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A&P > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage falls under what main branch of ct?

A

Supportive

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2
Q

_____ produce the matrix of cartilage.

A

Chondroblasts

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3
Q

Why is cartilage avascular?

A

Chondrocytes within the cartilage release an antiangiogenesis factor.

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4
Q

Chondrocytes in cartilage exist within the _____.

A

Lacunae

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5
Q

What are the three functions of cartilage?

A

Structural support for soft tissue, protection at points of articulations, and scaffolding for bone development.

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6
Q

Cartilage has two forms of growth:

A

Appositional and interstitial

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7
Q

What growth is described:

chondrocyte within lacunae exhibits mitotic activity to produce double chondroblasts (1=2, 2=4, 4=8)

A

Interstitial growth of cartilage

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8
Q

What cartilage growth is described:

Undifferentiated stem cells located in the perichondrium. Committed cells produced by stem cell mitosis differentiates into chondroblasts.

A

Appositional growth

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9
Q

The perichondrium is where _____ activity occurs.

A

Mitotic

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10
Q

Interstitial and appositional growth occur during _____ development. Both growth cycles do not appear in _____ cartilage.

A

Embryonic, adult

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11
Q

Bone tissue is:

-static
Or
-dynamic

A

Dynamic (always changing)

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12
Q

_____ connect bone to bone

A

Ligaments

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13
Q

_____ is found between two bones

A

Cartilage

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14
Q

The skeletal system is composed of three things:

A

Bones, ligaments, and cartilage

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15
Q

List the five functions of bone tissue:

A

Protection, support, red blood cell production, locomotion, and storage

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16
Q

_____ : closer to the mid line

A

Proximal

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17
Q

_____ : distant to the midline

A

Distal

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18
Q

_____ : in front of the mid line

A

Anterior

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19
Q

_____ : behind the mid line

A

Posterior

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20
Q

_____ : above the mid line

A

Superior

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21
Q

_____ : below the mid line

A

Inferior

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22
Q

_____ : Closer to the surface (compared to deep)

A

Superficial

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23
Q

_____ refers to the ends of bones. _____ refers to the shaft. _____ refers to the space in between.

A

Epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis

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24
Q

What are the two types of bone?

A

Spongy and compact

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25
Q

Are osteons in compact bone, spongy bone, or both?

A

Compact bone only

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26
Q

What type of bone is the epiphysis and lining of the medullary cavity?

A

Spongy

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27
Q

Why type of bone contains trabeculae?

A

Spongy

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28
Q

What (type of) bones contain red bone marrow? All other bones contain _____ marrow.

A

Long bones, ilium, and the sternum (ex) / spongy bone ; yellow marrow

?

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29
Q

Osteons are also called :

A

Haversion system

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30
Q

What are the four cell types in bone tissue?

A

Osteoprogenitors, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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31
Q

What is the function of an osteoprogenitor and where are they located?

A

They are the stem cells of bones, and they are located where ever there is endosteum and periosteum

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32
Q

What is the function of an osteoblast?

A

To secrete osteoid and form bone matrix

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33
Q

Where are Osteocytes found and what is their function?

A

In lacunae ; maintain bone matrix

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34
Q

What is the function of an Osteoclast?

A

Bone reabsorption (breakdown)

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35
Q

What cells are produced from osteoprogenitor stem cells?

A

Osteoblasts —-> osteocytes only. NOT osteoclasts

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36
Q

_____ refers to the process of osteoprogenitors developing into osteoblasts and osteoblasts developing into osteocytes.

A

Osteogenesis

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37
Q

How much of the matrix of bone tissue is made up of organic material? How about inorganic material?

A

1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic

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38
Q

What is the function of organic material? What is the function of inorganic material?

A

Organic: tensile strength (resists pulling apart/ over bending)

Inorganic: compressional strength

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39
Q

Organic material is made of _____ fibers.

A

Collagen

40
Q

Inorganic material is made up of:

A

Calcium hydroxide and calcium phosphates, together they form hydroxyapatite.

41
Q

What is hydroxyapatite made of?

A

Calcium hydroxide and calcium phosphate

42
Q

What are the two types of bone matrix?

A

Organic and inorganic

43
Q

What two things do osteoclasts need to break down (organic and inorganic) bone tissue?

A

Proteolytic enzymes: organic /collagen

hydrochloric acid: inorganic/ hydroxyapatite

44
Q

The outer portion of periosteum is _____ while the inside is _____.

A

Fibrous, cellular

45
Q

The fibers between the circumferential lamellae and the cellular layer of the periosteum are referred to as:

A

Perforating fibers

46
Q

What type of cell is the cellular layer of the periosteum made of?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

47
Q

The inner most layer of bone tissue (around the central canal) is called ____ and it is made up of what type of bone?

A

Endosteum; spongy

48
Q

Name the lamellae that makes up the osteons?

A

Concentric lamellae

49
Q

The lamellae closest to the periosteum is called:

A

Circumferential lamellae

50
Q

You must _____ in order to ossify.

