Exam 2 Flashcards
2007
- The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are derived biosynthetically from:
- histidine.
- isoleucine.
- tryptophan.
- tyrosine
- arginine
tyrosine
2007
- Which of the following statements correctly describes the pathway by which purine nucleotides are synthesized?
- The nitrogen in the purine base that is bonded to ribose in the nucleotide is derived originally from glycine.
- Purine deoxynucleotides are made by the same path as ribonucleotides, followed by reduction of the ribose moiety.
- The pathway occurs only in plants and bacteria, not in animals.
- The purine rings are first synthesized, then condensed with ribose phosphate.
- The first enzyme in the path is aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase).
Purine deoxynucleotides are made by the same path as ribonucleotides, followed by reduction of the ribose moiety.
2007
- Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase?
- Its mechanism involves formation of a free radical.
- There is a separate enzyme for each nucleotide (ADP, CDP, GDP, UDP).
- Thioredoxin acts as an essential electron carrier.
- Glutathione is part of the path of electron transfer.
- It acts on nucleoside diphosphates.
There is a separate enzyme for each nucleotide (ADP, CDP, GDP, UDP).
2007
- The most direct precursors of the nitrogens of UMP are:
- glutamate and carbamoyl phosphate.
- aspartate and bicarbonate.
- glutamate and aspartate.
- glutamine and aspartate.
- glutamine and carbamoyl phosphate.
glutamine and aspartate
2007
- Which one of the following statements is true?
- Muscle cannot use fatty acids as an energy source.
- The brain prefers glucose as an energy source, but can use ketone bodies.
- In a well-fed human, about equal amounts of energy are stored as glycogen and as triacylglycerol.
- Fatty acids cannot be used as an energy source in humans because humans lack the enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle.
- Amino acids are a preferable energy source over fatty acids.
The brain prefers glucose as an energy source, but can use ketone bodies.
2007
- A cell that is unable to synthesize or obtain tetrahydrofolic acid (H4 folate) would probably be deficient in the biosynthesis of:
- CMP.
- UMP.
- orotate.
- thymidylate (TMP)
- all of the above
- thymidylate (TMP)
2007
- Elevated epinephrine levels do not normally stimulate:
- glycogen breakdown in muscle.
- fatty acid mobilization in adipose tissue.
- glycogen synthesis in liver.
- glycolysis in muscle.
- gluconeogenesis in liver.
glycogen synthesis in liver.
2007
- One amino acid directly involved in the purine biosynthetic pathway is:
- alanine.
- leucine.
- aspartate.
- tryptophan
- glutamate.
aspartate.
2007
- Epinephrine triggers an increased rate of glycolysis in muscle by:
- the Pasteur effect.
- inhibition of the Corr Cycle
- conversion of glycogen phosphorylase a to glycogen phosphorylase b.
- activation of phosphofructokinase-1.
- activation of hexokinase.
activation of phosphofructokinase-1.
2007
- Glucose labeled with 14C in C-3 and C-4 is completely converted to acetyl-CoA via glycolysis and the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. What percentage of the acetyl-CoA molecules formed will be labeled with 14C, and in which position of the acetyl moiety will the 14C label be found?
- 100% of the acetyl-CoA will be labeled at C-2.
- 50°% of the acetyl-CoA will be labeled, all at C-2 (methyl).
- No label will be found in the acetyl-CoA molecules.
- 100% of the acetyl-CoA will be labeled at C-1 (carboxyl).
- Not enough information is given to answer this question.
No label will be found in the acetyl-CoA molecules.
2007
- Which one of the following reactions, cycles, or pathways is not found in plant systems?
- The rubisco reaction
- The urea cycle
- The Calvin cycle
- The gluconeogenesis pathway
- The glyoxalate cycle
The urea cycle
2007
- Which of the following is not true of the citric acid cycle?
- In the presence of malonate, one would expect succinate to accumulate.
- Oxaloacetate is used as a substrate but is not consumed in the cycle.
- Succinate dehydrogenase channels electrons directly into the electron transfer chain.
- The condensing enzyme is subject to allosteric regulation by ATP and NADH.
