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Humanities > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does “Paleolithic Era” mean?

A

Old stone age

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2
Q

What does “Neolithic Era” mean?

A

New stone age

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3
Q

When did the Paleolithic era begin?

A

40,000 BC

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4
Q

When did the Mesolithic Era being?

A

10,000 BC

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5
Q

When did the Neolithic Era begin?

A

8,000 BC

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6
Q

All of the following innovations occurred around 8,000 BC EXCEPT: a. permanent houses b. organized communities c. the buying and selling of crops d. mathematics e. invention of writing f. cave paintings g. calendar fashioning

A

Cave paintings

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7
Q

During what era was art invented?

A

Paleolithic Era

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8
Q

What did the Venus of Willendorf symbolize?

A

Fertility

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9
Q

Where is the most Paleolithic art found?

A

In caves in Spain and Southern France

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10
Q

Why is it difficult to study the history of humankind?

A

Because it is hard for archeologists and anthropologists to determine why the artifacts were made

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11
Q

Where is Mesopotamia located?

A

In the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

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12
Q

What does “Mesopotamia” mean?

A

The land between the two rivers

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13
Q

What discovery led to many new innovations around 8,000 BC?

A

The development of agriculture

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14
Q

What did the term culture originally mean?

A

Cultivating the soil

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15
Q

“Socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, institutions, arts, and other human creations” is the modern definition of:

A

Culture

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16
Q

What is cuneiform?

A

One of the earliest forms of writing

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17
Q

Where are the roots of Western civilization found?

A

The Middle East

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18
Q

In which of the following religions did believers associate storms and other natural disasters with the gods?

A

Mesopotamian polytheistic religion

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19
Q

Which of the following religions emphasized survival in a hostile world?

A

Mesopotamian polytheistic religion

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20
Q

Which of the following would describe the character of the Sumerian gods? a. Frivolous b. Selfish c. Quarrelsome d. All of the above e. None of the above

A

All of the above Frivolous, Selfish, and Quarrelsome

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21
Q

What was the overriding concern of Sumerian believers?

A

Determining the will of the gods and keeping them hapy

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22
Q

In which of the following religions did believers try to keep the gods happy through prayers, incantations, and magic?

A

Mesopotamian polytheistic religion

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23
Q

True/False: In the polytheistic religion of the Sumerians, there was no belief in an afterlife.

A

True

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24
Q

The first systematic polytheistic religion was created by the

A

Sumerians

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25
Q

What is a ziggurat?

A

A massive artificial hill made of sun-dried mud bricks

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26
Q

Why did the ancient Sumerians build ziggurats?

A

They allowed worshippers to get closer to the gods

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27
Q

What did the bearded bull symbolize in ancient Mesopotamian culture?

A

Royal power

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28
Q

Which of the following was a symbol of make sexuality and fertility in ancient art? a. the bull b. the horse c. the ram d. the goat e. the tiger

A

The goat

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29
Q

What is the Standard of Ur about?

A

War and peace

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30
Q

What is the most significant Sumerian literary work?

A

The Epic of Gilgamesh

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31
Q

The Epic of Gilgamesh explores:

A

The meaning of life and death

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32
Q

A battle between the haves and have-nots led to a takeover of the Sumerians by the:

A

Akkadians

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33
Q

The concept of a divine monarch supported by armed forces was introduced by the:

A

Akkadians

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34
Q

The ruler who united the Sumerians against the Akkadians was:

A

Gudea of Lagesh

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35
Q

The first notable military ruler in history was:

A

Sargon the Great

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36
Q

How are rulers depicted in statues dating to the Neo-Sumerian period?

A

As serene, devout, and wise

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37
Q

What biblical event allegedly occurred during the Neo-Sumerian period?

A

Abraham led the Hebrews from the Sumerian city of Ur toward an eventual occupation of the Land of Canaan, later called Palestine.

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38
Q

In the Hammurabi Code of Laws, there is no mention of:

A

Taxation

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39
Q

Which of the following principles of justice was used by Hammurabi’s Code of Laws?