A

Calcify

51
Q

The deposition of calcium ions and salts into tissue

A

Calcification

52
Q

The conversion of a tissue into bone tissue

A

Ossification

53
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs where?

A

In the FLAT bones of the skull, mandible and clavicle

54
Q

The liquidy version of bone material is an _____.

A

Osteoid

55
Q

Endo- means:

A

Within

56
Q

The process of turning hyaline cartilage into bone is called:

A

Endochondral ossification

57
Q

What kind of growth does the epiphysis do?

A

Interstitial growth

58
Q

The epiphyseal plate has 5 different microscopic zones. Name each one.

A

Zone 1 - zone of resting hyaline cartilage (closest time articular cartilage)

Zone 2 - zone of proliferating (meaning: interstitial growth) cartilage

Zone 3 - zone of hypertrophic cartilage / cells get bigger

Zone 4 - zone of calcified cartilage / chondrocyte lay down calcium salts

Zone 5 - zone of ossification (o.blasts take ca. Cartilage and ossified it

59
Q

The rate of ossification in zone ___ is matched by the rate of interstitial growth in zone ___.

A

5,2

60
Q

When an adult reaches their final height, zone ___ continues to ossify while zone ___ shuts down. All of the growth plates ossify and this will continue upward until ossification is against the _____.

A

5, epiphyseal line

61
Q

Interstitial growth refers to ____ while appositional growth refers to _____.

Choose:
Length or width

A

Length, width

62
Q

Which type of bone growth continues for life and which one ends with the epiphyseal line?

A

Appositional: life

Interstitial: epiphyseal line

63
Q

Osteoclasts eat away at the medullary cavity while osteoblasts add new bone under the periosteum. Thickness of compact bone increases as well as the overall diameter. This describes what type of bone growth?

A

Appositional

64
Q

Osteoblast and osteoclast activity is _____. Calcium salts are removed or replaced mainly by osteo_____.

A

Balanced, osteocytes

65
Q

What hormones affect bone thickness?

A

Growth hormones, thyroxine, and sex hormones

66
Q

High levels of growth hormones during bone growth can cause:

A

Gigantism

67
Q

Low levels of growth hormones during bone growth can cause:

A

Pituitary dwarfism

68
Q

High levels of growth hormones after bone growth can cause:

A

Acromegaly

69
Q

Where are chief cells located?

A

In the parathyroid gland

70
Q

What hormone is released from the parathyroid gland?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

71
Q

If calcium levels are (high : low) in blood, chief cells in parathyroid gland release PTH

A

Too low

72
Q

Where are parafollicular cells (C-cells) located and what hormone do they release?

A

In the thyroid gland; calcitonin

73
Q

Do osteoblasts or osteoclasts have a PTH receptor?

A

Osteoblasts only.

74
Q

PTH directly stimulates _____ to retain calcium ions, and PTH indirectly stimulates _____ to release stored calcium ions from bone into the blood stream to increase blood ca levels.

A

Kidneys; osteoclasts

75
Q

When PTH binds to the receptor, osteoblasts release _____ which attaches to osteoclast receptor and increases osteoclast activity

A

RANKL

76
Q

PTH makes kidneys release _____ which goes into the small intestine and increases calcium absorption

A

Calcitriol

77
Q

To decrease blood calcium levels, _____ allows you to pee calcium out and FIX the problem.

A

Calcitonin

78
Q

Calcitonin directly affects _____ to be inhibited while _____ continue to lock calcium in the bone matrix.

A

Osteoclast ; osteoblast

79
Q

The region of bone that allows a bone to grow in length is:

A

Metaphysis

80
Q

Primary ossification centers are located in the:

A

Diaphysis

81
Q

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of:

A

A cartilage model

82
Q

What type of cartilage do epiphyseal plates contain?

A

Hyaline cartilage

83
Q

Secondary ossification centers are associated with the:

A

Epiphysis

84
Q

The hormone involved in increasing the level of calcium in the blood would increase the activity of:

A

Osteoclasts

85
Q

The hormone _____ is involved in increasing the blood levels of calcium

A

Parathyroid

86
Q

Calcitonin _____ osteoclast activity

A

Inhibits

87
Q

The meniscus is made up of:

A

Fibrocartilage

88
Q

The type of cartilage that makes up a symphysis joint is:

A

Fibrocartilage

89
Q

The ligament that helps to stabilize the knee with anterior and posterior movement are the _____ ligaments

A

Cruciate

90
Q

The femurs attachment to the hip bone is an example of a _____ _____.

A

Synovial joint

91
Q

The tarsal bones are an example of a _____ _____.

A

Plane joint

92
Q

_____ describes the amount of movement in a joint.

A

Synarthroses

93
Q

A joint that is classified as synarthroses is _____ _____:

A

Not moveable

94
Q

_____: The midway point to osteoporosis, as bones begin to grow thinner and weaker with age.

A

Osteopenia

95
Q

When do macrophages appear?

A

6-8 hours after a fracture when the tissue had begun to die

96
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Eat dead bone tissue

A&P (4 decks)

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