- All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
All enzymes of the cycle are located in the cytoplasm, except succinate dehydrogenase, which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2007
- The coenzyme involved in a transaminase reaction is:
- pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
- thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
- nicotinarnide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
- biotin phosphate.
- lipoic acid.
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
2007
- Acetyl-CoA labeled with 14C in both of its acetate carbon atoms is incubated with unlabeled oxaloacetate and a crude tissue preparation capable of carrying out the reactions of the citric acid cycle. After one turn of the cycle, oxaloacetate would have 14C in:
- the keto carbon and one of the carboxyl carbons.
- none of its carbon atoms.
- no pattern that is predictable from the information provided.
- the two carboxyl carbons.
- all four carbon atoms.
all four carbon atoms.
2007
- Which of the following is not true of the reaction catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase?
- The enzyme can use either NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor.
- NH4+ is produced.
- The enzyme is specific for glutamate, but the reaction is also involved in the oxidation of the other 19 amino acids.
- The reaction is similar to transamination in that it involves the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
- α-Ketoglutarate is produced from an amino acid.
The reaction is similar to transamination in that it involves the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)
2007
- The two moles of CO2 produced in the first turn of the citric acid cycle have their origin in the:
- carboxyl group of acetate and the keto group of oxaloacetate.
- carboxyl and methylene carbons of oxaloacetate
- carboxyl group of acetate and a carboxyl group of oxaloacetate.
- two carboxyl groups derived from oxaloacetate.
- two carbon atoms of acetate.
two carboxyl groups derived from oxaloacetate.
2007
- Which of these directly donates a nitrogen atom for the formation of urea during the urea cycle?
- adenine
- creatine
- glutamate
- ornithine
- aspartate
aspartate
2007
- Which of the following answers completes the sentence correctly? The rate of flow of electrons through the electron transport chain is most directly regulated by
- the rate of oxidative phosphorylation. D. the ATP:ADP ratio.
- the catalytic rate of cytochrome oxidase. E. the concentration of acetyl CoA.
- feedback inhibition by H2O.
- the ATP:ADP ratio.
- the concentration of acetyl CoA.
the ATP:ADP ratio.
2007
- The human genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU) can result from:
- inability to catabolize ketone bodies.
- inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
- production of enzymes containing no phenylalanine.
- deficiency of protein in the diet.
- inability to synthesize phenylalanine.
inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
2007
- The inner mitochondrial membrane contains translocases—that is, specific transport proteins—for which pairs of substances?
- MP and ADP
- Citrate and pyruvate
- Oxaloacetate and aspartate
- NAD+ and NADH
- Glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate
2007
- In photophosphorylation, absorption of light energy in chloroplast “light reactions” leads to:
- absorption of CO2 and release of O2.
- use of iron-sulfur proteins.
- synthesis of ATP and oxidation of NADPH.
- hydrolysis of ATP and reduction of NADP+.
- absorption of O2 and release of CO2
absorption of CO2 and release of O2
2007
- Which of the following experimental observations does not provide evidence supporting the chemiosmotic model of oxidative phosphorylation?
- A system of bacteriorhodopsin and ATPase can produce ATP in synthetic vesicles when light causes proton pumping.
- A proton gradient is generated across the inner membrane of mitochondria during electron transport.
- Submitochondrial particles show a symmetric distribution of the respiratory chain components and ATP synthase across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
- ATP is synthesized when a proton gradient is imposed on mitochondria.
- A closed membrane or vesicle compartment is required for oxidative phosphorylation.
Submitochondrial particles show a symmetric distribution of the respiratory chain components and ATP synthase across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2007
- In the photolytic cleavage of water by the oxygen-evolving complex [2H2O → 4 H+ + 4e- + O2], how many photons of light are required?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 1
D. 2
E. 6
B. 8
2007
- If electron transfer in tightly coupled mitochondria is blocked (with antimycin A) between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1, then:
- energy diverted from the cytochromes will be used to make ATP, and the P/O ratio will rise.
- electron transfer from succinate to 0 2 will continue unabated.
- electron transfer from NADH will cease, but Oz uptake will continue.
- all ATP synthesis will stop.
- ATP synthesis will continue, but the P/O ratio will drop to one.
all ATP synthesis will stop.
