Exam 1 Flashcards
What does “Paleolithic Era” mean?
Old stone age
What does “Neolithic Era” mean?
New stone age
When did the Paleolithic era begin?
40,000 BC
When did the Mesolithic Era being?
10,000 BC
When did the Neolithic Era begin?
8,000 BC
All of the following innovations occurred around 8,000 BC EXCEPT: a. permanent houses b. organized communities c. the buying and selling of crops d. mathematics e. invention of writing f. cave paintings g. calendar fashioning
Cave paintings
During what era was art invented?
Paleolithic Era
What did the Venus of Willendorf symbolize?
Fertility
Where is the most Paleolithic art found?
In caves in Spain and Southern France
Why is it difficult to study the history of humankind?
Because it is hard for archeologists and anthropologists to determine why the artifacts were made
Where is Mesopotamia located?
In the Middle East between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
What does “Mesopotamia” mean?
The land between the two rivers
What discovery led to many new innovations around 8,000 BC?
The development of agriculture
What did the term culture originally mean?
Cultivating the soil
“Socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, institutions, arts, and other human creations” is the modern definition of:
Culture
What is cuneiform?
One of the earliest forms of writing
Where are the roots of Western civilization found?
The Middle East
In which of the following religions did believers associate storms and other natural disasters with the gods?
Mesopotamian polytheistic religion
Which of the following religions emphasized survival in a hostile world?
Mesopotamian polytheistic religion
Which of the following would describe the character of the Sumerian gods? a. Frivolous b. Selfish c. Quarrelsome d. All of the above e. None of the above
All of the above Frivolous, Selfish, and Quarrelsome
What was the overriding concern of Sumerian believers?
Determining the will of the gods and keeping them hapy
In which of the following religions did believers try to keep the gods happy through prayers, incantations, and magic?
Mesopotamian polytheistic religion
True/False: In the polytheistic religion of the Sumerians, there was no belief in an afterlife.
True
The first systematic polytheistic religion was created by the
Sumerians
What is a ziggurat?
A massive artificial hill made of sun-dried mud bricks
Why did the ancient Sumerians build ziggurats?
They allowed worshippers to get closer to the gods
What did the bearded bull symbolize in ancient Mesopotamian culture?
Royal power
Which of the following was a symbol of make sexuality and fertility in ancient art? a. the bull b. the horse c. the ram d. the goat e. the tiger
The goat
What is the Standard of Ur about?
War and peace
What is the most significant Sumerian literary work?
The Epic of Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh explores:
The meaning of life and death
A battle between the haves and have-nots led to a takeover of the Sumerians by the:
Akkadians
The concept of a divine monarch supported by armed forces was introduced by the:
Akkadians
The ruler who united the Sumerians against the Akkadians was:
Gudea of Lagesh
The first notable military ruler in history was:
Sargon the Great
How are rulers depicted in statues dating to the Neo-Sumerian period?
As serene, devout, and wise
What biblical event allegedly occurred during the Neo-Sumerian period?
Abraham led the Hebrews from the Sumerian city of Ur toward an eventual occupation of the Land of Canaan, later called Palestine.
In the Hammurabi Code of Laws, there is no mention of:
Taxation
Which of the following principles of justice was used by Hammurabi’s Code of Laws?
Retaliation in kind (“an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth”)
Hammurabi compiled his Code of Laws during the:
Old Babylonian Period
What purpose did Assyrian art and architecture serve? a. To glorify the monarch as mighty hunter and implacable warrior b. To intimidate any foes foolish enough to resist the Assyrian army c. To ward off evil spirits d. All of the above e. A and C only
All of the above
What standard policy was used by Assurnasirpal II to guarantee fear of him and his army?
His soldiers rounded up the surviving inhabitants of an enemy town, cut off their hands and feet, and let them bleed to death
Which of the following rulers is known for his policy of controlling dissent by removing entire populations from their homes and scattering them throughout the empire? a. Assurnasirpal II b. Nedachudnezzar c. Gudea of Lagesh d. Sargon II e. Saoshyans
Sargon II
Who was the vigorous and brilliant commander who drive the Egyptians from Palestine, conquered Jerusalem in 586 BC, and exiled many Jews to Babylon?
