Exam 2 Flashcards
What is failure of passive transfer? What does failure of passive transfer predispose the neonate to?
When the baby doesn’t get the immunoglobulins needed. This predispose the baby to a higher risk of disease and infection because the baby doesn’t have the immunity to fight off anything.
How does the Veterinary Feed Directive impact livestock production?
Impacts by putting restrictions on mediated feed used for meat/milk poses
Describe a Visual Exam
- record findings
- observe animal from far away
- observe other animals in herd
- observe any other problems with animals
T/F
Diuretics are a therapy to treat edema and anti-inflammatories are a therapy to treat swelling
TRUE
Describe what a “patent urachus” is in foal neonates
- Hospitalized debilitated neonates
- Simultaneous infection of the umbilicus (Navel Ill)
- Foals straining to defecate
T/F
We would expect to see redness and heat with edema but nit with inflammation
FALSE
List 4 physical signs/symptoms of inflammation
- heat
- redness
- swelling
- lameness
If you suspected a calf/lamb was suffering from hypothermia list 3 ways to warm the calf/lamb
warm milk
energy shot
warm environment (heat lamps)
T/F
antibiotics work well as a therapy against a viral infection in our livestock
FALSE
Describe appropriate long-term colostrum storage and the processing required prior to giving colostrum to a calf/foal/lamb
- Freeze up to 12 months, 6-8 mon ideal
- warm in 110 degrees F water, wait 10-15 min then administer
- can be microwavable but denatures colostrum
Which type of cow has the most concentrated colostrum: Beef/Dairy
Beef
Define Biosecurity
Management practices that reduce the opportunity for infectious agents to gain access to, or spread within, an animal production unit.
When a calf/foal is first born list the procedures you would follow to assist/stimulate breathing
- clear fetal membranes
- clear respiratory tract manually or gravity
- stimulate breathing with massage or nasal stimulation use oxygen breathing machine if assistance is needed
T/F
Most diseases walk through the gate
True
T/F
Biosecurity issues have become more important because farms have become more isolated
False
T/F
Globalization of animal Agriculture has increased the need for biosecurity
True
Carcass disposal is an important consideration in your biosecurity plan. List and describe 2 ways animal carcasses can be disposed of?
Burial- burying animals underground
Rendering- using viable animal tissue to make products
Composting- land available and disease spread
Emergency preparedness for an animal disease emergency differs from a natural disaster emergency preparedness plan. List 3 differences
- In disease emergencies, quarantine and separation are much more important
- more likely to evacuate are a when it is a natural disaster
- more likely to cull animals in disease emergency
List 4 items you would have packed in your companion animals’ emergency preparedness travel kit
- food
- water
- medications/history
- vaccines needed
Oxytetracycline is in the pharmaceutical class of which one? Antibiotics or Anti-inflammatory
Antibiotics
You are the owner/manager of a small Guernsey dairy operation. You have 20 milking cows, 10 heifers, 5 calves in hutches. No bulls on your property as you AI your cows. You live at the end of a 2-mile gravel road which comes off a secondary highway. Your property consists of 80 acres of pasture and 10 acres of trees. Forested land surrounds your property as well as all along the gravel road to your property. On your property you have a house, shop with gas and diesel tanks next to it, milking parlor, and large enclosed barn. All your structures are centrally located within your 80 acres surrounded by pastures. Your county emergency response guidebook lists wildfires as the most likely natural emergency condition. Based on the info given discuss your emergency preparedness plan for this operation.
All depends on the type of disaster
- If there was a fire owning 80 acres could be an adv. because of the fire was at one side of the land then you could move the herd to the other side and contain fire. If the fire was bad then evacuate the animals from the land completely.
- If there was a flood could move the animals to higher ground, move the calves inside the barn and keep them warm. The road would be an issue in evacuating because of the gravel road, but there is a highway nearby to get help if needed
In all this making sure that there is enough food/water for the animals in any situation. Need a portable milking machine so if you have to leave they are still milked.
