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Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Catabolism is to anabolism as _____ is to _____

A

Exergonic; endergonic

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2
Q

Which of the following is the strongest evidence that protein structure and function are correlated?

A

Denatured (unfolded) proteins do not function normally

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3
Q

Chemical equilibrium is reached when…

A

The forward and reverse reactions occur at the same time

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4
Q

Which of the following is a chemical reaction?

A

The formation of a covalent bond between 2 amino acids

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5
Q

What is an example of potential energy and kinetic energy?

A

Water at the top of a dam has potential energy; water falling through a dam has kinetic energy. The moving water performs work by moving the blades of turbines in the dam to generate electricity

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6
Q

Energy is observed in 2 basic forms: potential and kinetic. What correctly matches these forms with a source of energy?

A

The covalent bonds of a sugar molecule: potential energy

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7
Q

Has a structure that is so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enzyme just like the substrate

A

Competitive inhibitor

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8
Q

Binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site

A

Noncompetitive inhibitor

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9
Q

Forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity.

A

Irreversible inhibitor

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10
Q

The competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the _____ ___ on the enzyme

A

Active site

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11
Q

When the noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, the shape of the ____ is distorted

A

Enzyme

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12
Q

Enzyme inhibitors disrupt normal interactions between an enzyme and its _____.

A

Substrate

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13
Q

What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme?

A

The enzyme is inactive at this point. New enzyme must be added to regain enzyme activity.

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14
Q

What can you do to speed up the reaction up again?

A

Add more substrate; it will outcompete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate.

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15
Q

An enzyme is ___ when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity.

A

Denatured

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16
Q

An enzyme is considered a ____ because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up.

A

Catalyst

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17
Q

An enzyme is considered ____ because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule.

A

Specific

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18
Q

A ____, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis

A

Cofactor

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19
Q

When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate from an enzyme-substrate _____.

A

Complex

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20
Q

A substrate binds to an enzyme at the ___ ___, where the reaction occurs.

A

Active site

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21
Q

In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a _____.

A

Substrate

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22
Q

“Conservation of energy” refers to the fact that ____

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.

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23
Q

Chemical energy is a form of _____ energy.

A

Potential

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24
Q

In your body, what process converts the chemical energy found in glucose into the chemical energy found in ATP?

A

Cellular respiration

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25
Q

Which of these are by-products of cellular respiration?

A

Heat, carbon dioxide, and water

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26
Q

The process of cellular respiration, which converts simple sugars such as glucose into CO2 and water, is an example of ___ ___

A

Catabolic pathway

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27
Q

In cells, what is usually the immediate source of energy for endergonic reaction?

A

ATP

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28
Q

The reaction ADP + P - -> ATP is an ___ reaction

A

Endergonic

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29
Q

The energy for an endergonic reaction comes from a(n) _____ reaction.

A

Exergonic

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30
Q

What is the fate of the phosphate group that is removed when ATP is converted to ADP?

A

It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction.

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31
Q

What is energy coupling?

A

The use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.

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32
Q

Enzymes are described as catalysts, which means that they ____

A

Increase the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

33
Q

Enzymes work by

A

Reducing the energy of activation

34
Q

An enzyme is an ____ ____

A

Organic catalyst

35
Q

What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction?

A

Substrate

36
Q

As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme is _____

A

Unchanged

37
Q

The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound?

A

Water

38
Q

Which of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct?

A

The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane

39
Q

The immediate energy source that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase during oxidative phosphorylation is the…

A

H+ movement down it’s concentration gradient

40
Q

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is ___

A

Oxygen

41
Q

In mitochondrial electron transport, what is the direct role of O2?

A

To function as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain

42
Q

How would anaerobic conditions (when no O2 is present) affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Both electron transport and ATP synthesis would stop

43
Q

NADH and FADH2 are both electron carriers that donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. The electrons ultimately reduce O2 to water in the final step of electron transport

A

Fewer protons are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane when FADH2 is the electron donor that when NADH is the electron donor

44
Q

In cellular respiration, a series of molecules forming an electron chain alternately accepts and then donates electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain?

