Exam 2 Flashcards
anhedonia
the inability to experience or even imagine any pleasant emotion
anosognosia
a symptom of some mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, in which the individual is manifesting overt symptoms of illness but is unaware of the presence of symptoms/unaware that there is anything wrong
catatonia
a type of psychological disturbance that is typified by stupor or excitement. Stupor is characterized by extreme psychomotor retardation, mutism, negativism, and posturing; excitement, by psychomotor agitation, in which the movements are frenzied and purposeless. Catatonic symptoms may be associated with other mental or physical disorders.
circumstantiality
In speaking, the delay of an individual to reach the point of a communication, owing to unnecessary and tedious details.
clang association
a pattern of speech in which the choice of words is governed by sounds. Clang associations often take the form of rhyming.
delusions
False personal beliefs not consistent with a person’s intelligence of cultural background. The individual continues to have the belief in spite of obvious proof that it is false and/or irrational
echolalia
The parrot-like repetition, by an individual with loose ego boundaries, or the words spoken by another.
echopraxia
an individual with loose ego boundaries attempting to identify with another person by imitating movements that the other person makes.
extrapyramidal symptoms
a variety of responses that originate outside the pyramidal tracts and in the basal ganglion of the brain. Symptoms may include tremors, chorea, dystonia, akinesia, akathisia, and other. May occur as a side effect of some antipsychotic medications.
gynecomastia
Enlargement of the breasts in men; may be a side effect of some antipsychotic medications.
hallucinations
false sensory perceptions not associated with real external stimuli. Hallucinations may involve any of the five senses.
illusions
a misperception of a real external stimulus
loose associations
a thinking process characterized by speech in which ideas shift from one unrelated topic to another. The individual is unaware that topics are unconnected
magical thinking
a primitive form of thinking in which an individual believes that thinking about a possible occurrence can make it happen
neologism
New words that an individual invents that are meaningless to others but have symbolic meaning to the psychotic person.
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
a rare but potentially fatal complications of treatment with neuroleptic drugs. Symptoms include severe muscle rigidity, high fever, tachycardia, fluctuations in BP, diaphoresis, and rapid deterioration of mental status to stupor and coma.
paranoid delusions (paranoia)
a term that implies extreme suspiciousness. In schizophrenia, paranoia is characterized by persecutory delusions and hallucinations of a threatening nature.
perservation
persistent repetition of the same word or idea in response to different questions
social skills training
educational opportunities through role play for the person with schizophrenia to learn appropriate social interaction skills and functional skills that are relevant to daily living.
tangentiality
the inability to get to the point of a story. The speaker introduces many unrelated topics until the original topic of discussion is lost. Tangentiality can be symptomatic of cognitive disruptions common in schizophrenia.
waxy flexibility
a condition by which the individual with schizophrenia passively yields all movable parts of the body to any efforts made at placing them in certain positions
word salad
a group of words that are put together in a random fashion without any logical connection.
cognitive therapy
a type of therapy in which the individual is taught to control thought distortions that are considered to be a factor in the development and maintenance of emotional disorders.
dysthymia
a depressive neurosis. The symptoms are similar to, it somewhat milder than, those ascribed to major depressive disorder. There is no loss of contact with reality.
melancholia
a severe form of major depressive episode. Symptoms are exaggerated, and interest or pleasure in virtually all activities is lost.
postpartum depression
depression that occurs during the postpartum period. It may be related to hormonal changes, tryptophan metabolism, or alterations in membrane transport during the early postpartum period. Other predisposing factors may also be influential.
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
a disorder that is characterized by depressed mood, anxiety, mood swings, and decreased interest in activities during the week prior to menses and subsiding shortly after the onset of menstruation.
psychomotor retardation
extreme slowdown of physical movements. Posture slumps; speech is slowed; digestion becomes sluggish. Common in severe depression
bipolar disorder
characterized by mood swings from profound depression to extreme euphoria (mania) with intervening periods of normalcy. Psychotic symptoms may or may not be present
cyclothymic disorder
a chronic mood disturbance involving numerous episodes of hypomania and depressed mood of insufficient severity or duration to meet the criteria for bipolar disorder.
delirious mania
a grave form of mania characterized by severe clouding of consciousness and representing an intensification of the symptoms associated with mania. The symptoms of delirious mania have become relatively rare since the availability of antipsychotic medications.
flight of ideas
a symptom common in bipolar manic episodes in which the individual’s thoughts are racing and they rapidly with topics when communicating
hypomania
a mild form of mania. Symptoms are excessive hyperactivity but not severe enough to cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning or to require hospitalization.
acute stress disorder
The DSM-5 diagnostic category describing a trauma-and stressor-related disorder that is short term (from 3 days to 1-month duration) and results in significant distress or impairment in function.
adjustment disorder
a maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psychosocial stressor that occurs within 3 months after onset of the stressor. The individual shows impairment in social and occupational functioning or exhibits symptoms that are in excess of a normal and expectable reaction to the stressor.
