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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience

A

The study of the nervous system

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2
Q

Behavioral neuroscience

A

The study of biological bases of psychological processes and behavior

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3
Q

Name all the levels of analysis and define them.

A

Social level: individuals behaving in social interaction.

Organ level: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and eyes.

Neural systems level: Eyes and visual brain regions.

Brain region level: Visual cortex.

Circuit level: Local neural circuit.

Cellular level: Single neuron.

Synaptic level

Molecular level

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4
Q

Reductionism

A

Breaks down a system down to its smaller parts, in order to understand it

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5
Q

Process of analysis

A

Observe behavior or other phenomena

Formulate a research question

Generate a testable prediction (hypothesis) that addresses your question

Collect and analyze data

Draw conclusions and use them to create/refine theories

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6
Q

Five major perspectives used to study the biology of behavior

A

Describing behavior

Studying evolution of behavior

Observing the development of behavior and it’s biological characteristics over the lifespan

Studying the biological mechanisms of behavior

Studying applications of behavioral neuroscience, for example it’s applications to dysfunctions of human behavior

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7
Q

Conserved

A

A trait that is passed on from a common ancestor

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8
Q

Ontogeny

A

The process by which an individual changes throughout its lifespan

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9
Q

Somatic intervention

A

Alteration of a structure or function to see how behavior is altered

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10
Q

Independent variable

A

The factor that is being manipulated

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11
Q

Dependent variable

A

What is measured in response to changes in the independent variable

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12
Q

Behavioral intervention

A

Intervention in a behavior to see how structure or function is altered

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13
Q

Correlation

A

Measures how much a body measure varies with a behavioral measure

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14
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

Describes the ability of the brain to be changed by environment and by experience

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15
Q

Neurons

A

Aka nerve cells. The most important part of the nervous system. They analyze, integrate, and transmit info

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16
Q

Glial cells

A

Provide support for and contribute to information processing neurons

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17
Q

Neuron doctrine

A

The brain is composed of independent cells. Information is transmitted from cell to cell across synapses

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18
Q

Input zone of neuron

A

Receives information from other cells through dendrites

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19
Q

Integration zone

A

Cell body or soma region where inputs are combined and transformed

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20
Q

Conduction zone

A

Single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse

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21
Q

Output zone

A

Axon terminals at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells

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22
Q

Types of glial cells

A

Astrocytes
Microglial cells
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells

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23
Q

Astrocyte

A

Star shaped cell with many processes that receive neuronal input and monitor activity. Regulate blood flow, supply energy when neurons are active, blood brain barrier

