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PSY 350 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Tenacity

A

acceptance of a belief based on the idea that “we have always known it to be this way”
ex: popular sayings-opposites attract, can’t teach dogs new tricks

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2
Q

Authority

A

acceptance of a belief because an authority figure tells us it is so

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3
Q

Reason

A

acceptance of a belief because it conforms to the rules of logic

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4
Q

Intuition

A

acceptance of a belief based on our feeling that it is true

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5
Q

Common sense

A

acceptance of a belief based on our sense that there’s a shared understanding

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6
Q

Personal experience

A

acceptance of a belief based on our own experiences

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7
Q

Science

A

acceptance of a belief based on the results of observation and experimentation

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8
Q

Theoretical definition

A

the meaning of a variable in words

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9
Q

Operational definition

A

the meaning of a variable in terms of the method(s) used to manipulate or measure it

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10
Q

Social comparison theory

A

we compare ourselves to other people to determine our own worth

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11
Q

Upward social comparison

A

comparing with someone better than us

often makes us feel worse about ourselves

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12
Q

Downward social comparison

A

comparing with someone worse than us

often makes us feel better about ourselves

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13
Q

Five Criteria of a Good Theory

A

1) Predictive accuracy
2) Internal coherence
3) Parsimony/Economy
4) Fertility
5) Verifiability

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14
Q

Internal coherence

A

theory has ideas that logically flow from one another

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15
Q

Parsimony/Economy

A

a theory is no more complicated than it needs to be

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16
Q

Fertility

A

a theory suggests new ideas for further study

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17
Q

Verifiability

A

theory is testable through empirical methods (based on observation)

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18
Q

Positive linear relationship

A

both variables increase/decrease

variables move together in same direction

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19
Q

Negative linear relationship

A

one variable increases while the other decreases

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20
Q

Curvilinear relationship

A

increase in one variable is accompanied by increases and decreases in other variable

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21
Q

No relationship

A

straight line

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22
Q

What correlations tell us

A
  • variables change together

- predictability (can predict probable value of one variable by knowing value of other variable)

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23
Q

Predictor variable

A
  • X

- variable used to predict

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24
Q

Criterion variable

A
  • Y

- variable whose value is being predicted

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25
Q

Third variable problem

A

relationship may be driven by action of unmeasured “3rd variable”
why correlation doesn’t equal causation

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26
Q

Directionality problem

A

what caused what?

Ex: aggression and violent video game playing

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27
Q

Nonexperimental research

A
  • research that observes variables that occur naturally
  • most common type=correlational research

Pro: can look at relationships of interest that cannot be investigated otherwise
Con: Can’t infer causation

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28
Q

Experimental research

A

-manipulation of an IV
-control over extraneous variables
(cannot call it an experiment without random assignment)

Pro: ability to identify/describe causal relationship
Cons: can’t be used if you can’t manipulate variable of interest, tight control over extraneous variables limits generalizability

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29
Q

Extraneous variable

A

any variable not manipulated in experiment but still may affect outcome

30
Q

How to control extraneous variables

A
  • hold extraneous variables constant

- randomization

31
Q

Random assignment

A
  • can’t call study an experiment without it

- can’t make causal inferences without it

32
Q

Internal validity

A
  • the certainty with which results can be attributed to manipulation of an IV rather than some other variable
  • uncontrolled extraneous variables threaten internal validity
33
Q

External validity

A

degree to which results can be generalized beyond study sample
(steps to increase external validity often decrease internal validity and vice versa)

34
Q

Error

A

fluctuations in measurement

35
Q

Random error

A

error that tends to push measurements up and down around exact value
-average of all measurements=close to exact value

36
Q

Systematic error (bias)

A

error that tends to push measurements in same direction

-average of all measurements will be > or < exact value

37
Q

Reliability

A

stability or consistency of a measure

-ex: if height=6ft, want ruler to read 6ft

38
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

measure same participants at two points in time

-correlation between two scores

39
Q

Internal consistency reliability

A

measure participants at one point in time

  • split half=correlate on half of items with other half
  • cronbach’s alpha=correlate each item with every other item, calculate mean of all correlations
40
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

assessed by multiple observers of same behavior

-correlate judgements of raters

41
Q

Validity

A

essential that measures are valid indices of phenomenon of interest

42
Q

Construct validity

A

extent to which an instrument measures what it claims to measure
-umbrella under which all validity falls

43
Q

Convergent validity

A

measure is related to other measures it theoretically should be related to

44
Q

Discriminant validity

A

measure does not relate to other measures it theoretically should not relate to

45
Q

Reliability and validity

A
  • Can be reliable but not valid

- Cannot be valid but not reliable

46
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Occurs when we focus on two events that stand out and occur together
Ex: believing that parents having trouble conceiving will have better luck conceiving after adopting a child)

47
Q

Temporal precedence

A

Temporal order of events in which cause precedes effect

48
Q

Cicatrisation of cause and effect

A

When cause is present the effect occurs but when cause is not present the effect does not occur

49
Q

Basic research

A

Answers fundamental questions about nature of behavior

50
Q

Applied research

A

Addressed issues in which there are practical problems and potential solutions

51
Q

Literature reviews

A

Summarize previous research in a particular area

52
Q

Meta-analysis

A

Analyze the results of a number of studies using statistical procedures

53
Q

Nonmonotonic function vs monotonic function

A

Monotonic=one direction

Nonmonotonic=relationship that changes direction

54
Q

Social loafing

A

Increase in number of people in a group completing a task decreases group effort/productivity

55
Q

Uncertainty

A

Implies there is randomness in events (random variability)

56
Q

Correlational method

A

Nonexperimental method

57
Q

Confounding variable

A

Uncontrolled third variable

58
Q

Ex post facto

A

After the fact
Groups are formed on the basis of some actual difference rather than through random assignment
NONEXPERIMENTAL

59
Q

Participant variables

A

Characteristics of individuals such as age, gender, ethnic group, nationality

60
Q

True score

A

Someone’s real value on a given variable

61
Q

Measurement error

A

Distance between true score and measured score

62
Q

Alternate forms reliability

A

Administering two different forms of the same test to the same individuals at two points in time

Used to prevent artificially high correlation caused by the participants remembering how they answered the questions the first time

63
Q

Face validity

A

Whether the measure appears to accurately assess the intended variable

64
Q

Content validity

A

Based on comparing the content of the measure with the universe of content that defines the construct
Ex: professors creating an exam, they have to pull questions from the material they taught (universe)

65
Q

Predictive validity

A

Research that uses a measure to predict some future behavior

66
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Research that examines the relationship between the measure and a criterion behavior at the same time (concurrently)

67
Q

Reactivity

A

Measure is reactive if the awareness of being measured changes the individuals behavior

68
Q

Nominal

A

Categories
No numeric scales
Impossible to define any quantitative values or differences between categories
Ex: handedness, college major

69
Q

Ordinal

A

Rank ordering
Numeric values limited
Intervals between items is unknown
Ex: letter grades, ranking of restaurants (how many stars)

70
Q

Interval

A

Difference between numbers on scale is meaningful
Intervals between numbers are equal in size
No true zero
Ex: temperature, intelligence

71
Q

Ratio

A

Have an absolute zero indicating absence of variable being measured
Can form ratios
Ex: reaction time, age, duration of response, weight

PSY 350 (2 decks)

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