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AVS 411 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major stimulating factor in secreting digestive enzymes:

A

Gastrin

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2
Q

What are the major functions of bile:

A
  • Break up fat into small droplets

- Absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.

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3
Q

“Prostaglandins” belong to

A

eicosanoids - subclass of lipids

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4
Q

“C3H6O2” is also known as:

A
  • carboxylate ester
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5
Q

What is the function of abomasal lysozome?

A

efficiently breaks down bacterial cell walls

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6
Q

VLDL is a major transporter of:

A

endogenous lipids from the Liver to Fat and Muscle cells with help of LPL (Lipoprotein Lipase)

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7
Q

What is the major function of apolipoprotein CII and where does it come from:

A

Activator of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase

Liver

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8
Q

What VFA is not utilized by the liver?

A

Acetate

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9
Q

What is Acetate utilized for?

A

de novo fatty acid synthesis
Oxidized via TCA
production of butyrate

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10
Q

Acetate utilization is dependent upon:

A

Energy balance

Arterial concentration

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11
Q

_____ is an important precursor for gluconeogenesis.

A

Propionate

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12
Q

_____ is metabolized by the rumen epithelium to ketone bodies.

A

Butyrate

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13
Q

Ionophore feed additives
_____ propionate
_____ acetate

A

increase

decrease

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14
Q

What are 2 things that affect the passage rate of feed?

A

how you feed

frequency of feeding

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15
Q

Rate of flow of solid is slow and dependent upon its _____ and _____.

A

size

density

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16
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

Poorly understood

Absorbs residual VFAs and bicarbonate

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17
Q

What is the function of the abomasum?

A

secretes lysozyme

allows material to enter the SI via pylorus

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18
Q

Give 4 examples of Gastric juices.

A

Pepsinogen
Rennin
Lipase
HCl

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19
Q

Give 4 examples of Pancreatic juices.

A

Chymotrypsin
Amylase
Lipase
Buffers

20
Q

Give 4 examples of Intestinal enzymes.

A

Sucrase
Lactase
Maltase
Nucleases

21
Q

_____ is the belching of gas

A

Eructation

22
Q

Ruminants and Microbes have a _____ relationship.

A

Symbiotic

23
Q

What is an apoprotein/apolipoprotein?

A

Protein component of lipoprotein
Stabilizes lipoprotein
allows lipoproteins to be recognized by receptors on cell surfaces
Stimulates LPL to remove lipids from the lipoprotein

24
Q

Lipids are stored in _____.

A

Adipocytes

25
Q

_____ promotes lipid storage by suppressing _____.

A

Insulin

hormone-sensitive LPL

26
Q

Where does most absorption of amino acids occur?

A

duodenum

upper jejunum

27
Q

What are the 3 types of Amino Acid Absorption?

A

Facilitated
Sodium dependent
Paracellular

28
Q

What is paracellular absorption?

A

passage through tight junctions of enterocytes

29
Q

Explain the events that take place in the body when a cow receives a dietary N source?

A

Broken down in rumen by Rumen microbes
Ammonia and CO2 production
Depending on energy levels
- leftover nitrogen will determine how much ammonia will be left over
Ammonia is converted to urea and brought to the liver
Some is brought back to the rumen through saliva
The remaining continues throughout the body and is excreted through urine
Rumen protected Nitrogen sources will be broken down in the abomasum and the SI
then absorbed through the SI

30
Q

What are some examples that reduce feed intake?

A

Ration Characteristics - bulky (too much fiber)
Physiological state - comp for space (late pregnancy), sudden & significant increase in energy requirement (early lactation)
Environmental Factors - temperature, humidity, time

31
Q

Forages - greater intake indicates _____

A

Faster digestion rate

32
Q

Grain - greater intake may indicate _____

A

Less energy dense

33
Q

The greater the intake, the _____ the nutrient supply above maintenance

A

greater

34
Q

_____ : distention of the gut tells the animal to stop eating.

A

Physical fill

35
Q

_____ : absorbed nutrient in blood is monitored by receptors in brain - tells animal to stop eating

A

Chemostatic

36
Q

What are the 4 single Factor theories?

A
  1. Gastric distension
  2. Glucostatic Theory
  3. Thermostatic Theory
  4. Lipostatic Theory
37
Q

Explain Gastric distension.

A

“Stomach growling”
hunger contractions of the stomach
increased rumen emptying = increase feed intake

38
Q

Explain Glucostatic Theory.

A

Voluntary feed intake is controlled by glucose

hypothalamus –> blood glucose –> intake

39
Q

Explain Thermostatic Theory

A 
eat to keep warm 
constant body temp 
food intake --> heat production
reduced intake --> body reserves
over-eating --> activation of heat loss mechanisms
40
Q

Explain Lipostatic Theory

A

maintaining body fat content

41
Q

Explain the Multi-factor theory: Energostatic.

A

Energy supply to specific tissue

42
Q

Chemo-receptors:

A

No evidence for glucose neg feedback

VFAs have different effects

43
Q

Osmo-receptors:

A

increase rumen osmolarity, decrease voluntary feed intake (dry feed or silage)

44
Q

Temperature receptors:

A

increase rumen temp, decrease intake and vise versa

45
Q

Hormones:

  • Insulin _____ intake
  • Glucagon _____ intake
  • Cholecystokinin (CKK) _____ intake
A

Decrease
Increase
Decrease

46
Q

What are some dietary factors affecting feed intake?

A

Digestibility (# 1)
Energy content of ration
Ration Characteristics
- roughage content, grain, processing….

AVS 411 (2 decks)

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