chasing the internal apparition of those they impersonated while they are preyed upon by their own furies.
b. Punished by loathsome diseases, they cannot move from where they lie. The disease is compounded by other afflictions including an eternity of unbearable thirst.
c. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
d. Their bodies area submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads
e. They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
Punished by loathsome diseases, they cannot move from where they lie. The disease is compounded by other afflictions including an eternity of unbearable thirst.
288
Which of the following describes the false witnesses?
## Footnote
a. They goaded others to serve their own foul purposes.
b. They deceive the senses.
c. They are falsifiers of money.
d. They are falsifiers of words. They give false testimony.
They are falsifiers of words. They give false testimony.
289
WHat is the climate like in the bottom of hell?
It is all ice
290
What punishment do the blasphemers, sodomites, and userers get?
## Footnote
a. Their souls are encased in thorny trees and their leaves eaten by odius harpies, the overseers of the damned.
b. They walk upon the burning plain. The rain descends as fire. They are subject to the wrath of nature.
c. They make two files, one along either bank of the ditch and are driven at an endless fast walk by horned demons who hurry them along with great lashes.
d. They are sunk in excrement.
They walk upon the burning plain. The rain descends as fire. They are subject to the wrath of nature.
291
What punishment do the treacherous to the ties of hospitality get?
## Footnote
a. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
b. Their bodies area submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads
c. They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
d. They are submerged in ice. Only half their faces area above the ice and their tears freeze in their eye sockets, sealing them with crystal visors.
They are submerged in ice. Only half their faces are above the ice and their tears freeze in their eye sockets, sealing them with crystal visors
292
What punishment do the treacherous to their countries get?
## Footnote
a. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
b. Their bodies area submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads
c. They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
d. They are submerged in ice. Only half their faces area above the ice and their tears freeze in their eye sockets, sealing them with crystal visors.
They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
293
What punishment do the treacherous against blood ties get?
## Footnote
a. Punished by loathsome diseases, they cannot move from where they lie. The disease is compounded by other afflictions including an eternity of unbearable thirst.
b. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
c. Their bodies area submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads
d. They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
Their bodies are submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads.
294
What punishment do the treacherous to their masters get?
## Footnote
a. They are submerged in ice. Their heads are above the ice but they cannot bend their heads.
b. Their bodies area submerged in ice. Their necks and heads are out of the ice and they are permitted to bow their heads
c. They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
d. They are submerged in ice. Only half their faces area above the ice and their tears freeze in their eye sockets, sealing them with crystal visors.
They lie completely sealed in ice, twisted and distorted into every conceivable posture.