Nebuchadnezzar
What did the Persians allow subjugated people to do? a. Retain their own customs b. Retain their own laws c. Retain their own religions d. All of the above e. None of the above
Retain their own customs, laws, and religions
Who built an elaborate network of imperial roads that formed the best highway system prior to Roman roads?
The Persians
Where did the Persians adapt their art from?
Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Palestine, and Lydia
Who was the Principle of Truth, Holy Spirit, and Creating Word in the Zoroastrian religion?
Ahura Mazda
Who was the Evil One in the Zoroastrian religion?
Ahriman
Who was the savior in the Zoroastrian religion?
Saoshyans
In which of the following religions would an evil person go to Hell and suffer for eternity? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above
None of the above
Which of the following religions has the House of the Lie and the House of Songs? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above
Zoroastrianism
Which of the following religions had an ethical component where worshipers were concerned with being good people seeking the truth? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above
Zoroastrianism
Which of the following religions had no temples, priests, or rituals? a. Zoroastrianism b. Mesopotamian polytheistic religion c. All of the above d. None of the above
Zoroastrianism
The part of theology that deals with “last things” including death, judgment, heaven and hell, is called:
Eschatology
The Great Palace of Darius and Xerxes of Persepolis shows the influences of Assyrian architecture. But how does it differ from the Assyrians?
There are no images showing the slaughtering of enemies or helpless animals
Why did the Egyptians have an easier life than the Mesopotamians? a. They had few natural disasters b. They had two crops per year c. They had natural defenses against invaders d. All of the above e. A and C only
They had few natural disasters They had two crops per year They had natural defenses against invaders
A form of government in which divine authority is paramount or in which religious leaders play the leading role is called:
Theocracy
Which of the following is true? a. The Egyptians did not believe in an afterlife b. The Egyptians believed that the pharaoh would live on in the afterlife but not ordinary citizens c. The Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a continuation of the good life on earth d. The Egyptians believed that the afterlife would be harsh in order to “perfect the soul”
The Egyptians believed that the afterlife was a continuation of the good life on earth
Who did the Egyptians believe was responsible for the safety and prosperity of the people?
The pharaoh
The Egyptian term maat denoted:
The moral order of the world: 1. Order 2. Truth 3. Justice 4. Righteousness
What did proper ethical conduct prepare Egyptian citizens for?
Continuation of the good life beyond the grave
What is the Egyptian word meaning “the indestructible vital principle of each person?”
Ka
How did the Egyptians’ religion differ from that of the Mesopotamians’ polytheistic religion? a. The Egyptians were concerned with social equality b. There was a strong element of monotheism in the Egyptian religion c. The Egyptians were concerned with ethics d. The Egyptians believed in the afterlife e. All of the above
All of the above: a. The Egyptians were concerned with social equality b. There was a strong element of monotheism in the Egyptian religion c. The Egyptians were concerned with ethics d. The Egyptians believed in the afterlife
What was the name of the Egyptian sun god?
Amon Re
Who was the god of the Nile?
Osiris
What is the moral of the Osiris legend?
Good will triumph over evil and there is life after death
Which of the following is represented by a falcon head in Egyptian art? Osiris Isis Amon Re Horus Set
Horus
Who was the god of the underworld?
Osiris
Which of the following avenged his father’s death by killing Set? Amon Re Horus Osiris Isis Thurmose II
Horus
Sacred Egyptian carvings that combine pictographs and sound signs are called:
Hieroglyphs
Who united upper and lower Egypt?
King Narmer
What is this artwork about?
The joining of upper and lower Egypt
What are the basic conventions of Egyptian art?
The face and legs are in profile. The eyes and torso are shown as viewed from the front
What is the sphinx?
A statue with the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh
During what period were the pyramids built?
Old Kingdom
Why did the Egyptians stop building the pyramids?
Because they were robbed by grave robbers. They thought the size would intimidate people and prevent grave robbery.
Why are Egyptian statues shows as immobile?
They symbolize the immutable laws that govern people and nature
How is the rigidity of Egyptian statues heightened?