2007
- Cyclic electron flow in chloroplasts produces:
- NADPH, but not ATP or Hz
- O2, but not ATP or NADPH.
- ATP and O2, but not NADPH.
- NADPH, and ATP, but not O2
- ATP, but not NADPH or O2
ATP, but not NADPH or O2
2007
- 2,4-Dinitrophenol and oligomycin inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. 2,4-Dinitrophenol is an uncoupling agent; oligomycin blocks the ATP synthesis reaction itself. Therefore, 2,4-dinitropheno1will:
- allow electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.
- do none of the above.
- diminish Oi consumption in the presence of oligomycin
- allow oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of oligomycin.
- block electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.
allow electron transfer in the presence of oligomycin.
2007
- In the carbon assimilation (“dark”) reactions of photosynthesis, the biosynthesis of l mol of hexose from 6 mol of carbon dioxide requires:
- no NADPH and 12 mol of ATP.
- 18 mol of NADPH and 18 mol of ATP.
- 18 mol of NADPH and 12 mol of ATP.
- 12 mol of NADPH and 18 mol of ATP.
- 12 mol of NADPH and 12 mol of ATP.
12 mol of NADPH and 18 mol of ATP.
2007
- In what order do the following five steps occur in the photochemical reaction centers?
- Excitation of the chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center
- Replacement of the electron in the reaction center chlorophyll
- Light excitation of antenna chlorophyll molecule
- Passage of excited electron to electron-transfer chain
- Exiton transfer to neighboring chlorophyll
A. 3-5-1-4-2
B. 4-2-3-5-1
C. 1-2-3-4-5
D. 3-2-5-4-1
E. 5-4-3-2-1
A. 3-5-1-4-2
2007
- Which of these chloroplast enzymes is not regulated by light?
- Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphatase
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
- Glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Ribulose 5-phosphate kinase
- All of the above are regulated by light.
All of the above are regulated by light.
2010
Neutral triglycerides are biosynthesized starting with the reaction of
- A. glycerol and fatty acids
- B. glycerol and fatty acyl CoA
- C. dihydroxyacetone phosphate and fatty acyl CoA
- D. L-glycerol-3-phosphate and fatty acyl CoA
- E. glycerol and acetyl CoA
L-glycerol-3-phosphate and fatty acyl CoA
2010
Ketone bodies are formed in the liver and transported to the extrahepatic tissues mainly as:
- A. acetoacetyl-CoA.
- B. acetone.
- C. beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
- D. beta-hydroxybutyryl-CoA.
- E. lactic acid.
C. beta-hydroxybutyric acid.
2010
A sample of malonyl-CoA synthesized from radioactive (14C-labeled) HCO-3 and unlabeled acetyl-CoA is used in fatty acid synthesis. In which carbon(s) will the final fatty acid be labeled? (Recall that the carboxyl carbon is C-1.)
- A. Every carbon
- B. Every odd-numbered carbon
- C. Every even-numbered carbon
- D. Only the carbon farthest from C-1
- E. No part of the molecule will be labeled.
E. No part of the molecule will be labeled.
2010
The synthesis of palmitate requires:
- A. 8 acetyl-CoA
- B. 14 NADH
- C. 7 ATP
- D. A and C
- E. A, B, and C
D. A and C
2010
How are fatty oxidation and synthesis controlled so that futile cycling does not occur?
- A. They occur in different cellular compartments.
- B. They employ different electron carriers.
- C. The product of the first oxidation reaction inhibits the rate-limiting step of biosynthesis.
- D. A and B
- E. A, B, and C
D. A and B
2010
Which of the following correctly describes the citric acid cycle?
- A. Oxygen is required to regenerate electron acceptors.
- B. Citrate is dehydrated and hydrated by the same enzyme, aconitase.
- C. Ten high-energy phosphate bonds are eventually formed as a result of one round of the cycle.
- D. Succinate dehydrogenase links the citric acid cycle to oxidative phosphorylation.