A

Retaliation in kind (“an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth”)

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40
Q

Hammurabi compiled his Code of Laws during the:

A

Old Babylonian Period

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41
Q

What purpose did Assyrian art and architecture serve? a. To glorify the monarch as mighty hunter and implacable warrior b. To intimidate any foes foolish enough to resist the Assyrian army c. To ward off evil spirits d. All of the above e. A and C only

A

All of the above

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42
Q

What standard policy was used by Assurnasirpal II to guarantee fear of him and his army?

A

His soldiers rounded up the surviving inhabitants of an enemy town, cut off their hands and feet, and let them bleed to death

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43
Q

Which of the following rulers is known for his policy of controlling dissent by removing entire populations from their homes and scattering them throughout the empire? a. Assurnasirpal II b. Nedachudnezzar c. Gudea of Lagesh d. Sargon II e. Saoshyans

A

Sargon II

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44
Q

Who was the vigorous and brilliant commander who drive the Egyptians from Palestine, conquered Jerusalem in 586 BC, and exiled many Jews to Babylon?

A

Nebuchadnezzar

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45
Q

What did the Persians allow subjugated people to do? a. Retain their own customs b. Retain their own laws c. Retain their own religions d. All of the above e. None of the above

A

Retain their own customs, laws, and religions

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46
Q

Who built an elaborate network of imperial roads that formed the best highway system prior to Roman roads?

A

The Persians

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47
Q

Where did the Persians adapt their art from?

A

Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Palestine, and Lydia

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48
Q

Who was the Principle of Truth, Holy Spirit, and Creating Word in the Zoroastrian religion?

A

Ahura Mazda

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49
Q

Who was the Evil One in the Zoroastrian religion?

A

Ahriman

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50
Q

Who was the savior in the Zoroastrian religion?

A

Saoshyans

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51
Q

In which of the following religions would an evil person go to Hell and suffer for eternity? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above

A

None of the above

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52
Q

Which of the following religions has the House of the Lie and the House of Songs? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above

A

Zoroastrianism

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53
Q

Which of the following religions had an ethical component where worshipers were concerned with being good people seeking the truth? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above

A

Zoroastrianism

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54
Q

Which of the following religions had no temples, priests, or rituals? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above

A

Zoroastrianism

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55
Q

The part of theology that deals with “last things” including death, judgment, heaven and hell, is called:

A

Eschatology

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56
Q

The Great Palace of Darius and Xerxes of Persepolis shows the influences of Assyrian architecture. But how does it differ from the Assyrians?

A

There are no images showing the slaughtering of enemies or helpless animals

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57
Q

Why did the Egyptians have an easier life than the Mesopotamians? a. They had few natural disasters b. They had two crops per year c. They had natural defenses against invaders d. All of the above e. A and C only

A

They had few natural disasters They had two crops per year They had natural defenses against invaders

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58
Q

A form of government in which divine authority is paramount or in which religious leaders play the leading role is called:

A

Theocracy

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59
Q

Which of the following is true? a. The Egyptians did not believe in an afterlife b. The Egyptians believed that the pharaoh would live on in the afterlife but not ordinary citizens c. The Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a continuation of the good life on earth d. The Egyptians believed that the afterlife would be harsh in order to “perfect the soul”

A

The Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a continuation of the good life on earth

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60
Q

Who did the Egyptians believe was responsible for the safety and prosperity of the people?

A

The pharaoh

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61
Q

The Egyptian term maat denoted:

A

The moral order of the world: 1. Order 2. Truth 3. Justice 4. Righteousness

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62
Q

What did proper ethical conduct prepare Egyptian citizens for?

A

Continuation of the good life beyond the grave

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63
Q

What is the Egyptian word meaning “the indestructible vital principle of each person?”

