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Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What two stages do hormones go through before becoming the active hormone?

A
  • Preprohormone

- Prohormone

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2
Q

What two products are created when a prohormone is cleaved?

A
  • Active hormone

- Inactive fragments

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3
Q

Why would endocrinologists observe levels of C-peptide in a patient’s blood?

A

Equal amounts of C-peptide and insulin are produced when insulin is cleaved into its active form.

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4
Q

Amine hormones are derived from what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

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5
Q

Are amine hormones or steroid hormones synthesized upon demand?

A

Steroid hormones are synthesized on demand

-amine hormones are synthesized then stored

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6
Q

How are hormones’ half lives increased while in circulation?

A
  • binding proteins

* but only the free form can bind to receptors

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7
Q

What is tonic secretion of hormones?

A

-a small amount of hormone is secreted constantly

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8
Q

If a hormone is hydrophobic, will its action on the target cell be faster or slower….why?

A
  • slower
  • hydrophobic (lipophilic) hormones usually act on nuclear receptors which affect protein production and have a slower affect.
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9
Q

If a hormone is hydrophilic, will its action on the target cell be faster or slower…why?

A
  • faster
  • hydrophilic (lipophobic) hormones cannot freely cross the plasma membrane so their receptor is on the membrane and usually has a faster intracellular action
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10
Q

Why are insulin and thyroid hormone receptors so widely distributed?

A

Metabolism related receptors/hormones are needed for every cell.

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11
Q

What are the targets of tropic hormones?

A

-other endocrine glands

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12
Q

What effect does TRH have on the anterior pituitary?

A

stimulatory

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13
Q

What effect does TSH have on the thyroid?

A

stimulatory

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14
Q

What effect does thyroid hormone have on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

inhibitory

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15
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

-an abnormality in the last endocrine organ leading to hyper or hyposecretion

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16
Q

What is a secondary endocrine disorder?

A

-an abnormality in tropic hormone leading to hypo or hypersecretion (of the end hormone)

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17
Q

In primary hyperthyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-low

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18
Q

In secondary hyperthyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-high

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19
Q

In primary hypothyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-high

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20
Q

In secondary hypothyroidism, is TSH high or low?

A

-low

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21
Q

What is another name for the anterior pituitary?

A

Adenohypophysis

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22
Q

What kind of hormone does the anterior pituitary release?

A

-peptide hormones

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23
Q

What 6 hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

GAT FLiP

A
  1. Growth Hormone
  2. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
  3. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  4. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  5. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  6. Prolactin
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24
Q

What 2 hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

A
  1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)/Vasopressin

2. Oxytocin

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25
Q

What make up 30-40% of the cells of the ant. pituitary?

A

somatotrophs (GH)

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26
Q

What make up 20% of the cells of the ant. pituitary?

A

corticotrophs (ACTH)

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27
Q

How do the hypothalamic releasing hormones get to the ant pituitary?

A

-through the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels

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28
Q

What are the 5 hypothalamic releasing hormones?

Thank Goodness Courtney Guzzles P*****s

A
  1. TRH (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone)
  2. GnRH (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)
  3. CRH (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone)
  4. GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone)
  5. PRH (Prolactin Releasing Hormone)
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29
Q

What are the 2 hypothalamic inhibiting hormones?

A
  1. Somatostatin (GHIH - Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone)

2. Dopamine (PIH - Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone)

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30
Q

What hormone does sleep, hypoglycemia, and stress trigger secretion of?

A

-GHRH

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31
Q

What hormone does aging, disease, and glucose tigger secretion of?

A

-Somatostatin (SS)

32
Q

GHRH, dopamine, catecholamines, excitatory aa’s, and thyroid hormone stimulate release of…

A

-GH

33
Q

FFA, glucose, IGF-1, and somatostatin stimulate the release of…

A

-GHIH (inhibits the release of GH)

34
Q

IGF-1 is primarily synthesized in the….

A

-liver

35
Q

Why might excessive GH cause someone to develop DM?

A

GH reduces glucose utilization, increases glucogenesis, and stimulates lipolysis

36
Q

Someone with macrocephaly, macrognathia, mandibular prognathism, and generalized diastemata might have…

A

-excess GH

37
Q

Does hyper or hyposecretion of GH cause hypoglycemia?

A

hyposeceretion

38
Q

What 3 things trigger the hypothalamus to release ADH?

A
  1. Decreased blood volume (isotonic)
  2. Increased osmolarity (isovolemic)
  3. Decreased BP
39
Q

What ion gradient drives iodine ions into thyroid follicular cells?

A

Na+ (secondary active symporter)

40
Q

What ion gradient drives I2 out of the follicular cell and into the colloid?

A

Cl- (secondary active antiporter)

41
Q

What is the most important amino acid needed in thyroglobulin production?

A

Tyrosine

42
Q

How can individual target cells alter their exposure to T3?

A

-by regulating their tissue deiodinase synthesis (converting less T4 to T3)

43
Q

What amino acid is essential for deiodinase activity?

