Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Neuropharmacology
A
The study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system
2
Q
Ligand
A
Any substance that binds to a receptor
3
Q
Exogenous ligand
A
Molecules from outside our own bodies, used throughout human history to affect our physiology and behavior
4
Q
Endogenous
A
Occurs naturally within the body
5
Q
Agonist
A
Mimic effects of another transmitter
6
Q
Antagonist
A
Bind receptor without activating it
7
Q
Inverse agonist
A
Bind to receptor and initiates opposite effect of usual transmitter
8
Q
Acetylcholine abbreviation
A
ACh
9
Q
Acetylcholine pathway
A
Cholinergic nerve cell bodies and projections contain ACh
10
Q
Acetylcholine function
A
Learning and memory, maintains waking patterns of EEG in the cortex, neurotransmitter junctions, ACh is lost in Alzheimer’s disease
11
Q
Dopamine abbreviation
A
DA
12
Q
Dopamine pathway
A
DA is found in neurons in the mesostriatal pathway (originated in the midbrain specifically the substantia nigra, and innervates the striatum)
Mesotriatal pathway is important in motor control and neuronal loss is a cause of Parkinson’s
Another pathways is the mesolimbocortical DA pathway (originated in the midbrain in the ventral tegmental area) and projects to the limbus system and cortex
13
Q
Dopamine function
A
Motor control, reward, reinforcement, and learning
14
Q
Norepinephrine abbreviation
A
NE
15
Q
Norepinephrine pathway
A
Released from two main clusters in the brain stem (locus coeruleus, lateral tegmental system) aka pons and midbrain
I
16
Q
Norepinephrine function
A
Also known as noradrenaline, cells producing it are noradrenergic
17
Q
Serotonin abbreviation
A
5-HT
18
Q
Serotonin pathway
A
Cell bodies are mainly found in the raphe nuclei, and their serotonergic fibers project widely
19
Q
Serotonin function
A
Sleep, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety
20
Q
Opioid peptides
A
Mimic opiate drugs such as morphine
21
Q
Psychopharmacology
A
Study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior
22
Q
Psychoactive drugs
A
A substance that acts to alter ABCs
Used to manage neuropsychological illness
Many promote craving and can produce addiction
23
Q
Dose response curve
A
DRC. A graph of the relationship between drug doses and the effects
24
Q
Pharmacodynamics
A
The functional relationship between drugs and their targets
25
ED50
Dose at which the drug shows half of its maximal effect
26
Threshold
Dose producing smallest measurable response
27
ED100
Dose at which maximum response is achieved, 100% effective dose
28
Therapeutic index
The separation between the effective dose and a toxic one
TI=LD50/ED100
29
Pharmacokinetics
Factors that affect the movement of a drug through the body
30
Blood brain barrier
Right junctions within the CNS that prevent the movement of large molecules, can limit drug availability
31
LADME
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Liberation
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
```
32
Liberation
The release of a drug into a biologic system from its original form (pill, liquid, inhaler, etc)
33
Absorption
Once liberated the drug must be absorbed by the system
34
First pass effect
The metabolism of orally administered drugs by gastrointestinal and hepatic enzymes, resulting in a significant reduction of unmetabolized drug reaching the systemic circulation
35
Distribution
The circulation of a drug to its target sites
36
Metabolism
Metabolism/bio transformation describes the breakdown of drugs
Liver primarily responsible
Half life refers to the amount of time it takes for the body to process half of a drug dose
37
Excretion
The elimination of the drug from the body
Kidneys primarily responsible
38
Pharmacokinetic (drug disposition, metabolic) tolerance
Increased metabolism reduces the effect of the subsequent dose
39
Behavioral tolerance
Drug may have the same biochemical effect but a reduced behavioral effect as a drug user learns to compensate for nervous system impairment
40
Pharmacodynamic (functional) tolerance
Sensitivity of neurons change after repeated use of a drug