By leaving as much stone intact as possible
Why is the queen clasping her husband’s waist in Mycerinus and his Queen?
To symbolize the transfer of power to the pharaoh
Are ordinary people depicted in Egyptian art in the same way as the pharaohs are?
No. Ordinary people are portrayed more realistically.
All of the following occurred during the First Intermediate period except: a. Civil unrest b. Major changes in the religion c. Invasion by desert barbarians d. Political instability
Major changes in the religion
Which of the following weakened the central authority in the period prior to the Middle Kingdom? a. Expanding bureaucracy b. Growing power of the priests c. Rebellious local officials d. All of the above e. A and B
All of the above a. Expanding bureaucracy b. Growing power of the priests c. Rebellious local officials
What is the political climate like in the Twelfth Dynasty?
They had considerable local authority and a weaker but stable central government
What is the name of this artwork?
Sarcophagus of Queen Kawyt
Why is the figure seated in the center of this artwork the largest?
Because this figure is the most important
The decorative arts flourished during what period?
Middle kingdom
What do the falcons in this necklace symbolize?
Horus the sky god
What new element did the Hyksos introduce to warfare when they invaded Egypt?
The horse and chariot
All of the following happened during the New Kingdom except: a. The Hyksos invaded Egypt with horses and chariots b. The Egyptians conquered other lands to serve as buffer zones against invaders c. Amenhotep IV changed their religion d. Military might formed the basis for the rule of the pharaoh e. The pyramids were built
The pyramid were built
Why did the Egyptians conquer other lands? a. To create buffers against hostile incursions b. To increase pharonic power and glory c. To provide additional taxes d. All of the above e. None of the above
All of the above a. To create buffers against hostile incursions b. To increase pharonic power and glory c. To provide additional taxes
What is post and lintel construction?
A structural system in which vertical supports or columns support horizontal beams
Where were Egyptian temples usually built?
On the flat banks of the Nile
What did the thickly columned temples symbolize? a. The wealth of the pharaohs b. The power of the gods c. The authority of the priests who served the gods d. All of the above e. A and B
All of the above a. The wealth of the pharaohs b. The power of the gods c. The authority of the priests who served the gods
The first woman to rule Egypt of whom we have any firm record was:
Queen Hatsheput
How did Amenhotep IV solve the problem of religious corruption? a. He drive the priests from their temples b. He confiscated the priests’ property and possessions c. He ordered the names of the traditional gods removed from the land d. He commanded the people to worship a new god called Aten e. All of the above
All of the above a. He drive the priests from their temples b. He confiscated the priests’ property and possessions c. He ordered the names of the traditional gods removed from the land d. He commanded the people to worship a new god called Aten
Why did Amenhotep IV change the religion? a. The priests were becoming too powerful b. The ethical foundation had been reduced to superstition and magic c. The priests were selling magical charms and preying on the fear of the masses d. All of the above e. None of the above
All of the above a. The priests were becoming too powerful b. The ethical foundation had been reduced to superstition and magic c. The priests were selling magical charms and preying on the fear of the masses
Did Akhenaten’s new religion last after he died?
No
Who was Amenhotep IV’s (Akhenaten) son in law?
Tutankhamen
All of the following artworks are examples of the Amarna style except: a. The Golden Coffin of Tutankhamen b. Throne with Tutankhamen and Queen c. Portrait of Court Offician Hesira d. Portrait Head of Queen Nefretete
Portrait of Court Offician Hesira
What do the sun rays in Throne with Tutankhamen and Queen symbolize?