A

selenium

44
Q

What form of thyroid hormone is most responsible for negative feedback to the ant pituitary and hypothalamus?

A

T4 (still converted to T3 within the tissues)

45
Q

What receptor is responsible for Thyroid storms?

A

Beta-adrenergic receptors (of the SNS) in cardiovascular system

-normal sympathetic actions can trigger a massive sympathetic response

46
Q

How can thyroid hormone cause an increase in PTH secretion?

A

-TH activates bone formation which pulls Ca++ from the blood and PTH is needed to incr blood Ca++

47
Q

Hyperthyroidism is ___________ to the gastrointestinal system.

A

-stimulatory

48
Q

A thyroid adenoma is an example of a primary or secondary endocrine disorder?

A

-Primary

49
Q

Graves disease causes ____thyroidism by creating ________ that ______ TSH receptors.

A
  • HYPER
  • antibodies
  • stimulate
50
Q

Hyperthyroidism causes what eye condition?

A

-exophthalmos

51
Q

Why is epinephrine and elective dental care contraindicated for pts with hyperthyroidism?

A

-both can cause a thyroid storm

52
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease and what causes it?

A
  • most common cause of hypothyroidism

- autoimmune reaction against thyroid gland that destroys it

53
Q

Hypothyroidism in a pt without a goiter is likely caused by….

A

TSH deficiency

54
Q

What is myxedema?

A

Increased

55
Q

What causes cretinism in infants?

A

Congenital or endemic cretinism.

56
Q

Poor wound healing, dysgeusia, salivary gland/tongue enlargement, and delayed tooth eruption are all oral signs of…

A

hypothyroidism

57
Q

What is the immediate effect of raising extra cellular phosphate levels to 2-3x times normal?

A

no major immediate effects

58
Q

What are the three control points for calcium and phosphate?

A
  1. Absorption (intestines)
  2. Excretion (urine and feces (Ca++ only))
  3. Temporary storage (hydroxyapatite in bones)
59
Q

What three hormones cause bone resorption?

A

PTH, Cortisol, T3

60
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Calcium: ?
Phosphate: ?

How?

A

Calcium: increases
Phosphate: decreases

-bone resorption, renal reabsorption, and intestinal absorption. Excretion of phosphate

61
Q

Calcitriol
Ca++: ?
Phosphate: ?

How?

A

Ca++: increase
Phosphate: increase

-enhances intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

62
Q

Calcitonin
Ca++: ?
Phosphate: ?

How?

A

Ca++: decrease
Phosphate: decrease

-stimulates bones formation

63
Q

A person is found to have elevated levels of circulating RANKL. They might also have elevated…..

A

PTH

64
Q

A person is found to have elevated levels of circulating osteoprotegerin. They might also have elevated…..

A

Calcitonin

65
Q

Defective chief cells would lead to no _____ being secreted which would do what to blood calcium and phosphate levels?

A
  • PTH

- decreased blood Ca++ and increased blood phosphate

66
Q

Pregnancy, Rickets, and Lactation all cause hypertrophy of what endocrine gland?

A

-parathyroid gland

67
Q

Dysfunction with the liver would affect the production, storage or activation of calcitriol?

A

-storage

Skin: production
Kidney: activation

68
Q

If plasma Ca++ levels are low and phosphate levels are normal, how does PTH prevent lowering of phosphate while increasing Ca++ levels?

A

-stimulatory to calcitriol action. Calcitriol then increases intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate

69
Q

Calcitonin is what kind of hormone? Secreted by what cells of what gland?

A
  • peptide hormone
  • parafollicular cells
  • thyroid gland
70
Q

Why would primary hyperparathyroidism cause muscle weakness and have depressive effects on the nervous system?

A

-excess PTH causes hypercalcemia that decreases nerve exciteability

71
Q

Why might someone have hyperparathyroidism if their parathyroid glands and associated structures are working just fine?

A
  • chronic low blood Ca++
  • chronic renal disease (can’t synth Vit D3)
  • Vit D deficiency
72
Q

What test shows possible hypoparathyroidism and how does it work?

A
  • Chvostek’s sign

- flicking facial nerve causes muscle spasm due to increase Na+ permeability

73
Q

What are the three classes of hormones?

Which ones are soluble in plasma?

A
  1. Proteins and polypeptides (soluble in plasma)
  2. Steroids
  3. Derivatives of Tyrosine
74
Q

What glands secrete protein and polypeptide hormones?

Hormones of Protein and PolyPePtides

A

Hypothalamus, Ant Pituitary, Posterior Pituitary, Pancreas

75
Q

Glands that secrete steroid hormones?

Steroid TACO

A

Adrenal Cortex, Ovaries, Testes

76
Q

What glands secrete amine (derived from tyrosine) hormones?

TAMine

A

Thyroid, Adrenal Medullary Neurohormones (Epi, NE)

77
Q

Why might an alcoholic have abnormal plasma hormone levels?

A

Alcoholism causes cirrhosis and most binding proteins are synth in the liver.

Physiology (6 decks)

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