A

Ka

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64
Q

How did the Egyptians’ religion differ from that of the Mesopotamians’ polytheistic religion? a. The Egyptians were concerned with social equality b. There was a strong element of monotheism in the Egyptian religion c. The Egyptians were concerned with ethics d. The Egyptians believed in the afterlife e. All of the above

A

All of the above: a. The Egyptians were concerned with social equality b. There was a strong element of monotheism in the Egyptian religion c. The Egyptians were concerned with ethics d. The Egyptians believed in the afterlife

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65
Q

What was the name of the Egyptian sun god?

A

Amon Re

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66
Q

Who was the god of the Nile?

A

Osiris

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67
Q

What is the moral of the Osiris legend?

A

Good will triumph over evil and there is life after death

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68
Q

Which of the following is represented by a falcon head in Egyptian art? Osiris Isis Amon Re Horus Set

A

Horus

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69
Q

Who was the god of the underworld?

A

Osiris

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70
Q

Which of the following avenged his father’s death by killing Set? Amon Re Horus Osiris Isis Thurmose II

A

Horus

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71
Q

Sacred Egyptian carvings that combine pictographs and sound signs are called:

A

Hieroglyphs

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72
Q

Who united upper and lower Egypt?

A

King Narmer

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73
Q

What is this artwork about?

A

The joining of upper and lower Egypt

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74
Q

What are the basic conventions of Egyptian art?

A

The face and legs are in profile. The eyes and torso are shown as viewed from the front

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75
Q

What is the sphinx?

A

A statue with the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh

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76
Q

During what period were the pyramids built?

A

Old Kingdom

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77
Q

Why did the Egyptians stop building the pyramids?

A

Because they were robbed by grave robbers. They thought the size would intimidate people and prevent grave robbery.

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78
Q

Why are Egyptian statues shows as immobile?

A

They symbolize the immutable laws that govern people and nature

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79
Q

How is the rigidity of Egyptian statues heightened?

A

By leaving as much stone intact as possible

80
Q

Why is the queen clasping her husband’s waist in Mycerinus and his Queen?

A

To symbolize the transfer of power to the pharaoh

81
Q

Are ordinary people depicted in Egyptian art in the same way as the pharaohs are?

A

No. Ordinary people are portrayed more realistically.

82
Q

All of the following occurred during the First Intermediate period except: a. Civil unrest b. Major changes in the religion c. Invasion by desert barbarians d. Political instability

A

Major changes in the religion

83
Q

Which of the following weakened the central authority in the period prior to the Middle Kingdom? a. Expanding bureaucracy b. Growing power of the priests c. Rebellious local officials d. All of the above e. A and B

A

All of the above a. Expanding bureaucracy b. Growing power of the priests c. Rebellious local officials

84
Q

What is the political climate like in the Twelfth Dynasty?

A

They had considerable local authority and a weaker but stable central government

85
Q

What is the name of this artwork?

A

Sarcophagus of Queen Kawyt

86
Q

Why is the figure seated in the center of this artwork the largest?

A

Because this figure is the most important

87
Q

The decorative arts flourished during what period?

A

Middle kingdom

88
Q

What do the falcons in this necklace symbolize?

A

Horus the sky god

89
Q

What new element did the Hyksos introduce to warfare when they invaded Egypt?

A

The horse and chariot

90
Q

All of the following happened during the New Kingdom except: a. The Hyksos invaded Egypt with horses and chariots b. The Egyptians conquered other lands to serve as buffer zones against invaders c. Amenhotep IV changed their religion d. Military might formed the basis for the rule of the pharaoh e. The pyramids were built

A

The pyramid were built

91
Q

Why did the Egyptians conquer other lands? a. To create buffers against hostile incursions b. To increase pharonic power and glory c. To provide additional taxes d. All of the above e. None of the above

A

All of the above a. To create buffers against hostile incursions b. To increase pharonic power and glory c. To provide additional taxes

92
Q

What is post and lintel construction?

A

A structural system in which vertical supports or columns support horizontal beams

93
Q

Where were Egyptian temples usually built?