Can cause withdrawal reactions
41
Cross tolerance
Tolerance to a whole class of chemically similar drugs
42
Withdrawal symptoms
May be caused by drug tolerance
43
Sensitization
Occurs when drug effects become stronger with repeated treatment
44
GABA
Primary inhibitory transmitter
Glutamate- primary excitatory
45
Stimulants
Increase nervous system activity and have an alerting, activating effect
46
Drugs of abuse can cause
DA release in the nucleus accumbens
47
Caffeine class
CNS stimulant
48
Caffeine mechanism of action
Caffeine blocks adenosine thereby increasing DA, NE, and epinephrine
Adenosine reduces the release of DA, NE, and epinephrine
49
Caffeine effects
Decreases sleepiness, more awakeness, etc
50
Nicotine class
CNS stimulant
51
Nicotine mechanism
Nicotinic ACh receptor agonist
52
Nicotine effects
Increases heart rate and blood pressure, improves attention
53
Cocaine effects (short)
Alertness, euphoria, stamina
54
Cocaine effects (long)
Sleeplessness, weight loss, general deterioration of mental and physical condition
55
Amphetamine effects (short)
Alertness, euphoria, stamina
56
Amphetamine effects (long)
Sleeplessness, weight loss, general deterioration of mental and physical condition
57
Methamphetamine effects (short)
Alertness, euphoria, stamina
58
Methamphetamine effects (long)
Sleeplessness, weight loss, general deterioration of mental and physical condition
59
Cocaine class
CNS stimulant
60
Amphetamine class
CNS stimulant
61
Methamphetamine class
CNS stimulant
62
Cocaine mechanism
Inhibits the reuptake of DA, NE, and 5-HT at higher doses
63
Amphetamine mechanism
Cause the release of DA, NE, and 5-HT
Block reuptake of DA, NE and (5-HT at high doses)
Inhibit MAO
64
Methamphetamine mechanism
Cause the release of DA, NE, and 5-HT
Block reuptake of DA, NE and (5-HT at higher doses)
Inhibit MAO
65
Depressants
Decrease nervous system activity
66
Alcohol class
CNS Depressant
67
Alcohol mechanism
Agonist at GABA(a) receptor
Higher doses can antagonize glutamate (effects may cause amnesia that occurs for events that take place during intoxication)
68
Alcohol effects
Sleepiness, forgetfulness, decreases motor ability, decreased speech
69
Barbiturate class
CNS depressant
70
Barbiturate mechanism
Agonist at GABA(a) receptor
Higher doses can antagonize glutamate
71
Barbiturate effects
Same as alc
72
Benzodiazepine class
CNS depressant
73
Benzodiazepine mechanism
Bind to anti anxiety site and enhance the binding of GABA to its receptors
74
Benzodiazepine effects
Drowsiness, impaired coordination, dizziness, confusion
75
Alcohol example of pharmacodynamic tolerance
Down regulate GABA receptors
76
Alcohol pharmacokinetic tolerance example
Upregulate liver enzymes that metabolize alcohol
77
Alcohol behavioral tolerance example
Learned compensation
78
THC class
Psychedelics and hallucinogens
79
THC mechanism
CB1 and CB2 receptors
80
THC effects
Relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, hallucination, paranoia
81
Endocannabinoids
Homologs of marijuana produced in the brain
Role is relax, eat, sleep, forget, and protect
82
Anandamide
Endocannabinoid with effects of altered memory formation, stimulate appetite, reduces pain, lowers bp, combats nausea
83
Hallucinogens
Drugs that produce profound alterations in perception, including unusual visual sensations and often changes in the perception of one’s own body
84
LSD class
Psychedelic and hallucinogen
85
LSD mechanism
Sympathomimetic agent
Bonds to 8 different serotonin receptors subtypes
Agonist or partial agonist on 5-HT receptors
86
LSD effects
Hallucinations, altered sense of time and auditory, synesthesia (mixing of senses), enhanced emotionality
87
MDMA class
Psychedelic and hallucinogen
88
MDMA mechanism
Increase release of serotonin, inhibits reuptake of serotonin, DA, and NE
89
MDMA effects
Positive emotions, empathy, sense of well being, colorful visual phenomena
90
Heroin class
Narcotic analgesic/opiate
91
Heroin mechanism
Agonist at receptors in the brain and rest of the body. Modified function of GABA DA 5-HT
92
Opioid antagonist
Narcan
Used to reverse opioid overdoses
