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Biopsych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuropharmacology

A

The study of compounds that selectively affect the nervous system

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2
Q

Ligand

A

Any substance that binds to a receptor

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3
Q

Exogenous ligand

A

Molecules from outside our own bodies, used throughout human history to affect our physiology and behavior

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4
Q

Endogenous

A

Occurs naturally within the body

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5
Q

Agonist

A

Mimic effects of another transmitter

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6
Q

Antagonist

A

Bind receptor without activating it

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7
Q

Inverse agonist

A

Bind to receptor and initiates opposite effect of usual transmitter

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8
Q

Acetylcholine abbreviation

A

ACh

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9
Q

Acetylcholine pathway

A

Cholinergic nerve cell bodies and projections contain ACh

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10
Q

Acetylcholine function

A

Learning and memory, maintains waking patterns of EEG in the cortex, neurotransmitter junctions, ACh is lost in Alzheimer’s disease

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11
Q

Dopamine abbreviation

A

DA

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12
Q

Dopamine pathway

A

DA is found in neurons in the mesostriatal pathway (originated in the midbrain specifically the substantia nigra, and innervates the striatum)

Mesotriatal pathway is important in motor control and neuronal loss is a cause of Parkinson’s

Another pathways is the mesolimbocortical DA pathway (originated in the midbrain in the ventral tegmental area) and projects to the limbus system and cortex

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13
Q

Dopamine function

A

Motor control, reward, reinforcement, and learning

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14
Q

Norepinephrine abbreviation

A

NE

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15
Q

Norepinephrine pathway

A

Released from two main clusters in the brain stem (locus coeruleus, lateral tegmental system) aka pons and midbrain

I

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16
Q

Norepinephrine function

A

Also known as noradrenaline, cells producing it are noradrenergic

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17
Q

Serotonin abbreviation

A

5-HT

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18
Q

Serotonin pathway

A

Cell bodies are mainly found in the raphe nuclei, and their serotonergic fibers project widely

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19
Q

Serotonin function

A

Sleep, mood, sexual behavior, and anxiety

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20
Q

Opioid peptides

A

Mimic opiate drugs such as morphine

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21
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Study of how drugs affect the nervous system and behavior

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22
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

A substance that acts to alter ABCs
Used to manage neuropsychological illness
Many promote craving and can produce addiction

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23
Q

Dose response curve

A

DRC. A graph of the relationship between drug doses and the effects

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24
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

The functional relationship between drugs and their targets

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25
Q

ED50

A

Dose at which the drug shows half of its maximal effect

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26
Q

Threshold

A

Dose producing smallest measurable response

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27
Q

ED100

A

Dose at which maximum response is achieved, 100% effective dose

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28
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The separation between the effective dose and a toxic one

TI=LD50/ED100

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29
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Factors that affect the movement of a drug through the body

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30
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

Right junctions within the CNS that prevent the movement of large molecules, can limit drug availability

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31
Q

LADME

A 
Liberation 
Absorption 
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion
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32
Q

Liberation

A

The release of a drug into a biologic system from its original form (pill, liquid, inhaler, etc)

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33
Q

Absorption

A

Once liberated the drug must be absorbed by the system

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34
Q

First pass effect

A

The metabolism of orally administered drugs by gastrointestinal and hepatic enzymes, resulting in a significant reduction of unmetabolized drug reaching the systemic circulation

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35
Q

Distribution

A

The circulation of a drug to its target sites

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36
Q

Metabolism

A

Metabolism/bio transformation describes the breakdown of drugs

Liver primarily responsible

Half life refers to the amount of time it takes for the body to process half of a drug dose

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37
Q

Excretion

A

The elimination of the drug from the body

Kidneys primarily responsible

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38
Q

Pharmacokinetic (drug disposition, metabolic) tolerance

A

Increased metabolism reduces the effect of the subsequent dose

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39
Q

Behavioral tolerance

A

Drug may have the same biochemical effect but a reduced behavioral effect as a drug user learns to compensate for nervous system impairment