A

On the flat banks of the Nile

94
Q

What did the thickly columned temples symbolize? a. The wealth of the pharaohs b. The power of the gods c. The authority of the priests who served the gods d. All of the above e. A and B

A

All of the above a. The wealth of the pharaohs b. The power of the gods c. The authority of the priests who served the gods

95
Q

The first woman to rule Egypt of whom we have any firm record was:

A

Queen Hatsheput

96
Q

How did Amenhotep IV solve the problem of religious corruption? a. He drive the priests from their temples b. He confiscated the priests’ property and possessions c. He ordered the names of the traditional gods removed from the land d. He commanded the people to worship a new god called Aten e. All of the above

A

All of the above a. He drive the priests from their temples b. He confiscated the priests’ property and possessions c. He ordered the names of the traditional gods removed from the land d. He commanded the people to worship a new god called Aten

97
Q

Why did Amenhotep IV change the religion? a. The priests were becoming too powerful b. The ethical foundation had been reduced to superstition and magic c. The priests were selling magical charms and preying on the fear of the masses d. All of the above e. None of the above

A

All of the above a. The priests were becoming too powerful b. The ethical foundation had been reduced to superstition and magic c. The priests were selling magical charms and preying on the fear of the masses

98
Q

Did Akhenaten’s new religion last after he died?

A

No

99
Q

Who was Amenhotep IV’s (Akhenaten) son in law?

A

Tutankhamen

100
Q

All of the following artworks are examples of the Amarna style except: a. The Golden Coffin of Tutankhamen b. Throne with Tutankhamen and Queen c. Portrait of Court Offician Hesira d. Portrait Head of Queen Nefretete

A

Portrait of Court Offician Hesira

101
Q

What do the sun rays in Throne with Tutankhamen and Queen symbolize?

A

The pharaoh’s connection to the sun god

102
Q

According to the textbook, which of the following cities would be most open to new ideas and the influence of other cultures? a. Wichita, KS b. Las Vegas, NV c. Corpus Christi, TX d. Omaha, NE e. Montgomery, AL

A

Corpus Christi, Texas because it is on the water

103
Q

What advantage(s) did the sea provide to the ancient Greeks? a. A temperate climate b. Security from invasions c. Multiple highways for trade and travel d. All of the above e. B and C

A

All of the above a. A temperate climate b. Security from invasions c. Multiple highways for trade and travel

104
Q

All of the following are characteristics of the Cycladic figurines except: a. modern looking b. angular and abstract c. arms folded across the midriff d. nude female figure e. swollen breasts and bellies

A

Swollen breasts and bellies

105
Q

Which of the following occupied a group of islands in the Aegean sea to the north of Crete? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Cycladics

106
Q

All of the following might be depicted in Minoan murals except: nature scenes animals and insects war and hunting scenes agricultural scenes fish and sea life

A

War and hunting scenes

107
Q

Which of the following had equal sexes which shared responsibilities in government? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

108
Q

Which of the following earned their living through agriculture and trade and were regarded as the greatest mediterranean traders before the Greeks and Phoenicians? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

109
Q

Which of the following occupied the island of Crete? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

110
Q

Which of the following produced temples with many modern conveniences such as flush toilets, bathtubs and running water? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

111
Q

What did the snake goddess symbolize?

A

Regeneration

112
Q

Which of the following established themselves into small independent kingdoms with each king occupying a strongly fortified but richly decorated palace? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Mycenaeans

113
Q

Which of the following had no natural enemies and viewed warfare as neither necessary nor desireable? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

114
Q

Which of the following occupied mainland Greece? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Mycenaeans

115
Q

Which of the following had a religion that centered on nature worship, especially the cycle of birth, death and regeneration? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

116
Q

The Mycenaeans were later immortalized in what literary work?

A

Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey

117
Q

Which of the following is associated with the snake goddess statue? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

118
Q

Which of the following had a male dominated culture? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Mycenaeans

119
Q

Which of the following placed their temples between mountain peaks? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

120
Q

Which of the following had a warrior culture? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Mycenaeans

121
Q

Which of the following worshiped a patheon of sky gods? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Mycenaeans

122
Q

Which of the following used their vast temples as administrative centers for their far-flung trade empire? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Minoans

123
Q

What is an atrium?