The pharaoh’s connection to the sun god
According to the textbook, which of the following cities would be most open to new ideas and the influence of other cultures? a. Wichita, KS b. Las Vegas, NV c. Corpus Christi, TX d. Omaha, NE e. Montgomery, AL
Corpus Christi, Texas because it is on the water
What advantage(s) did the sea provide to the ancient Greeks? a. A temperate climate b. Security from invasions c. Multiple highways for trade and travel d. All of the above e. B and C
All of the above a. A temperate climate b. Security from invasions c. Multiple highways for trade and travel
All of the following are characteristics of the Cycladic figurines except: a. modern looking b. angular and abstract c. arms folded across the midriff d. nude female figure e. swollen breasts and bellies
Swollen breasts and bellies
Which of the following occupied a group of islands in the Aegean sea to the north of Crete? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Cycladics
All of the following might be depicted in Minoan murals except: nature scenes animals and insects war and hunting scenes agricultural scenes fish and sea life
War and hunting scenes
Which of the following had equal sexes which shared responsibilities in government? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
Which of the following earned their living through agriculture and trade and were regarded as the greatest mediterranean traders before the Greeks and Phoenicians? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
Which of the following occupied the island of Crete? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
Which of the following produced temples with many modern conveniences such as flush toilets, bathtubs and running water? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
What did the snake goddess symbolize?
Regeneration
Which of the following established themselves into small independent kingdoms with each king occupying a strongly fortified but richly decorated palace? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans
Which of the following had no natural enemies and viewed warfare as neither necessary nor desireable? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
Which of the following occupied mainland Greece? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans
Which of the following had a religion that centered on nature worship, especially the cycle of birth, death and regeneration? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
The Mycenaeans were later immortalized in what literary work?
Homer’s Illiad and Odyssey
Which of the following is associated with the snake goddess statue? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
Which of the following had a male dominated culture? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans
Which of the following placed their temples between mountain peaks? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
Which of the following had a warrior culture? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans
Which of the following worshiped a patheon of sky gods? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans
Which of the following used their vast temples as administrative centers for their far-flung trade empire? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Minoans
What is an atrium?
The court of a house, roofless and near the entrance. Also, the open court attached to the front of early Christian churches
Which of the following valued honor and courage, especially on the battlefield? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans
What is a colonnade?
A series of spaced columns connected by lintels
What is a fresco?
A painting on wet plaster into which the colors sink as the plaster dries
What is a mural?
A painting on a wall
The most important Minoan temple is:
Knossos Labyrinth
It is said that the Knossos Labyrinth temple shook due to a creature imprisoned in the basement. What really caused the shaking?
Earthquakes
Which of the following earned their living by bartering gold, ivory, textiles and spices for local products? The Cycladics The Minoans The Mycenaeans
The Mycenaeans
Which of the following describes the King’s Citadel?
A fortress-like palace with a ponderous gate topped by lions
A type of metal craftsmanship in which metals are hammered into representational form is called:
Toreutics
Who was Heinrich Schliemann?
The man who discovered what he thought was the palace of Agamemnon at Mycenae
Heinrich Schliemann discovered all of the following in the tombs at Mycenae except: Precious jewelry Gold death masks Fertility statues Elaborately decorated weapons
Fertility statues
True/False: It was difficult to live on mainland Greece because there was little farm land available, a short growing season, and unfavorable weather conditions.
True
What is the Greek word for “what has to be” or natural law?
Ananke
What did the Olympian Gods and Goddeses explain and symbolize? Natural forces Complex human drives Human aspirations Human nature All of the above
All of the above Natural forces Complex human drives Human aspirations Human nature
Which of the following was true of Greek life in the 5th century B.C.? The people had great individual freedom. They had enough wealth and leisure time to allow individuals to develop their capabilities to the fullest. It was a highly competetive society that challenged its people to pursue excellence. All of the above. B and C
All of the above
Greek religion: was anthropomorphic had a revealer but no sacred book was polytheistic had a sacred book was anthropomorphic and polytheistic
Was anthropomorphic and polytheistic
Greek religion evolved: a. as a collection of myths b. as a result of the development of agriculture c. as a result of revelations from a divine prophet d. none of the above
As a collection of myths
True/False: The Greeks did not have priests.
True
According to the textbook, the Greeks prized all of the following values except: a. Rationalism b. individualism c. justice d. pursuit of excellence e. pragmatism (being practical)
Pragmatism (being practical)
Who dominated politics in the city of Athens prior to reforms?
Four aristocratic family clans
What was a tyrant?
A king who seized power and established himself as the absolute ruler for as long as he could hold office
Which Greek reformer established the first written Greek code of laws?
