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PSY 350 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

aka field work or field observation

-researcher makes observations of individuals in their natural environments

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2
Q

Participant observation

A

allows researcher to observe the setting from the inside, researcher may be able to experience events in the same way as natural participants
-in naturalistic observation, when researcher assumes an active, insider role rather than observing from the outside

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3
Q

Systematic observation

A

careful observation of one or more specific behaviors in a particular setting

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4
Q

Coding system

A

used to measure behaviors

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5
Q

Reactivity

A

the possibility that the presence of the observer will affect people’s behavior

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6
Q

Case study

A

observational method providing detailed description of an individual
-individual is usually a person but can also be a setting such as a business, school or neighborhood

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7
Q

Psychobiography

A

type of case study

-researcher applies psychological theory to explain the life of an individual, usually an important historical figure

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8
Q

Archival research

A

using previously compiled information to answer research questions
-researcher does not actually collect the original data, only analyzes existing data

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9
Q

Content analysis

A
  • systematic analysis of existing documents

- researchers come up with coding systems that raters can use to quantify info in the documents

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10
Q

Response set

A

a tendency to respond to all questions from a particular perspective rather than provide answers directly related to the question
-ex: answering yes to all questions

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11
Q

Social desirability

A
  • most common response set
  • “faking good”
  • individual answers in the most socially acceptable way (way that would reflect most favorably on that person or way that the person perceives most people to respond)
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12
Q

Double-barreled questions

A

ask two things at once

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13
Q

Loaded question

A

written to lead people to respond one way

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14
Q

“Yay-saying and nay-saying”

A

-when you ask several questions about the same topic, respondent may employ response set to agree or disagree with all questions

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15
Q

Closed-ended questions

A

limited number of response alternatives are given

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16
Q

Open-ended questions

A

respondents are free to answer in any way they like

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17
Q

Graphic rating scale

A

requires a mark along a 100mm continuous line that is anchored with descriptions at each end
-ruler is used to measure score on a range from 0-100

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18
Q

Semantic differential scale

A

measure of the meaning of concepts

-respondents are asked to rate any concept on a series of bipolar adjectives using 7 point scales

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19
Q

Panel study

A

same people are surveyed at two or more points in time

  • two-wave panel study=surveyed two times
  • three-wave panels study=surveyed three times
20
Q

Simple random sampling

A

every member of population has equal chance of being selected for sample

21
Q

Stratified random sampling

A

population is divided into subgroups (strata) and random sampling techniques are used to select sample members from each stratum

22
Q

Cluster sampling

A

researcher identifies clusters of individuals and then sample from these clusters

23
Q

Convenience sampling

A
  • nonprobability sampling
  • “take them where you find them” method of sampling
  • Ex: standing on street corner looking for participants
24
Q

Purposive sampling

A
  • nonprobability sampling

- purpose is to obtain sample of people who meet some predetermined criterion

25
Q

Quota sampling

A
  • nonprobability sampling

- researcher chooses a sample that reflects the numerical composition of various subgroups in population

26
Q

Sampling frame

A

actual population of individuals from which a random sample will be drawn

27
Q

Confounding variable

A

variable that varies along with independent variable

28
Q

Internal validity

A

when the results of an experiment can confidently be attributed to the effect of the independent variable

29
Q

Solomon four-group design

A

half the participants receive only the posttest and the other half receive both pretest and posttest
-assesses the impact of the pretest

30
Q

Order effect

A

the order of presenting the treatments affects the dependent variable

31
Q

Carryover effect

A

the effect of the first treatment influences the response to the second treatment

32
Q

Counterbalancing

A

all possible orders of presentation are included in experiment

33
Q

Latin square

A
  • controls for order effect
  • each condition appears at each cardinal position
  • each condition precedes and follows each condition one time
34
Q

Matched pair design

A
  • first match people on a participant variable (ex: age)

- members of each pair are randomly assigned to conditions in experiment

35
Q

Straightforward manipulation

A

manipulate variables with instructions and stimulus presentations

36
Q

Staged manipulation

A

stage events during experiment in order to manipulate the IV

37
Q

Behavioral measures

A

direct observations of behavior

38
Q

Physiological measures

A

recordings of responses of the body

39
Q

Galvanic skin response (GSR)

A

measure of general emotional arousal and anxiety

-measures skin conductance

40
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

measures tension or stress

-measures muscle tension

41
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

records general brain arousal as response to different stimuli
-measure of electrical activity in brain

42
Q

Ceiling effect

A

the IV appears to have no effect on the DV only because participants quickly reach maximum performance level
-task is too easy

43
Q

Floor effect

A

task is so difficult that hardly anyone can perform well

44
Q

Demand characteristics

A

any feature of an experiment that might inform participants of the purpose of the study

45
Q

Manipulation check

A

attempt to directly measure whether the IV manipulation has the intended effect on the participants

PSY 350 (2 decks)

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