93
Physical dependence model
Aka withdrawal avoidance model
Abusers use drugs to avoid withdrawal symptoms
94
Positive reward model
Drug use is a behavior controlled by positive rewards, with no disease
95
Heroin effects
Euphoria, mood changes
96
Nucleus accumbens
Reward
Neurotransmitter DA and 5-HT
97
VTA
Pleasure
Neurotransmitter synthesis of DA
98
PFC
Planning, motivation, self control, problem solving
Neurotransmitter DA
99
Locus coeruleus
Drives behavior
100
Amygdala
Emotional valence, threat detection
101
Hippocampus
Memory, preserves agreeable associations
102
Insula
Pleasure seeking, subjective emotional state
103
Hormones
Chemicals secreted by one cell group that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets
104
Endocrine glands
Release hormones within the body
105
Hypothalamus
Control of hormone secretions.
Controls release of hormones by the pituitary gland and is involved in temp regulation, control of food and water intake, sexual behavior and reproduction, control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, mediation of emotional responses
106
Pituitary gland (anterior)
Hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads; growth
107
Pituitary gland (posterior)
Water balance, salt balance
108
Adrenal cortex (outer bark)
Salt and carb metabolism, inflammatory reactions
109
Adrenal medulla (inner core)
Emotional arousal
110
Gonads
Body development, maintenance of reproductive organs in adults
111
Four f’s of hypothalamus
Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Fornicating
112
Organizational
Long term hormonal effects get that take place during prenatal and/or perinatal development t
113
Activational
Short term transient effects on differential tissue
114
Endocrine communication
A hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues
115
Neuroendocrine cell
Neurons that release hormones into the blood
116
Peptide hormone
A string of amino acids
117
Amine hormone
Modified amino acids
118
Steroid hormones
Four rings of carbon atoms
119
Negative feedback
Output feeds back and inhibits further secretion
120
Anterior pituitary gland hormones
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TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
GH
Prolactin
```
121
Posterior pituitary gland hormones
Oxytocin
| Vasopressin
122
Pituitary stalk
Connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus
123
Oxytocin
Involved in reproductive, parenting and social behavior, uterine contraction during labor, and the milk letdown reflex
124
Arginine vasopressin (or vasopressin)
Increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation. Water conservation
Mating and social behavior, learning and memory, anxiety and depression
125
What does the hypothalamus release
Releasing hormones
126
What does anterior pituitary release
```
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Growth hormone (GH)
```
127
ACTH
Controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones
128
TSH
Increases thyroid hormone release
129
FSH
Stimulates egg containing follicles in females or sperm production in males
130
LH
Stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea in females and testosterone production by the testes in males
131
Prolactin
Stimulates lactation in females and is involved in parental behavior
132
GH
Influences growth, mostly during sleep
133
Adrenal gland location
On top of each kidney
134
Gonads
Ovaries and testes, produce sex steroids
135
How does hypothalamus control gonads
Controls gonadal hormone production by releasing gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
136
What does GnRH stimulate
The anterior pituitary to release FSH or LH
137
Ovaries produce hormones in...
Cycles, progestins such as progesterone, and estrogen such as estradiol
138
Ovarian hormone release is controlled by....
LH and FSH, which are controlled by GnRH
139
Hormonal contraceptives
Contain synthetic steroids that inhibit release of GnRH. Lack of this prevents release of FSH and LH
140
Adrenal cortex
80% of gland, outside part
141
Adrenal medulla
20% of gland, is the inner core