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40
Q

Pharmacodynamic (functional) tolerance

A

Sensitivity of neurons change after repeated use of a drug

Can cause withdrawal reactions

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41
Q

Cross tolerance

A

Tolerance to a whole class of chemically similar drugs

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42
Q

Withdrawal symptoms

A

May be caused by drug tolerance

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43
Q

Sensitization

A

Occurs when drug effects become stronger with repeated treatment

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44
Q

GABA

A

Primary inhibitory transmitter

Glutamate- primary excitatory

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45
Q

Stimulants

A

Increase nervous system activity and have an alerting, activating effect

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46
Q

Drugs of abuse can cause

A

DA release in the nucleus accumbens

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47
Q

Caffeine class

A

CNS stimulant

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48
Q

Caffeine mechanism of action

A

Caffeine blocks adenosine thereby increasing DA, NE, and epinephrine

Adenosine reduces the release of DA, NE, and epinephrine

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49
Q

Caffeine effects

A

Decreases sleepiness, more awakeness, etc

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50
Q

Nicotine class

A

CNS stimulant

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51
Q

Nicotine mechanism

A

Nicotinic ACh receptor agonist

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52
Q

Nicotine effects

A

Increases heart rate and blood pressure, improves attention

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53
Q

Cocaine effects (short)

A

Alertness, euphoria, stamina

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54
Q

Cocaine effects (long)

A

Sleeplessness, weight loss, general deterioration of mental and physical condition

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55
Q

Amphetamine effects (short)

A

Alertness, euphoria, stamina

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56
Q

Amphetamine effects (long)

A

Sleeplessness, weight loss, general deterioration of mental and physical condition

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57
Q

Methamphetamine effects (short)

A

Alertness, euphoria, stamina

58
Q

Methamphetamine effects (long)

A

Sleeplessness, weight loss, general deterioration of mental and physical condition

59
Q

Cocaine class

A

CNS stimulant

60
Q

Amphetamine class

A

CNS stimulant

61
Q

Methamphetamine class

A

CNS stimulant

62
Q

Cocaine mechanism

A

Inhibits the reuptake of DA, NE, and 5-HT at higher doses

63
Q

Amphetamine mechanism

A

Cause the release of DA, NE, and 5-HT

Block reuptake of DA, NE and (5-HT at high doses)

Inhibit MAO

64
Q

Methamphetamine mechanism

A

Cause the release of DA, NE, and 5-HT

Block reuptake of DA, NE and (5-HT at higher doses)

Inhibit MAO

65
Q

Depressants

A

Decrease nervous system activity

66
Q

Alcohol class

A

CNS Depressant

67
Q

Alcohol mechanism

A

Agonist at GABA(a) receptor

Higher doses can antagonize glutamate (effects may cause amnesia that occurs for events that take place during intoxication)

68
Q

Alcohol effects

A

Sleepiness, forgetfulness, decreases motor ability, decreased speech

69
Q

Barbiturate class

A

CNS depressant

70
Q

Barbiturate mechanism

A

Agonist at GABA(a) receptor

Higher doses can antagonize glutamate

71
Q

Barbiturate effects

A

Same as alc

72
Q

Benzodiazepine class

A

CNS depressant

73
Q

Benzodiazepine mechanism

A

Bind to anti anxiety site and enhance the binding of GABA to its receptors

74
Q

Benzodiazepine effects

A

Drowsiness, impaired coordination, dizziness, confusion

75
Q

Alcohol example of pharmacodynamic tolerance

A

Down regulate GABA receptors

76
Q

Alcohol pharmacokinetic tolerance example

A

Upregulate liver enzymes that metabolize alcohol

77
Q

Alcohol behavioral tolerance example

A

Learned compensation

78
Q

THC class

A

Psychedelics and hallucinogens

79
Q

THC mechanism

A

CB1 and CB2 receptors

80
Q

THC effects

A

Relaxation, mood alteration, stimulation, hallucination, paranoia

81
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

Homologs of marijuana produced in the brain

Role is relax, eat, sleep, forget, and protect

82
Q

Anandamide

A

Endocannabinoid with effects of altered memory formation, stimulate appetite, reduces pain, lowers bp, combats nausea

83
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that produce profound alterations in perception, including unusual visual sensations and often changes in the perception of one’s own body

84
Q

LSD class

A

Psychedelic and hallucinogen

85
Q

LSD mechanism

A

Sympathomimetic agent

Bonds to 8 different serotonin receptors subtypes

Agonist or partial agonist on 5-HT receptors

86
Q

LSD effects

A

Hallucinations, altered sense of time and auditory, synesthesia (mixing of senses), enhanced emotionality

