A&P 2 Exam 1 Flashcards
Sodium/potassium and ATPase pump: pumps ___ Na+ our of the cell and then pumps ___ K+ back in and uses ___ ATP each time.
3, 2, 1
True or false:
Ca+ATPase pumps will pump CA2+ back where they came from using 3 ATP.
False. It used 1 ATP
The concentration of ions is responsible for establishing the difference in _____ across a membrane.
Charge
The basic building block of a cell membrane or membrane bound organelle is a _____.
Phospholipid
Phospholipids have a hydro_____ tail and a hydro_____ head region.
Phobic, Philic
Inside the cell there will always be more _____ compared to how much there is outside. There will always be less _____, _____, _____.
More Potassium, less sodium, chloride, and calcium.
For facilitated diffusion to occur it needs one of two types of transporters (tunnels):
A) symporter and antiporter
B) leaky and gated channels
C) hydrophobic and hydrophilic
B
What four types of gated channels?
Chemical (neurotransmitter or hormone), voltage, mechanical (bending), and thermal.
Name two types of carriers:
Symporters and Antiporters
A solution with higher amounts of solutes compared to the other solution is called a _____. A solution with lower amounts of solutes compared to the other solution is called a _____.
Hypertonic, hypotonic
What type of carrier uses ATP? Which carrier does not use ATP?
Antiporters use ATP to pump two things in opposite directions across a membrane (ex. Na+/ K+ ATPase pump), Symporters don’t use ATP and pump two things in the same direction
What are the two major ways to release chemical signals?
Intercellular or intracellular chemical signals
What are the two major types of glands? Which glands are ductless?
Endocrine and Exocrine glands; Endocrine
The area of an exocrine gland containing the primary fluid (ions and water) :
Acinus
What is: An intercellular signal that affects the activity of a cell or a group of cells. Often times released into circulation, but not always.
A hormone
Cell are regulated by (hint: 2 things)
Negative and positive feedback mechanisms
A negative feedback mechanism leads to a _____ in production or release of a hormone, while positive feedback mechanisms lead to a _____ in production or release of a hormone.
Decrease, Increase
Hormones are _____ _____ while receptors are _____.
Chemical signals; proteins
What three types of stimuli trigger the release or inhibit a hormone? (basic)
Hormones trigger other hormones; blood concentration of substances (like calcium or glucose); Neuronal stimulation of endocrine glands
Hormones can be made of:
Amino acids and peptides, both water soluble, and lipid derivatives, hydrophobic.
What are the two types of lipid derivatives?
Elcosanoids and steroid hormones
Hormones are made by using _____.
cholesterol
A group of enzymes called _____ found in the cell determine the type of hormone that the cell produces. Once the cell produces its hormone it sends it to other cells via _____-cellular signaling.
P450, inter-
What are the four types of intercellular signaling?
Autocrine action, Paracrine action, Endocrine action, and Neuroendocrine action.
What is: a self stimulating pathway. The cell releases chemical signals that land on the same cell that produced it.
Autocrine action
What is: cell releases chemical signals that land on neighboring cells (close by)
Paracrine action
What is: cell releases chemical signals into circulatory system to then travel to the blood stream until they reach their target cells.
Endocrine action
**What is: Neuron works as an endocrine system / acts like an endocrine cell
Neuroendocrine action
What are the three parts of a pituitary gland?
The anterior pituitary which is comprised of the pars distalis and the pars intermedia (center) as well as the posterior lobe.
Which part of the pituitary gland is highly myelinated neural tissue and which part is highly vascular and lacking neurons?
Posterior lobe; Pars distalis
What are the three ways that the hypothalamus controls the release of hormones?
Production of ADH and Oxytocin, controlling sympathetic output to adrenal medullae, and secretion of regulatory hormones to control activity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (Do you know how these work?)
What is the name of the portal system?
Hypothalamic pituitary portal system
List the two neurons whose axons end in the posterior pituitary. Which neuron’s axons end in the median eminence?
Supraoptic nuclei (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN); Neurosecretory neurons
What part of the neuron receives signals?
Dendrites
An intercellular signal that attaches to a membrane bound receptor is a _____ _____ hormone.
water soluble
An intercellular signal will bind to an _______ receptor if the hormone is lipid soluble.
Intracellular (within a cell)
Intercellular signals are lipid _____ while intracellular signals are lipid _____.
insoluble, soluble
What 3 things can happen when an intercellular chemical signal binds to a membrane bound receptor?
