Exam 2 Flashcards
What is evidence based practice?
Process by which health care providers know how to find, critically appraise, and use evidence.
What is the PICO method used for?
constructing a clinical question scientifically
What does PICO stand for?
- Patient population
- Intervention of Interest
- Comparison intervention or status
- Outcome
What is Patient population
Number of participants
What is Intervention of Interest?
What you have the participants do
What is comparison intervention or status?
Control group
What is outcome?
Very specific (death) or a variety of measures
What is Validity?
The extent to which a measurement measures what it is supposed to
What is External Validity?
applicability to the real world
What is internal Validity?
Extent to which results can be attributed to treatment
What type of experiments have the most internal validity?
Those with control and randomization
What is criterion validity?
a method of assessing validity of an instrument through comparison with another criterion also used to measure the same thing (vertec/ force plate)
What is concurrent validity?
the extent to which a procedure correlates with current behavior of subjects (long jumpers may be good at triple jump)
What is predictive validity?
The extent to which a procedure predicts future behavior of participants
What is content validity?
whether the individual items of a test represent what you want to assess.
What is construct validity?
extent to which a test measures a theoretical construct or attribute
What is a construct?
Something that isnt objectively quantifiable (depression, fatigue etc.)
What is construct validity assessed by?
Convergent and Discriminant Validity
What is convergent validity?
Does it measure what it is supposed to measure when compared to other options
What is discriminant validity?
Does it measure what it is supposed to measure on its own?
What are the factors that affect validity?
- Test related factors
- criterion to which you compare instrument may not be well validated
- intervening event
- reliability
What does reliability mean?
Precision
What can account for non precise scores?
- psychological/physical state
- environmental factors
- test form
- multiple raters
What is a reliability coefficient?
consistency of measurement over trials (rxx)
What is Test-Retest reliability?
same score when tested multiple times
What is another name for split half reliability?
Internal consistency
What is internal consistency?
Indicates that scores match previous scores for a subject
What is interrater reliability?
having two or more rater observe/ record specified behaviors
-2 testers same score
What is a target behavior?
behavior observer is looking to report
What are alternate forms of reliability?
equivalent forms
What is standard error of measurement?
true score-error score
What are some reasons for error on a test?
- Fatigue
- Unusual questions
- confusion of intent
- vaguely worded questions
What are some factors that affect reliability?
- test length
- test-retest interval
- variability of scores
- guessing
- variability within the testing situation
What is sociohistorical research?
systemic storytelling
does not resemble qualitative research
What are the approaches of sociohistorical research?
particularizing
generalizing
splitting
lumping
What is particularizing?
interested in minute details
What is splitting?
chipping away at theory to see how it holds up to data
What is lumping?
taking seemingly disparate facts and putting them togehter
What are the paradigms of sociohistorical research?
Structural/functionalism
modernization
marxism
post-modernism
What is structural/ functionalism?
social systems
institutions
time periods
urbanization
What is modernization?
movement from agragian to urban institutional society (time frames)
What is post modernism?
deconstruction
no grand theories can be explained
What sources do sociohistorical research use?
primary and secondary sources
What are the designs of sociohistorical research?
Descriptive history
analytical
collective evidence
What is descriptive history?
what happened
What is collective evidence?
follow previous research goes from primary to secondary
What type of data analysis does sociohistorical research employ?
External/internal criticism
What is external criticism?
establishing authenticity of primary sources
What is internal criticism?
determine biases of author
When looking at credibility what is most important?
the credibility of individual statements rather than the whole peice
What should you aim for when presenting findings?
- logical timeline
- presenting evidence in context with meaningful framework of data
- pay attention to writing style
homeogeneity varience is what ?
normal distribution on a bell shaped curve.
What are statistics?
a powerful tool for analyzing data
What are descriptive statistics?
provide an overview of the attributes of a data set.
What are the attributes of a data set?
central tendency
and dispersion
What are inferential statistics?
provide measures of how well your data support your hypothesis and if your data are generalizable beyond what was tested
What is a Type 1 error?
the rejection of a true null hypothesis
What is a Type 2 error?
The acceptance of a false null hypotheses`
If testing for relatedness what would you use?
correlational tests
If difference is observed what will you do?
Difference tests
testing for independence between distributions
What tests do you use for a difference between means?
Between means t-test Anova Friedman test Kruskal wallis test sign tests rank sum test
What tests do you use for differences between distributions?
Chi-square(for goodness of fit and independence)
What tests do you use for differences between variances?
F-test
parametric tests
What does a difference between means ask?
whether samples come from populations with different means
What do t-test compare
the means of two parametric samples
What does the sign test compare
two paired non-parametric samples
What does the friedman test compare
more than two non-parametric samples
What does the rank sum test compare?
the means of two non-parametric samples
What does the Kuskal wallis test compare?
more than two non-parametric non-paired samples
What does a regression look for?
a functional relationship between two continuous variables
What does a regression assume?
a change in x causes a change in y