- E. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
You have discovered a compound that inhibits fumarase. How many moles of ATP would you expect to be generated from one mole of acetyl-CoA in the presence of this inhibitor? (P/O for NADH 2.5, for FADH2 1.5)
- A. 5
- B. 6
- C. 6.5
- D. 7.5
- E. No ATP would form under these conditions
D. 7.5
2010
Which of the following metabolites when converted to its normal product does not lead to oxidative phosphorylation?
- A. fumaric acid
- B. isocitric acid
- C. Į-ketoglutaric acid
- D. succinic acid
- E. none of the above
A. fumaric acid
2010
The proton-motive force generated by the electron transfer chain:
- A. includes a pH-gradient component.
- B. includes an electrical-potential-gradient component.
- C. is used for active transport processes.
- D. is used to synthesize ATP.
- E. has all of the above characteristics.
E. has all of the above characteristics.
2010
If electron transfer in tightly coupled mitochondria is blocked (with antimycin A) between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1, then:
- A. all ATP synthesis will stop.
- B. ATP synthesis will continue, but the P/O ratio will drop to one.
- C. electron transfer from NADH will cease, but O2 uptake will continue.
- D. electron transfer from succinate to O2 will continue unabated.
- E. energy diverted from the cytochromes will be used to make ATP, and the P/O ratio will rise.
A. all ATP synthesis will stop.
2010
In normal mitochondria, the rate of NADH consumption (oxidation) will:
- A. be increased in active muscle, decreased in inactive muscle.
- B. be very low if the ATP synthase is inhibited, but increase when an uncoupler is added.
- C. decrease if mitochondrial ADP is depleted.
- D. decrease when cyanide is used to prevent electron transfer through the cytochrome a + a3 complex.
- E. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
2010
The relative concentrations of ATP and ADP control the cellular rates of:
- A. glycolysis.
- B. oxidative phosphorylation.
- C. pyruvate oxidation.
- D. the citric acid cycle.
- E. all of the above.
E. all of the above.
2010
When the ‘G’° of the ATP synthesis reaction is measured on the surface of the ATP synthase enzyme, it is found to be close to zero. This is thought to be due to:
- A. a very low energy of activation.
- B. enzyme-induced oxygen exchange.
- C. stabilization of ADP relative to ATP by enzyme binding.
- D. stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding.
- E. none of the above.
D. stabilization of ATP relative to ADP by enzyme binding.
2010
Of all the components of the “Z scheme,” which has the lowest E’° (i.e., is the best reducing agent)?
- A. P700
- B. P700*
- C. O2
- D. H2O
- E. NADPH
B. P700*
2010
Which of the following statements about cyclic photophosphorylation and noncyclic photophosphorylation is correct?
- A. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves only photosystem II and produces only ATP; noncyclic photophos phorylation involves photosystems I and II and produces only ATP.
- B. Both pathways liberate oxygen.
- C. Both pathways involve photosystems I and II.
- D. Cyclic photophosphorylation reduces NADP+ and liberates oxygen; noncyclic photophosphorylation reduces NADP+ but does not liberate oxygen.
- E. Noncyclic photophosphorylation reduces NADP+ and liberates oxygen; cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP but does not liberate oxygen.
E. Noncyclic photophosphorylation reduces NADP+ and liberates oxygen; cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP but does not liberate oxygen.
2010
Which equation correctly summarizes the carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis?
- A. 6H2O + 6CO2 → 6O2 + C6H12O6
- B. 6CO2 + 12NADPH + 18ATP + 12H+ → 12NADP+ + 18ADP + 18Pi + C6H12O6
- C. 6H2O + 6ADP + 6Pi + 6NADP → 6O2 + 6ATP + NADPH + 6H+
- D. 2H2O → O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
- E. 2C3O3H5 + CO2 → 2C3O3H3 + H2O + CH2O
B. 6CO2 + 12NADPH + 18ATP + 12H+ → 12NADP+ + 18ADP + 18Pi + C6H12O6
2010
- Ribulose 1,5 -bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase is arguably the most important enzyme on earth because nearly all life is dependent, ultimately, on its action. The reactions catalyzed by this enzyme are influenced by:
- A. pH.
- B. substrate concentration.
- C. Mg2+ concentration.
- D. temperature.
- E. all of the above
E. all of the above
2010
Under hot, dry conditions, temperate grass species (C3 grasses) are outcompeted by other grasses, notably crab-grass (C4 plants). Why?