It can change in membrane permeability, it can activate G-Protein Complexes and lead to intracellular signals, and it can directly alter enzymes in the cell.
List the four intracellular chemical signals and their abbreviations:
cAMP=cyclic AMP, DAG=diacylglycerol, IP3=inosotol triphosphate, and Ca2+
What does a “change in membrane permeability” mean?
the protein changes shape and allows for the passage of materials through the membrane
When a hormone binds to a G-protein complex, the ___ replaced ___ on the alpha subunit. This activates the G-protein and creates an _____-cellular signal and attaches to an _____.
GTP, GDP, intra, enzyme
When the activated G-Protein attaches to _____ _____, an enzyme, it converts one ___ into cAMP. cAMP then attaches to and activates protein kinase ___. So what is cAMPs purpose?
Adenylate Cyclase, ATP, A. To activate protein kinase A.
When the activated G-Protein attaches to and activates _____ _____, an enzyme, PIP2 splits into ___ and ___.
Phospholipase C, DAG, IP3.
DAG attaches to protein kinase ___ and IP3 attaches to _____ _____, causing calcium ions to be released. The calcium can then:
- Attaches to the ion channel in the membrane, increasing the _____ of said membrane.
- Binds to and activates _____, which uses 3 calcium ions, which then activates _____ _____ enzymes.
- Ca2+ can directly attach to and activate _____ _____ enzymes.
C, Smooth ER, permeability, protein kinase, protein kinase.
If an activated G-protein complex attaches to and activates _____ (PDE), cAMP deactivates to _____ and reduces _____ activity.
Phosphodiesterase, AMP, enzyme
A cell can ___-_____ by adding more receptors in response to reduced hormone concentration in the blood. A cell can ___-_____ by removing more receptors in response to increases hormone concentration in the blood.
up-regulation, down-regulation
Hormones can work together or against each other in three ways:
Synergistic, Permissive, Antagonistic
What does it mean when hormones are synergistic?
Two hormones work together to produce a greater effect.
What does it mean when hormones are permissive?
one hormone allows the action of another hormone
What does it mean when hormones are antagonistic?
one hormone causes the opposite effect of another hormone
What does it mean when an intercellular chemical signal lands on a membrane bound receptor and directly alters the enzymes in the cell?
Once a hormone binds to the receptor it can activate an inactive enzyme or inactivate an active enzyme.
When unbound lipid soluble hormones diffuse through the membrane and bind to an intracellular receptorit forms a _____ _____ _____.
Hormone receptor complex
Hormone receptor complexes will pass through the _____ _____ into the nucleus of a cell, activating a _____, and leading to the production of a _____.
nuclear pore, gene, protein
What are the two hormones produced in the hypothalamus and released by the synaptic knobs in the posterior pituitary gland and what cell are they produced by?
ADH=antidiuretic hormone produced by supratic nuclei (SON) and Oxytocin produced by paraventricular nuclei (PVN).
ADH goes to the _____, causing you to retain water (pee less) and then for the plasma osmolarity to decrease (meaning it dilutes the increased blood concentration). This causes _____ signals to be sent to the ___, releasing less ADH until your blood concentration is back to normal.
kidney, fewer, SON
The function of ADH is to:
target the kidneys and retain more water. The benefit is to become more hydrated.
Oxytocin is a _____ feedback system because PVN senses it and continuously triggers the _____ of oxytocin
positive, increase
Oxytocin causes the contraction of the smooth muscle of the _____, as well as the contraction and release of milk through the _____ _____.
uterus, mammary gland
Neuroendocrine cells in the hypothalamus release _____ hormone (RH), which travel through the _____-_____ portal system to the _____ pituitary and the cells there release a _____ hormone (SH).
Regulatory, hypothalamic-pituitary, anterior, stimulating
What are the two main hormones produced in the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth Hormone Regulatory Hormone and Gonadrotropin Hormones
List the two Gonadrotropin Hormones and their abbreveations:
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Growth hormones can stimulate muscle, bone, and organ growth, increase _____, and decrease _____.
lipolysis, lipogenesis
What abnormality occurs when there is too little GH during endochondral ossification?
Pituitary dwarfism
What abnormality occurs when there is too much GH during endochondrial ossification?
Gigantism
What abnormality occurs when there is too much GH after endochondrial ossification?
Acromegaly (bones grow wider)
What do gonadotropin hormones do?
They stimulate the growth and development of gonads.
LH and FSH trigger the production and release of _____ and _____ in females, and _____ in males.
estradiol and progesterone, testosterone