Draco
Which Greek reformer dismembered the large estates and distributed the land to the peasants?
Pisistratos
Which Greek reformer freed all the debt slaved who failed to redeem their land?
Solon
How was membership in Cleisthenes’ political tribes determined?
By your place of residence
Which Greek reformer allowed members of the lower classes to serve as jurors?
Solon
Which Greek reformer established the council of Five Hundred with 50 representatives from each tribe?
Cleisthenes
Which Greek reformer stipulated that all reforms must stay in place for ten years?
Solon
Which Greek reformer established an executive branch of government consisting of ten generals and a commander-in-chief?
Cleisthenes
Which Greek reformer encouraged trade and commerce by adopting a much lighter coinage?
Solon
Which Greek reformer imported skilled artisans, particularly potters, since pottery manufacture was a major industry and prime export?
Solon
Which Greek reformer imported Simonides and Anacreaon, two of the finest Hellenic poet-musicians of the time?
Pisistratos
Which Greek reformer established the administrative Council of Four Hundred?
Solon
Which Greek reformer initiated public works projects to increase employment?
Pisistratos
Which Greek reformer divided the city into demes which formed the basis of a new political structure?
Cleisthenes
There were two famous invasions by the Persians. Were they successful in defeating the Greeks?
They were not successful in either invasion.
When did Aristotle consider a building to be real?
After it had been built.
The idea that all things have an inner goal or destiny to fulfill (e.g., seeds become plants, clay becomes a brick, etc.) is called:
Enteleche
According to Plato, when was a building most real?
When it was merely an idea
Which of the following believed that abstract Ideas or Forms could not be separated from the matter or substance by which it is known?
Aristotle
Which of the following philosopher’s ideas require the separation of the body from the soul?
Plato
Which of the following believed that God was the only instance of pure Form separated from matter?
Aristotle
Whose philosophy was adopted by Christian theology?
Plato
Which of the following believed that sense apparent objects were not real?
Plato
Which of the following philosophers believed that the union of substance and form was necessary to constitute reality?
Aristotle
Which of the following described objects we see in the world as distorted or impure shadows of their Forms?
Plato
Who was the Greek goddess of love and physical beauty?
Aphrodite
What was the name of the lame blacksmith god who made armor for heros and forged the thunderbolts of Zeus?
Hephaistos
Who was the sun god, archer, musician, god of truth, light, and healing?
Apollo
Which Greek god is associated with wild, Bacchic rejoicing?
Dionysus
Which is the Greek god of war?
Ares
Who was the Greek god of the underworld?
Hades
Which of the following represented the pangs of conscience, relentlessly hounding wrongdoers?
The Erinyes
Who was the sister of Apollo and the goddess of the moon and the hunt?
Artemis
What was the name of the god of commerce, traders, travelers and thieves, and the messenger and general handyman of Zeus?
Hermes
Which of the following represented the spirit of the learning arts?
The Nine Muses
Who was the Greek goddess of wisdom, warfare, arts and crafts?
Athena
The goddess of youth and the cup bearer to the gods was:
Hebe
The goddess of agriculture was:
Demeter
What is the name for the legendary half man half bull creature that was the result of the Queen’s impregnation by a bull?
Minotaur
Which Greek god is the spirit of love (with darts)?
Eros
Who was the long suffering wife of Zeus and the goddess of marriage and domestic stability?
Hera
Which of the following allotted to each person his/her destiny?
The Three Fates
The goddess of hearth and home was:
Hestia
The name of the avenging goddess who represented the principle of retribution was:
Nemesis
Who is the Greek god of the sea and the earthshaker?
Poseidon
The god of the marriage festival was:
Hyman
Which Greek god is the leader, the god of the thunderbolt, the representative of the power principle, and a womanizer?
Zeus
The goddess of the rainbow was:
Iris
Why did Kronos swallow his children?
Because he heard there was a prophesy that one of them would overthrow him
Which of the following Greek gods represented the heavens and the earth?
Ouranos and Gaea
Which Greek god is the woodland god with goat-like horns and hoofs who plays the pipes?
Pan
Which of the following embodies the principle of the happy life?
The Three Graces