A

The advantage of an electron transport chain is that small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each of pair of intermediates.

45
Q

In mitochondria, exogenic redox reactions ______

A

Provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient

46
Q

When electrons flow along the electron transport chain of mitochondria, which of the following changes occur?

A

The pH of the matrix increases.

47
Q

Hydrophobic substances like salad oil are…

A

Nonpolar molecules that repel water molecules

48
Q

How do membrane phospholipids interact with water?

A

The polar heads interact with water; the nonpolar tails do not

49
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding potential energy?

A

Potential energy is the energy possessed by matter due to its location or structure.

50
Q

Which property is necessary for protein A to bind to protein B?

A

Protein A must have regions of shape and charge that are complementary to those on protein B

51
Q

A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a ___ binds to a receptor

A

Signal molecule

52
Q

A signal molecule is also known as a(n) ____.

A

Ligand

53
Q

Which is the second of the 3 stages of cell signaling

A

Transduction

54
Q

The cleavage of glycogen by glycogen phosphorylation releases _____.

A

Glucose-1-phosphate (glycogen is a polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers).

55
Q

Epinephrine acts as a signal molecule that attaches to ____ proteins.

A

G-protein-linked receptor

56
Q

Which of these is activated by calcium ions?

A

Calmodulin

57
Q

Which of these is NOT correct?

A

Cyclic AMP binds to calmodulin

58
Q

A toxin that inhibits the production of GTP would interfere with the function of a signal transduction pathway that is initiated by the binding of a signal molecule to ____ receptors.

A

G-protein-linked

59
Q

Which extracellular signal molecules could diffuse through a plasma membrane and bind to an intracellular receptor?

A

Estrogen

60
Q

_____ molecules can diffuse through the plasma membrane and bind to intracellular receptors.

A

Nonpolar

61
Q

A(n) ____ is an example of a signal molecule that can bind to an intracellular receptor and thereby cause a gene to be turned on or off.

A

Steroids

62
Q

Thyroid hormones bind to ___ receptors

A

Intracellular

63
Q

____ hormones are able to pass through the plasma membrane

A

Thyroid

64
Q

What is responsible for initiating a signal transduction pathway?

A

Signal molecule

65
Q

What role does a transcription factor play in a signal transduction pathway?

A

By binding to DNA it triggers the transcription of a specific gene.

66
Q

A signal transduction pathway is initiated when a ___ binds to a receptor.

A

Signal molecule

67
Q

Which acts as a second messenger?

A

Cyclic AMP

68
Q

Calcium ions that acts as a second messengers are stored in ____.

A

Endoplasmic reticula (ER)

69
Q

___ catalyzes the production of ____, which then opens an ion channel that releases ____ into the cell’s cytoplasm

A

Phospholipase C…IP3…Ca2+

70
Q

A protein kinase activating many other protein kinases is an example of ___

A

Amplification

71
Q

What statement correctly distinguishes the roles of protein kinases and phosphatases in signal transduction pathways?

A

Protein kinases activates enzymes by phosphorylating or adding phosphate groups to them. Protein phosphatases dephosphorylate or remove phosphate groups from enzymes, including protein kinases.

72
Q

Steroid hormone receptors in animals tend to be

A

Soluble proteins in the cytoplasm

73
Q

____ _____ are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins

A

Cellular membranes

74
Q

____ ____ results in selective permeability

A

Membrane structure

75
Q

Is a diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment

A

Passive transport

76
Q

Uses energy to move solutes against their gradients

A

Active transport

77
Q

Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by ____ and _____

A

Exocytosis; endocytosis

78
Q

The ____ ___ plays a key role in most cell signaling

A

Plasma membrane

Biology (2 decks)

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