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24
Q

Microglial cell

A

Small cells that remove debris from injured cells

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25
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord
26
Schwann cells
Provide myelin to cells outside the brain and spinal cord
27
Myelination
The process in which glial cells wrap axons with a fatty sheath of myelin to insulate and speed conduction
28
Nodes of ranvier
Gaps between sections of myelin where the axon is exposed
29
Synapse
Tiny gap between neurons where info is passed from one to the other
30
Dendrite
One of the extensions of the cell body that are the receptive surfaces of the neuron
31
Cell body
The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus
32
Axon
Single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body to other neurons
33
Axon terminal
End of an axon which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell
34
Neurotransmitter
The chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication. Between neurons
35
Receptor
Protein that bonds and reacts to molecules of a neurotransmitter or hormone
36
Peripheral nervous system
Portion of nervous system that includes all the nerves and neurons outside the brain and spinal cord
37
Central nervous system
Portion of nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord
38
Somatic nervous system
Part of peripheral nervous system that provides neural connections to the skeletal musculature
39
Autonomic nervous system
Part of peripheral nervous system that provides neural connections to glands and to smooth muscles of internal organs
40
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of autonomic nervous system that arises from the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord
41
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of autonomic nervous system that arises from the cranial nerves and the sacra spinal cord
42
Enteric nervous system
Extensive mesh like system of merit one that governs the functioning of the gut
43
Nerve
Collection of axons
44
Motor nerve
Conveys neural activity from the cns to the muscles, organs, and glands
45
Sensory nerve
Conveys info from the body to the cns
46
Four lobes
Frontal Temporal Parietal Occipital
47
Frontal lobe
Primary motor, planning, cognition, insight, inhibition, attention, shifting attention, working memory, production of speech
48
Temporal lobe
Emotion, learning, memory, spatial navigation, primary auditory, auditory and visual association, understanding of language
49
Parietal lobe
Somatosensory, auditory and visual integration, spatial perception
50
Occipital lobe
Primary visual and visual association
51
Broca aphasia
May be able to read but are limited in writing. Can understand language, but does not know how to produce language
52
Wernicke aphasia
Are able to produce language, but cannot understand language
53
Laterality
Left and right hemispheres have different functions
54
Left hemisphere
Language, controlling movement on right side
55
Right hemisphere
Perceiving and synthesizing nonverbal info. Controlling movement on left side of body
56
Electrical recording
Detect changes in the electrical activity of the neurons
57
Brain stimulation
Induce changes in the electrical activity of neurons
58
X ray imaging
Sensitive to the density of different parts of the brain
59
Dynamic imaging
Records and manipulates ongoing changes in brain activity
60
Eeg
Electrical recording, record electrical impulses or brain waves in the brain. Is used for sleep studies, studying normal brain function, diagnose epilepsy
61
Deep brain stimulation
Electrodes implanted in the brain to stimulate the tissue, used to treat Parkinson’s
62
Trans cranial magnetic stimulation (tms)
Stimulation of the brain using a magnetic stimulator
63
X ray
Used for finding fractures or brain abnormalities
64
CT
Used for locating brain tumors and abnormalities
65
Pet
Radioactive molecules injected into the bloodstream or inhaled (glucose analog). Infers neuronal activity by blood flow.
66
MRI
Creates image of brain through large magnet and specific radio frequency
67
Fmri
Looks at levels of oxygen and blood flow. BOLD response
68
Social neuroscience
Aims to understand brain activity as it relates to our interactions with others
69
Dyadic fmri (dfMRI)
MRI scanner that is fitted with dual head coils.
70
Neurophysiology
The study of processes within neurons that use electrical and chemical signals
71
Action potential
A rapid electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron
72
Neurotransmitter
A chemical messenger between neurons
73
Ions
Electrically charged molecules
74
Ions are dissolved in __ separated from the __ by the ____
Intracelluar fluid Extra cellular fluid Cell membrane
75
What particles produce resting potential
Na+ Cl- K+ A- (protein anions)
76
Resting potential number
-65
77
Where do action potentials originate
In the axon hillock
78
Hyperpolarization
An increase in membrane potential- the interior of the membrane becomes even more negative, relative to the outside
79
Depolarization
A decrease in membrane potential - the interior of the cell becomes less negative
80
Threshold number
-40. This is when an action potential is triggered
81
All or none property
Neuron fires at full amplitude or not at all
82
Conduction velocity
The speed of propagation of action potentials, varies with diameter
83
Saltatory conduction
The axon potential travels inside the axon and jumps from node to node
84
Postsynaptic potentials
Brief changes in the resting potential
85
Excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp)
Produces a small local depolarization, pushing the cell closer to threshold. Results from Na+ entering the cell, making the inside more positive
86
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (ipsp)
Produces a small hyperpolarization pushing the cell further away from threshold. Results from Cl- entering the cell, making the inside more negative
87
Synthesis
Some neurotransmitters are transported from the cell nucleus to the terminal button. Others, made from building blocks imported into the terminal, are packaged into vesicles there
88
Release
In response to an action potential, the transmitter is released across the membrane by exocytosis
89
Receptor action
The transmitter crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to a receptor
90
Inactivation
The transmitter is either taken back into the terminal or inactivated in the synaptic cleft
91
Ligands
Fit receptors exactly and activate or block them
92
Endogenous ligands
Neurotransmitters and hormones produced within the body
93
Exogenous ligands
Drugs and toxins from outside the body
94
Up regulation and down regulation
Up is increase in receptors, down is decrease
95
Reasons to study a species
Outstanding features, like a sensory skill Convenience Comparison Preservation/conservation of biodiversity Economic importance Treatment of disease
96
Natural selection
Organisms in a population that are best adapted to their local environment increase in frequency relative to less adapted counterparts. (Evolution proceeds by differential success in reproduction)
97
Sexually selected traits are
Sexually dimorphic Involved in reproduction Pronounced at age of breeding Attractive to mates and/or intimidating to rivals Variable across lifespan and between individuals of same sex Dependent on sex hormones
98
Parental investment theory
Anything a parent does to foster one offspring reduces the parents ability to invest in another offspring
99
Sexual selection
members of one biological sex choose mates of the other sex to mate with, and compete with members of the same sex for access to members of the opposite sex

Biopsych (2 decks)

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