87
Q

MDMA class

A

Psychedelic and hallucinogen

88
Q

MDMA mechanism

A

Increase release of serotonin, inhibits reuptake of serotonin, DA, and NE

89
Q

MDMA effects

A

Positive emotions, empathy, sense of well being, colorful visual phenomena

90
Q

Heroin class

A

Narcotic analgesic/opiate

91
Q

Heroin mechanism

A

Agonist at receptors in the brain and rest of the body. Modified function of GABA DA 5-HT

92
Q

Opioid antagonist

A

Narcan

Used to reverse opioid overdoses

93
Q

Physical dependence model

A

Aka withdrawal avoidance model

Abusers use drugs to avoid withdrawal symptoms

94
Q

Positive reward model

A

Drug use is a behavior controlled by positive rewards, with no disease

95
Q

Heroin effects

A

Euphoria, mood changes

96
Q

Nucleus accumbens

A

Reward

Neurotransmitter DA and 5-HT

97
Q

VTA

A

Pleasure

Neurotransmitter synthesis of DA

98
Q

PFC

A

Planning, motivation, self control, problem solving

Neurotransmitter DA

99
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

Drives behavior

100
Q

Amygdala

A

Emotional valence, threat detection

101
Q

Hippocampus

A

Memory, preserves agreeable associations

102
Q

Insula

A

Pleasure seeking, subjective emotional state

103
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals secreted by one cell group that travel through the bloodstream to act on targets

104
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release hormones within the body

105
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Control of hormone secretions.

Controls release of hormones by the pituitary gland and is involved in temp regulation, control of food and water intake, sexual behavior and reproduction, control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, control of daily cycles in physiological state and behavior, mediation of emotional responses

106
Q

Pituitary gland (anterior)

A

Hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads; growth

107
Q

Pituitary gland (posterior)

A

Water balance, salt balance

108
Q

Adrenal cortex (outer bark)

A

Salt and carb metabolism, inflammatory reactions

109
Q

Adrenal medulla (inner core)

A

Emotional arousal

110
Q

Gonads

A

Body development, maintenance of reproductive organs in adults

111
Q

Four f’s of hypothalamus

A

Feeding
Fighting
Fleeing
Fornicating

112
Q

Organizational

A

Long term hormonal effects get that take place during prenatal and/or perinatal development t

113
Q

Activational

A

Short term transient effects on differential tissue

114
Q

Endocrine communication

A

A hormone is released into the bloodstream to act on target tissues

115
Q

Neuroendocrine cell

A

Neurons that release hormones into the blood

116
Q

Peptide hormone

A

A string of amino acids

117
Q

Amine hormone

A

Modified amino acids

118
Q

Steroid hormones

A

Four rings of carbon atoms

119
Q

Negative feedback

A

Output feeds back and inhibits further secretion

120
Q

Anterior pituitary gland hormones

A 
TSH
ACTH
LH
FSH
GH
Prolactin
121
Q

Posterior pituitary gland hormones

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

122
Q

Pituitary stalk

A

Connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

123
Q

Oxytocin

A

Involved in reproductive, parenting and social behavior, uterine contraction during labor, and the milk letdown reflex

124
Q

Arginine vasopressin (or vasopressin)

A

Increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation. Water conservation

Mating and social behavior, learning and memory, anxiety and depression

125
Q

What does the hypothalamus release

A

Releasing hormones

126
Q

What does anterior pituitary release

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin
Growth hormone (GH)
127
Q

ACTH

A

Controls production and release of adrenal cortex steroid hormones

128
Q

TSH

A

Increases thyroid hormone release

129
Q

FSH

A

Stimulates egg containing follicles in females or sperm production in males

130
Q

LH

A

Stimulates follicles to form the corpora lutea in females and testosterone production by the testes in males

131
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates lactation in females and is involved in parental behavior

132
Q

GH

A

Influences growth, mostly during sleep

133
Q

Adrenal gland location

A

On top of each kidney

134
Q

Gonads

A

Ovaries and testes, produce sex steroids

135
Q

How does hypothalamus control gonads

A

Controls gonadal hormone production by releasing gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

136
Q

What does GnRH stimulate

A

The anterior pituitary to release FSH or LH

137
Q

Ovaries produce hormones in…

A

Cycles, progestins such as progesterone, and estrogen such as estradiol

138
Q

Ovarian hormone release is controlled by….

A

LH and FSH, which are controlled by GnRH

139
Q

Hormonal contraceptives

A

Contain synthetic steroids that inhibit release of GnRH. Lack of this prevents release of FSH and LH

140
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

80% of gland, outside part

141
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

20% of gland, is the inner core

Biopsych (2 decks)

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