- A. C4 plants do not use as much ATP to fix CO2 to hexose as do C3 plants.
- B. C4 plants use CO2 more efficiently under hot conditions because they increase [CO2] in bundle-sheath cells.
- C. The Km of the oxygenase reaction of rubisco is higher in C3 plants.
- D. C4 plants are able to bypass the Calvin cycle and so save energy.
- E. All of the above are true.
B. C4 plants use CO2 more efficiently under hot conditions because they increase [CO2] in bundle-sheath cells
2010
Which of the following a characteristic of many aminotransferase reactions?
- A. They have a large, negative ΔG’°
- B. The amino group is transferred to an α-keto acid (such as α-ketoglutarate) to form the corresponding amino acid.
- C. The amino group is transferred from an ammonia molecule.
- D. They are catalyzed by the same enzyme.
- E. They require the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine.
B. The amino group is transferred to an Į-keto acid (such as Į-ketoglutarate) to form the corresponding amino acid.
2010
The citric acid cycle and the urea cycle overlap to form what has sometimes been called the “Krebs bicycle.” Which of the following statements is relevant to the interactions between these two metabolic cycles?
- A. Oxaloacetate is converted to aspartate.
- B. Aspartate combines with citrulline to produce argininosuccinate in the cytosol.
- C. Argininosuccinate is cleaved to fumarate and arginine.
- D. Fumarate is a citric acid cycle intermediate.
- E. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
2010
Early in its life, a tadpole lives in an aqueous environment and excretes much of its excess nitrogen as ammonia. Once it matures into an adult, the frog spends more time on dry land and becomes ureotelic. Which of the following enzyme activities would be most likely to increase drastically in the adult frog?
- A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
- B. Glutamine synthetase
- C. Glutaminase
- D. α-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- E. Carboxypeptidase
A. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
2010
Which cofactor involved in amino acid degradation is correctly matched to the one-carbon group it transfers?
- A. Biotin: CHO
- B. Tetrahydrofolate: CHOH
- C. S-adenosylmethionine: CH2OH
- D. Pyridoxal phosphate: CH3
- E. Pepsinogen: CO2
B. Tetrahydrofolate: CHOH
2010
Which cofactor is essential to all transamination reactions?
- A. PRPP
- B. CoA
- C. ATP
- D. PLP
- E. adoMet (S-adenosylmethionine)
D. PLP
2010
What does the term “essential” mean in the terms of amino acids in the human diet?
- A. Necessary for all protein synthesis
- B. Only available in animal protein
- C. Cannot be synthesized by humans
- D. Cannot be coded for by DNA
- E. Cannot be degraded in the liver
C. Cannot be synthesized by humans
2010
In nucleotide metabolism, all of the following are true except:
- A. The committed step in purine biosynthesis is the transfer of an amino group to PRPP.
- B. Purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis are regulated by end-product inhibition.
- C. Nucleotides can be synthesized in a single reaction via salvage pathways.
- D. De novo pyrimidine synthesis begins with a molecule of PRPP.
- E. Orotidylate is the common precursor in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines, and inosinate is the common precursor in the biosynthesis of the purines ATP and GTP.
D. De novo pyrimidine synthesis begins with a molecule of PRPP.
2010
Which of the following describes the activity and regulation of ribonucleotide reductase and/or its importance to the cell?
- A. Both its activity and its substrate specificity are regulated by the binding of effector molecules.
- B. ATP increases the overall activity of the enzyme.
- C. Control of the enzyme’s activity ensures a balanced pool of precursors for DNA synthesis.
- D. Ba1anced pools of deoxyribonucleotides are necessary in DNA synthesis, given the complementary basepairing of nucleotides in double-stranded DNA.
- E. All of the above are true.
E. All of the above are true.
2010
De novo purine biosynthesis is distinguished from de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis by:
- A. condensation of the completed purine ring with ribose phosphate
- B. incorporation of CO2.
- C. inhibition by azaserine (a glutamine analog).
- D. participation of aspartate.
- E. participation of PRPP (phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate).