T/F
According to BQA it’s acceptable to give intramuscular injections in the neck muscle
True
T/F
No greater than 10 ml of product should be injected IM at one injection site
True
As an animal manager of an operation you need to call a veterinarian out to attend one of your animals. List 5 important parameters of giving a good “History”, of your potentially sick animals
- vitals
- history of eating (if changed)
- lameness
- how animals is acting different
- records of animals
Discuss the signs/symptoms (age of onset), treatment, prevention, and management of calf scours.
Signs/symptoms: dehydration, diarrhea, lethargic, decrease nursing, onset 0-4-6 weeks of age
Treatment: fluids: IV, SQ, or oral; extreme: antibiotics
Prevention: adequate colostrum at birth, clean environment, vaccines management: Calves, heifers in a separate location quarantine calves and mothers that have diarrhea manage the environment
Anti-microbial resistance is a potential public health risk. List 2 ways inappropriate use of anti-microbials could increase resistance issues
- Using overall feedstuff when animals are healthy
- Using wrong medication/dosage on an animals
Twins are an example of fetal cause of dystocia. We can see maternal and mechanical causes of dystocia. What are the 3 mechanisms/causes of dystocia in animals (don’t list abnormal presentations or twins)
- fetus is too big
- fetus in wrong position
- cervix not dilated
- birth canal too small
In an assisted fetal delivery list 3 ways of determining if the fetus is still alive inside of the uterus
- umbilical pulse
- push on eye socket for response
- anal reflex
What are some considerations when handling vaccines and medications with care
- store in refrigerator
- Don’t mix 2 different products in the same syringes
- sanitation
- disinfectant residues
What are the mechanisms of Edema
- Increased Vascular Permeability
- Decreased Plasma Colloid Oncotic Pressure
- Increased Hydrostatic Pressure
- Decreased Lymphatic Drainage
What is inflammation
- Immune cells distributed throughout the body
- Need to focus the response to a specific site during infection=>Inflammation
What are examples of waste management
- Biohazard waste
- Medical waste
- Wastes of environmental concern
- Sharps
- Clothing
What are 3 factors affecting the neonate
- Proper fetal development
- Successful parturition
- Adaptation to Extrauterine life
What are the 3 passive immunity requirements
- Adequate Production
- Adequate Intake
- Adequate Absorption
What are the types of relationships between organism and host
- Commensal – one benefits without harming the other
- Mutualism – both participants benefit
- Parasitism – one benefits at the expense of the other
Endoparasite
internal infection
Ectoparasite
external infestation
Zoonotic infection
transmission of an infection from animals to humans
What are 4 factors of scours
- Environmental exposure
- Inadequate colostrum
- Dystocia
- Poor nutrition of the dam
List 3 neonatal infectious diseases
- Neonatal Septicemia
- Calf Scours
- Pneumonia
What is the difference between Infectious disease and natural disaster
Infectious
• Accidental or intentional introduction?
• Which animals are affected
• How widespread is it
Natural • Fire -snow storms -tornados -floods
You are tasked with putting together an emergency preparedness plan for you livestock operation. As a part of your plan list three things you should consider as part of your “risk assessment”
- What are the major potential disaster risks
- What infrastructure available
- What resources are available
“Recovery” is an important part of an emergency preparedness plan. List 2 issues that may occur during the recovery phase of an emergency preparedness
- Carcass disposal
- indemnity
- Insurance payments
List 4 reasons a production unit should be concerned with Biosecurity?
- Foreign and emerging disease issues
- Globalization of agriculture
- Increased public concern over food safety
What are preventative measures used for parasites
Optiminal diet
living conditions
When giving intermuscular (IM) injections in food animals where is the appropriate place to give the injection? Where is it not?
Appropriate- neck
Not appropriate- butt, shoulder
