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AVS 471 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Disease

A

a pathological condition of the body that presents a group of symptoms peculiar to it and which sets the condition apart as an abnormal entity differing from other normal or pathological body states

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2
Q

Define Pathology

A

study of the nature and cause of disease which involves changes in structure and function

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3
Q

Define Pathologic

A

Diseased

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4
Q

Define Pathogenesis

A

origination and development of disease

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5
Q

Define Etiology

A

the study of the causes of disease

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6
Q

Etiologic (agent)

A

pertaining to the cause of disease

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7
Q

Epidemiology

A

science concerned with defining and explaining the interrelationships of factors that determine disease frequency and distribution (population medicine)

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8
Q

Koch’s law

A

criterion used in proving an organism is the cause of a disease or lesion

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9
Q

Immunology

A

study of immune function

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10
Q

Immunity

A

body’s defense against disease

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11
Q

Pathogen

A

a microorganism or substance capable of causing disease

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12
Q

Parasite

A

an organism that lives within, upon, or at the expense of another organism, known as the host, without contributing to the survival of the host

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13
Q

Saprophyte

A

living or growing in decaying or dead matter

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14
Q

Commensal

A

one of two organisms which live in an intimate, non-parasitic relationship; symbiosis

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15
Q

Zoonosis

A

a disease that is communicable between humans and animals under natural conditions

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16
Q

Infectious diseases

A

diseases can be spread from one animal to another or acquired from the environment and involve a pathogenic agent

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17
Q

Non-infectious diseases

A

diseases are caused by a variety of mechanisms, but do not involve a pathogenic agent

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18
Q

What are 5 infectious agents

A 
•Parasites 
Protozoa
•Bacteria 
Fungi
•Viruses
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19
Q

What are 4 Non-infectious Disease

A
  • Metabolic disturbances
  • Nutritional imbalances
  • Hormonal disturbances
  • Inherited disorders
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20
Q

How does geography and weather affect the occurrence and incidence of disease

A

Geographical- soil conditions, wet/dry; can dictate occurrence of certain diseases.
Deficient soils can result in deficient forages
Weather- frost on plants can lead to higher occurrence of bloat

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21
Q

What are 4 modes of Transmission of Infectious Agents

A
  • Sexual contact
  • Excretions: Urine/feces
  • Secretions: vaginal, rectal, lacrimal, nasal, mammary, salivary
  • Parasites: Internal/External
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22
Q

Describe how vectors are involved in disease transmission. List 2 common vectors in disease transmission

A

vectors are animals/insects that carry a disease and transmit it to animals usually through biting.
Ex: bats, ticks, mosquito

23
Q

List 3 ways infectious agents can be transmitted from a sick animal to a healthy animal

A

Horizontal
vertical
formites

24
Q

What is the difference between vertical and horizontal disease. Give and example each

A

Vertical- passed from parent to offspring ex: in-utero

Horizontal- passed from animal to animal ex: direct contact, nose-nose

25
Q

Prevalence

A

proportion of animals with the condition of interest at a given point in time

26
Q

Incidence

A

proportion of animals that develop the condition of interest during a defined time period. Number of new cases occurring in a given time period.

27
Q

Attack rate

A

proportion of a defined population developing the condition during an outbreak

28
Q

Bacteriostat

A

inhibits or retards bacterial growth

29
Q

Bacteriocide

A

kills bacteria

30
Q

Disinfectant

A

germicidal chemical that destroys microorganisms and the potential infectivity of a material

31
Q

Antiseptic

A

mild disinfect used on living tissue

32
Q

Sanitizer

A

disinfectant of low toxicity used to reduce microbial contamination of food handling equipment

33
Q

Sterilize

A

destroy all microorganisms; physical disinfection

34
Q

Discuss the “external defenses”, of the skin and GI tract in preventing disease

A

Urinary tract- flushing

Skin- 1st barrier prevents bacteria or viruses from entering the body

35
Q

Innate Immunity

A
  • Non-specific, most primitive
  • Phagocytosis, consisting of the phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system (Macrophages); Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils
  • Does not alter with repeated exposure
36
Q

Adaptive Immunity

A

Specific, more sophisticated

  • Includes Lymphocytes, their progeny and their extracellular products
  • Improves with each successive exposure to the same pathogen (“Memory”)
37
Q

List 3 soluble mediator of immunity

A

antibody
cytokines
complement proteins

38
Q

Antigen

A

Any molecule that is recognized by the adaptive immune elements

39
Q

Antibody

A

produced in response to an antigen to counteract

40
Q

List 3 major events of inflammation ? What is “diapedesis”

A

-Increased blood supply of infected region
-increased capillary permeability permitting larger than normal molecules to breach vessel wall
-leukocytes migrate out of venules into surrounding tissue
Diapedesis: swelling of both feet

41
Q

Antitoxins

A

Passive immunization, Immediately protective horse or sheep derived serum Ab, e.g. C. perfringens CD, tetanus;

42
Q

Toxoid

A

Inactiviated bacterial toxin, e.g. Clostridium tetani

43
Q

List 2 properties of modified live virus (MLV) vaccine

A

less boosters

better/quicker protections

44
Q

Give 2 examples of why a vaccine might fail to provide protective immunity

A

denatured vaccine

the animal is already infected with the pathogen

45
Q

Why do some vaccines require a booster

A

killed vaccines don’t have as strong of immunity so after some time a booster is needed because it wears off

46
Q

What is the difference between killed and MLV

A

MLV: Can induce disease (reversion to virulence), Depressed T-cell function in pregnant animals
Killed: Does not cause disease, Safe in pregnant animals

47
Q

Passive vs. Adaptive Immunity

A

Passive: Results from the transfer of Antibodies from one individual to another
Pros: Immediate protection against cell-free infections and toxins
Cons: Short-lived, Expensive

Adaptive: Killed, attenuated, live, modified live vaccines are all capable of conferring active immunity

48
Q

List 4 important considerations before vaccinating an animal

A

Pregnancy status
quality of product
colostal interference
state and federal regulations

49
Q

List 3 reasons why administering a vaccine to an animal may fail to produce a protective immune response in that animal

A

administering it with the wrong method (SM, IM)
administering in the wrong location on the body
administering the correct amount

50
Q

Identify: IM, SQ, PO, IN

A

IM: intramuscular, given under the muscle
SQ: subcutaneous, given under the skin
PO: by mouth, given orally
IN: intranasal, given through the nose

51
Q

List the four routes of access pathogens can enter the body and cause disease in an animal

A

urogenital
oral
nasal
eyes

52
Q

Incubation Period

A

time between the time length of the agent into the body and when the symptoms show signs

53
Q

Besides proper nutrition, list 2 other predisposing causes of animal diseases

A

Age

Stress

54
Q

List 3 ways pathogens can enter the body of our livestock animals and cause disease

A

contact- skin
in utero
airborne- respiratory

AVS 471 (2 decks)

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