post-traumatic stress disorder
a syndrome of symptoms that develops following a psychologically distressing event that is outside the range of usual human experience. The individual is unable to cope with the associated anxiety and has nightmares, flashbacks, and panic attacks.
trauma-informed care
an approach to care that assesses for history of physical, sexual, or psychosocial trauma and provides care with consideration for how trauma history may influence an individuals response to interventions and treatments.
abreaction
“remembering the feeling”; bringing into conscious awareness painful events that have been repressed and reexperiencing the emotions that were associated with the events.
amnesia, generalized
the inability to recall anything that has happened during the individuals entire lifetime
amnesia, localized
the inability to recall all incidents associated with a traumatic event for a specific time period following the event
amnesia, selective
the inability to recall only certain incidents associated with a traumatic event for a specific time period following the event.
anosmia
inability to smell
aphonia
inability to speak
depersonalization
an alteration in the perception or experience of the self so that the feeling of one’s own reality is temporarily lost
derealization
an alteration in the perception of experience of the external world so that it seems strange or unreal
factitious disorder (Munchausen syndrome)
disorders that involve conscious, intentional feigning of physical or psychological symptoms. Individuals with factitious disorder pretend to be ill in order to receive emotional care and support commonly associated with the role of “patient”
fugue
a sudden, unexpected travel away from home or customary work locale with the assumption of a new identity and an inability to recall one’s previous identity; usually occurring in response to severe psychosocial stress.
integration
the process used with individuals with dissociative identity disorder in an effort to bring all the subpersonalities together into one; usually achieved through hypnosis.
primary gain
the receipt of positive reinforcement for somaticizing by being able to avoid difficult situations because of physical complaint
pseudocyesis
a condition in which an individual has nearly all the signs and symptoms of pregnancy but is not pregnant; a conversion reaction
secondary gain
the receipt of positive reinforcement for somaticizing through added attention, sympathy, and nurturing.
somatization
a method of coping with psychosocial stress by developing physical symptoms
tertiary gain
the receipt of positive reinforcement for somaticizing by causing the focus of the family to switch to the individual and away from conflict that may be occurring within the family.
amenorrhea
cessation of the menses; may be a side effect of some antipsychotic medications and may be a symptom in anorexia nervosa
anorexia nervosa
an illness characterized by morbid fear of obesity, distorted body image, preoccupation with food, and refusal to eat
binging
a symptom of some eating disorders, notably binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa in which an individual consumes thousands of calories at one sitting
binge eating disorder
an illness characterized by recurrent episodes of binging on food
bulimia nervosa
an illness characterized by recurrent binge eating followed by compensatory purging behaviors, such as vomiting, laxative use, excessive exercise, medication use, and other, to prevent weight gain
emaciated
the state of being excessively thin or physically wasted
lanugo
fine, neonatal-like hair growth on the body and a symptom sometimes seen in individuals with anorexia nervosa
obesity
the state of having a body mass index of 30 or above
purging
the act of attempting to rid the body of calories by self-induced vomiting or excessive use of laxatives or diuretics.
antisocial personality disorder
a pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior, evident in the tendency to fail to conform to the law, develop stable relationships, or sustain consistent employment; exploitation and manipulation of others for personal gain is common
avoidant personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal rooted in extreme fear of rejection and feelings of inadequacy
borderline personality disorder
a disorder characterized by a pattern of intense and chaotic relationships with affective instability; fluctuating and extreme attitudes regarding other people; impulsivity; direct and indirect self-destructive behavior; and lack of a clear or certain sense of identity, life plan, or values.
dependent personality disorder
a personality disorder characterized by pervasive, excessive dependency needs, submissiveness, and exaggerated fears of inability to care for oneself.
histrionic personality disorder
a type of personality disorder characterized by excessively emotional and attention-seeking behavior, often presented in a very colorful and dramatic fashion
narcissistic personality disorder
a disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-worth. these individuals lack empathy and are hypersensitive to the evaluation of others
object constancy
the phase in the separation/individuation process when the child learns to relate to objects in an effective, constant manner. A sense of separateness is established, and the child is able to internalize a sustained image of the loved object or person when out of sight.
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
a type of personality disorder in which the individual has an intense fear of making mistakes, which manifests in inflexible and perfectionistic behavior. It is differentiated from obsessive-compulsive disorder in that there is no evidence of the obsessive-compulsive rituals in the individual with this personality disorder.
paranoid personality disorder
a type of personality disorder in which the individual intensely mistrusts others and assumes that they have malevolent intentions toward them.
schizoid personality disorder
a type of personality disorder characterized by extreme detachment from personal relationships and restricted expression of emotions
schizotypal personality disorder
a disorder characterized by odd and eccentric behavior, not decompensating to the feel of schizophrenia.
splitting
a primitive ego defense mechanism in which the person is unable to integrate and accept both positive and negative feelings. In the view of theses individuals, people–including themselves–and life situations are either all good or all bad. This trait is common in borderline personality disorder
deployment
a term used in the military to describe movement of troops into an active-duty environment
traumatic brain injury
injury to the brain that is the result of head trauma
veterans
individuals who have served in the military