A

The court of a house, roofless and near the entrance. Also, the open court attached to the front of early Christian churches

124
Q

Which of the following valued honor and courage, especially on the battlefield? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Mycenaeans

125
Q

What is a colonnade?

A

A series of spaced columns connected by lintels

126
Q

What is a fresco?

A

A painting on wet plaster into which the colors sink as the plaster dries

127
Q

What is a mural?

A

A painting on a wall

128
Q

The most important Minoan temple is:

A

Knossos Labyrinth

129
Q

It is said that the Knossos Labyrinth temple shook due to a creature imprisoned in the basement. What really caused the shaking?

A

Earthquakes

130
Q

Which of the following earned their living by bartering gold, ivory, textiles and spices for local products? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans

A

The Mycenaeans

131
Q

Which of the following describes the King’s Citadel?

A

A fortress-like palace with a ponderous gate topped by lions

132
Q

A type of metal craftsmanship in which metals are hammered into representational form is called:

A

Toreutics

133
Q

Who was Heinrich Schliemann?

A

The man who discovered what he thought was the palace of Agamemnon at Mycenae

134
Q

Heinrich Schliemann discovered all of the following in the tombs at Mycenae except: Precious jewelry Gold death masks Fertility statues Elaborately decorated weapons

A

Fertility statues

135
Q

True/False: It was difficult to live on mainland Greece because there was little farm land available, a short growing season, and unfavorable weather conditions.

A

True

136
Q

What is the Greek word for “what has to be” or natural law?

A

Ananke

137
Q

What did the Olympian Gods and Goddeses explain and symbolize? Natural forces Complex human drives Human aspirations Human nature All of the above

A

All of the above Natural forces Complex human drives Human aspirations Human nature

138
Q

Which of the following was true of Greek life in the 5th century B.C.? The people had great individual freedom. They had enough wealth and leisure time to allow individuals to develop their capabilities to the fullest. It was a highly competetive society that challenged its people to pursue excellence. All of the above. B and C

A

All of the above

139
Q

Greek religion: was anthropomorphic had a revealer but no sacred book was polytheistic had a sacred book was anthropomorphic and polytheistic

A

Was anthropomorphic and polytheistic

140
Q

Greek religion evolved: a. as a collection of myths b. as a result of the development of agriculture c. as a result of revelations from a divine prophet d. none of the above

A

As a collection of myths

141
Q

True/False: The Greeks did not have priests.

A

True

142
Q

According to the textbook, the Greeks prized all of the following values except: a. Rationalism b. individualism c. justice d. pursuit of excellence e. pragmatism (being practical)

A

Pragmatism (being practical)

143
Q

Who dominated politics in the city of Athens prior to reforms?

A

Four aristocratic family clans

144
Q

What was a tyrant?

A

A king who seized power and established himself as the absolute ruler for as long as he could hold office

145
Q

Which Greek reformer established the first written Greek code of laws?

A

Draco

146
Q

Which Greek reformer dismembered the large estates and distributed the land to the peasants?

A

Pisistratos

147
Q

Which Greek reformer freed all the debt slaved who failed to redeem their land?

A

Solon

148
Q

How was membership in Cleisthenes’ political tribes determined?

A

By your place of residence

149
Q

Which Greek reformer allowed members of the lower classes to serve as jurors?

A

Solon

150
Q

Which Greek reformer established the council of Five Hundred with 50 representatives from each tribe?

A

Cleisthenes

151
Q

Which Greek reformer stipulated that all reforms must stay in place for ten years?

A

Solon

152
Q

Which Greek reformer established an executive branch of government consisting of ten generals and a commander-in-chief?

A

Cleisthenes

153
Q

Which Greek reformer encouraged trade and commerce by adopting a much lighter coinage?

A

Solon

154
Q

Which Greek reformer imported skilled artisans, particularly potters, since pottery manufacture was a major industry and prime export?