B. incorporation of CO2.
2010
A cell that is unable to synthesize or obtain tetrahydrofolic acid (H4 folate) would probably be deficient in the biosynthesis of:
- A. CMP
- B. GMP
- C. orotate
- D. thymidylate (TMP)
- E. UMP.
D. thymidylate (TMP)
2010
An intermediate of purine degradation in humans is:
- A. glutamate.
- B. NH4 + .
- C. succinate.
- D. urea.
- E. uric acid
E. uric acid
2012
How many tritium atoms (3 H) are incorporated into palmitate (C16:0) when fatty acid synthesis is carried out in vitro with the following labeled substrate?
- OOCC3H2C-S-CoA O
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 7
- D. 14
- E. 10
C. 7
2012
Which of the following is not specifically required in the synthesis of fatty acids?
- A. biotin
- B. acetyl-CoA
- C. malonyl-CoA
- D. NADH
- E. HCO3 - (CO2)
D. NADH
2012
The rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is:
- A. formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate.
- B. the reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
- C. condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.
- D. the reduction of the acetoacetyl group to a β-hydroxybutyryl group.
- E. formation of malonyl-CoA from malonate and coenzyme A
B. the reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.
2012
The effect of insulin-stimulated uptake of glucose into adipocytes will be:
- A. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis.
- B. Increase in fatty acid synthesis.
- C. Increase in triglyceride synthesis.
- D. Decrease in triglyceride synthesis.
- E. B and C
E. B and C
2012
Oxaloacetate uniformly labeled with 14C (i.e., with equal amounts of 14C in each of its carbon atoms) is condensed with unlabeled acetyl-CoA. After a single pass through the citric acid cycle back to oxaloacetate, what fraction of the original radioactivity will be found in the oxaloacetate?
- A. all
- B. 1/2
- C. 1/3
- D. 1/4
- E. 3/4
B. 1/2
2012
Malonate is a competitive inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. If malonate is added to a mitochondrial preparation that is oxidizing pyruvate as a substrate, which of the following compounds would you expect to decrease in concentration?
- A. Citrate
- B. Fumarate
- C. Isocitrate
- D. Pyruvate
- E. Succinate
B. Fumarate
2012
The conversion of 1 mol of pyruvate to 3 mol of CO2 via pyruvate dehydrogenase and the citric acid cycle also yields ________ mol of NADH, _______ mol of FADH2, and _____ mol of ATP (or GTP).
- A. 2; 2; 2
- B. 3; 1; 1
- C. 3; 2; 0
- D. 4; 1; 1
- E. 4; 2; 1
D. 4; 1; 1
2012
A function of the glyoxylate cycle, in conjunction with the citric acid cycle, is to accomplish the:
- A. complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA to CO2 plus reduced coenzymes.
- B. net conversion of lipid to carbohydrate.
- C. net synthesis of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids from acetyl-CoA.
- D. net synthesis of long-chain fatty acids from citric acid cycle intermediates.
- E. both B and C are correct
E. both B and C are correct
2012
If pyruvate (CH3COCOO- ) is introduced into the citric acid cycle, after 1 turn of the cycle, the loss of CO2 would come from:
- A. C-3
- B. C-2
- C. C-1
- D. C-1, C-2 and C-3
- E. C-1 and C-2
C. C-1
2012
If acetyl CoA (CyH3CxOSCoA) entered the citric acid cycle, after 1 turn of the cycle its carbon atoms would appear in oxaloacetate at which position?
- A. none
- B. x = 1 y = 4
- C. x = 2 y = 3
- D. x = 1, 4 y = 2, 3
- E. x = 1, 3 y = 2, 4
D. x = 1, 4 y = 2, 3
2012
Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) are inhibitors of mitochondrial aerobic phosphorylation. Which of the following statements correctly describes the mode of action of the three inhibitors?
- A. Cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the respiratory chain, and oligomycin inhibits the synthesis of ATP.
- B. Cyanide inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas oligomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the synthesis of ATP.
- C. Cyanide, oligomycin, and 2,4-dinitrophenol compete with O2 for cytochrome oxidase (Complex IV).
- D. Oligomycin and cyanide inhibit synthesis of ATP; 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibits the respiratory chain.