A

Solon

155
Q

Which Greek reformer imported Simonides and Anacreaon, two of the finest Hellenic poet-musicians of the time?

A

Pisistratos

156
Q

Which Greek reformer established the administrative Council of Four Hundred?

A

Solon

157
Q

Which Greek reformer initiated public works projects to increase employment?

A

Pisistratos

158
Q

Which Greek reformer divided the city into demes which formed the basis of a new political structure?

A

Cleisthenes

159
Q

There were two famous invasions by the Persians. Were they successful in defeating the Greeks?

A

They were not successful in either invasion.

160
Q

When did Aristotle consider a building to be real?

A

After it had been built.

161
Q

The idea that all things have an inner goal or destiny to fulfill (e.g., seeds become plants, clay becomes a brick, etc.) is called:

A

Enteleche

162
Q

According to Plato, when was a building most real?

A

When it was merely an idea

163
Q

Which of the following believed that abstract Ideas or Forms could not be separated from the matter or substance by which it is known?

A

Aristotle

164
Q

Which of the following philosopher’s ideas require the separation of the body from the soul?

A

Plato

165
Q

Which of the following believed that God was the only instance of pure Form separated from matter?

A

Aristotle

166
Q

Whose philosophy was adopted by Christian theology?

A

Plato

167
Q

Which of the following believed that sense apparent objects were not real?

A

Plato

168
Q

Which of the following philosophers believed that the union of substance and form was necessary to constitute reality?

A

Aristotle

169
Q

Which of the following described objects we see in the world as distorted or impure shadows of their Forms?

A

Plato

170
Q

Who was the Greek goddess of love and physical beauty?

A

Aphrodite

171
Q

What was the name of the lame blacksmith god who made armor for heros and forged the thunderbolts of Zeus?

A

Hephaistos

172
Q

Who was the sun god, archer, musician, god of truth, light, and healing?

A

Apollo

173
Q

Which Greek god is associated with wild, Bacchic rejoicing?

A

Dionysus

174
Q

Which is the Greek god of war?

A

Ares

175
Q

Who was the Greek god of the underworld?

A

Hades

176
Q

Which of the following represented the pangs of conscience, relentlessly hounding wrongdoers?

A

The Erinyes

177
Q

Who was the sister of Apollo and the goddess of the moon and the hunt?

A

Artemis

178
Q

What was the name of the god of commerce, traders, travelers and thieves, and the messenger and general handyman of Zeus?

A

Hermes

179
Q

Which of the following represented the spirit of the learning arts?

A

The Nine Muses

180
Q

Who was the Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, arts and crafts?

A

Athena

181
Q

The goddess of youth and the cup bearer to the gods was:

A

Hebe

182
Q

The goddess of agriculture was:

A

Demeter

183
Q

What is the name for the legendary half man half bull creature that was the result of the Queen’s impregnation by a bull?

A

Minotaur

184
Q

Which Greek god is the spirit of love (with darts)?

A

Eros

185
Q

Who was the long suffering wife of Zeus and the goddess of marriage and domestic stability?

A

Hera

186
Q

Which of the following allotted to each person his/her destiny?

A

The Three Fates

187
Q

The goddess of hearth and home was:

A

Hestia

188
Q

The name of the avenging goddess who represented the principle of retribution was:

A

Nemesis

189
Q

Who is the Greek god of the sea and the earthshaker?

A

Poseidon

190
Q

The god of the marriage festival was:

A

Hyman

191
Q

Which Greek god is the leader, the god of the thunderbolt, the representative of the power principle, and a womanizer?

A

Zeus

192
Q

The goddess of the rainbow was:

A

Iris

193
Q

Why did Kronos swallow his children?

A

Because he heard there was a prophesy that one of them would overthrow him

194
Q

Which of the following Greek gods represented the heavens and the earth?

A

Ouranos and Gaea

195
Q

Which Greek god is the woodland god with goat-like horns and hoofs who plays the pipes?

A

Pan

196
Q

Which of the following embodies the principle of the happy life?

A

The Three Graces

Humanities (5 decks)

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