- E. Oligomycin inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol prevent the synthesis of ATP.
B. Cyanide inhibits the respiratory chain, whereas oligomycin and 2,4-dinitrophenol inhibit the synthesis of ATP.
2012
Upon the addition of 2,4.-dinitrophenol (DNP) to a suspension of mitochondria carrying out oxidative phosphorylation linked to the oxidation of malate, all of the following occur except:
- A. oxygen consumption decreases.
- B. oxygen consumption increases.
- C. the P/O ratio drops from a value of approximately 2.5 to 0.
- D. the proton gradient dissipates.
- E. the rate of transport of electrons from NADH to O2 becomes maximal
A. oxygen consumption decreases
2012
Which of the following statements about the light reactions in photosynthetic plants is false?
- A. A membrane-bound ATPase couples ATP synthesis to electron transfer.
- B. No CO2 is fixed in the light reactions.
- C. The ultimate electron acceptor is O2.
- D. The ultimate source of electrons for the process is H2O.
- E. There are two distinct photosystems, linked together by an electron transfer chain.
C. The ultimate electron acceptor is O2.
2012
Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation share all of the following except:
- A. chlorophyll.
- B. involvement of cytochromes.
- C. participation of quinones.
- D. proton pumping across a membrane to create electrochemical potential.
- E. use of iron-sulfur proteins.
A. chlorophyll.
2012
Suppose ribulose -5- phosphate labeled with 14C in carbon 1 is used as a substrate in the dark reactions of photosynthesis. In which carbon of 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) will the label appear?
- A. C-1
- B. C-2
- C. C-3
- D. A and C
- E. None
C. C-3
If you were to determine the P/O ration for the oxidation of α ketoglutarate in the presence of some malonate. The P/O ration that you observe would be: A. 0 B. 1.5 C. 2.5 D. 3.5 E. 4.5
2012
If you were to determine the P/O ration for the oxidation of α ketoglutarate in the presence of some malonate. The P/O ration that you observe would be:
- A. 0
- B. 1.5
- C. 2.5
- D. 3.5
- E. 4.5
D. 3.5
2012
If oxidation of acetyl CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acid cycle, how many ATP’s will be formed from the oxidation of 1 mole of alanine to CO2, H2O and urea?
- A. 10
- B. 12.5
- C. 10.5
- D. 13
- E. 15
E. 15
2012
Transamination from alanine to α-ketoglutarate requires the coenzyme:
- A. thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
- B. NADH.
- C. biotin.
- D. pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
- E. No coenzyme is involved.
D. pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
2012
Which of the following conversions requires more than one step?
- alanine → pyruvate
- glutamate → α-ketoglutarate
- aspartate → oxaloacetate
- serine → pyruvate
- phenylalanine → succinate
- A. l, 2 and 4
- B. l,3 and 5
- C. 2,4 and 5
- D. l and 4
- E. 4 and 5
E. 4 and 5
2012
Which of the following enzymes is not involved in the assimilation of inorganic nitrogen into an organic molecule?
- A. Arginase
- B. Glutamate dehydrogenase
- C. Glutamate synthase
- D. Glutamine synthetase
- E. Nitrogenase
A. Arginase
2012
Bile pigments are:
- A. formed in the degradation of heme.
- B. generated by oxidation of sterols.
- C. responsible for light reception in the vertebrate eye.
- D. secreted from the pancreas
- E. the products of purine degradation.
A. formed in the degradation of heme.
2012
The hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are derived biosynthetically from:
- A. arginine.
- B. histidine.
- C. isoleucine.
- D. tryptophan.
- E. tyrosine.
E. tyrosine.
2012
In amino acid catabolism, the first reaction for many amino acids is a(n):
- A. decarboxylation requiring thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
- B. hydroxylation requiring NADPH and O2.
- C. oxidative deamination requiring NAD+ .
- D. reduction requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
- E. transamination requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
E. transamination requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
2012
Urea synthesis in mammals takes place primarily in tissues of the:
- A. brain.
- B. kidney.
- C. liver
- D. skeletal muscle.
- E. small intestine.
C. liver
2012
If a person’s urine contains unusually high concentrations of urea, which one of the following diets has he or she probably been eating recently?
- A. High carbohydrate, very low protein
- B. Very high carbohydrate, no protein, no fat
- C. Very very high fat, high carbohydrate, no protein
- D. Very high fat, very low protein
- E. Very low carbohydrate, very high protein
E. Very low carbohydrate, very high protein
2012
The ribosyl phosphate moiety needed for the synthesis of orotidylate, inosinate, and guanylate is provided most directly by:
- A. 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate.
- B. adenosine 5’-phosphate.
- C. guanosine 5’-phosphate.
- D. ribose 5-phosphate.
- E. ribulose 5-phosphate.
A. 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate.
2012
CMP, UMP, and TMP all have ________________ as a common precursor.
- A. Adenosine
- B. Aspartate
- C. glutamine
- D. inosine
- E. S-adenosyl methionine
B. Aspartate
2012
Which of the following molecules yields uric acid when degraded?
- DNA
- FAD
- CTP
- PRPP
- β-alanine
- urea
- NAD+
- A. 1 and 3
- B. 2
- C. 4 and 6
- D. 7
- E. A, B and D
E. A, B and D
Suppose you have decided to eat this exam, as opposed to take this exam. You lack an appropriate enzyme activity required to digest the cellulose fibrils in the paper into sugar monomers that can be used to obtain energy. This enzyme activity is:
- A. α-D-glucosidase
- B. β-D-glucosidase E. sucrase (invertase)
- C. cellulose debranching enzyme
- D. α-galactosidase (BeanoTM)
B. β-D-glucosidase E. sucrase (invertase)
Using the definition presented in your lecture notes, which of the following is a non-classical enzyme:
- A. The ribozyme RNAse P
- B. The glucose transporter GLUT2
- C. asprtate transcarbamoyalase
- D. aldolase
- E. triose phosphate isomerase (TIM)
B. The glucose transporter GLUT2
The product of the fifth step of a metabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme activity of the first step. This phenomena is called:
- A. substrate level inhibition
- B. a futile cycle
- C. feedback inhibition
- D. a substrate cycle
- E. catalytic perfection
C. feedback inhibition
An intein is
- A. a protease that catalyzes that removal of peptides from mature proteins
- B. a non-classical enzyme
- C. a self splicing molecule of RNA
- D. a reducing agent used in catabolic reactions
- E. a self-splicing protein
E. a self-splicing protein
Which of the following would not rotate the direction of plane-polarized light?
- A. D-allose
- B. 2-amino-D-mannose
- C. The aldaric acid of D-galactose
- D. β-D-glucose – 6 phosphate
- E. None of the above; since all of these molecules have chiral centers they will all rotate the direction of planepolarized light
C. The aldaric acid of D-galactose
Substrate channeling:
- A. is an irreversible covalent modification
- B. is an irreversible non-covalent modification
- C. excludes the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction from solvent water
- D. requires ATP
- E. is an example of oxidation-reduction
C. excludes the product of an enzyme catalyzed reaction from solvent water
Which of the following is a ketose?
Which of the following would be the β- anomer of D-galactopyranose
An N-linked glycan would be attached to ______ while an O-linked glycan would be attached to:
- A. Asn; Ser
- B. Lys; Tyr
- C. Gln; Thr
- D. Arg; Ser
- E. Lys; Ser
A. Asn; Ser
Oseltamivir, also known as Tamiflu, is effective as an antiviral against the influenza virus due to its ability to block the action of which protein associated with the surface of the viral particle?:
- A. Hemagglutinin
- B. Neuraminidase
- C. Lysozyme
- D. Proteinase O
- E. RNA polymerase
B. Neuraminidase
Anomers can be interconverted ________.
- A. by isomerases such as triose phosphate isomerase
- B. via a linear intermediate
- C. only in non-reducing sugars
- D. by an enediol intermediate
- E. None of the above. Anomers cannot be interconverted
B. via a linear intermediate
Another name for β-2-D-deoxyribose is:
- A. DNA
- B. RNA
- C. β-2-L-deoxyribulose
- D. β-2-D-deoxyarabinose
- E. Trick question, there is only a single name for monosaccharides and their derivatives.
D. β-2-D-deoxyarabinose