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Anatomy and Phis 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The two basic functions of the lymph nodes are filtration and immune system activation.

A

True

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2
Q

The two branches of the immune system are the innate system and the adaptive system.

A

True

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3
Q

Virus infected cells secrete complement to “warn” neighboring cells of the presence of the virus.

A

False

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4
Q

Complement are plasma proteins that can be activated by both the innate and adaptive immune system.

A

True

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5
Q

The adaptive immune system is specific it responds only to recognized targets.

A

True

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6
Q

Substances capable of triggering the adaptive immune system and provoking an immune response are called antibodies.

A

False

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7
Q

Gas exchange is the primary function of the conducting zone of the respiratory system.

A

False

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8
Q

Transpulmonary pressure is the force primarily responsible for keeping the lungs inflated

A

True

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9
Q

The majority of tissue making up the conducting zone is primarily pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

A

True

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10
Q

The oropharynx, because it comes in contact with food, is lined with stratified squamous epithelium.

A

True

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11
Q

The Haldane effect states the lower the hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, the more CO2 the blood can carry.

A

True

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12
Q

A low partial pressure gradient for CO2 exists between pulmonary capillaries and alveoli (45mmHG vs. 40mmHG); thus CO2 is exchanged at a much lower rat e than O2 in the alveoli.

A

False

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13
Q

Macrophages

A

Develop from monocytes- primary phagocytic cells with voracious appetites.

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14
Q

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

A

A specialized immune cell that captures, processes and presents antigens to T lymphocytes

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15
Q

Plasma cells

A

Daughter cells of B lymphocytes; secrete antibodies when stimulated to do so

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16
Q

Neutrophils

A

The most abundant WBC; become phagocytic on exposure to

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17
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes involved with cellular immunity; only recognize damaged/infected cells when they are presented by an APC.

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18
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

Reside in the blood and lymph and “police” the body - can lyse and kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

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19
Q

B Lymphocyte

A

A cell with antibodies on its surface – recognizes and binds to specific antigens

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20
Q

Alveolar Type 1 cells

A

Squamous epithelial cells that make up the walls of the alveoli.

21
Q

Alveolar Type 11 cells

A

Alveolar cells that secrete surfactant

22
Q

Alveolar pores

A

Connect adjacent alveoli; allow pressure to be equalized among alveoli

23
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

A blood-air barrier created by the capillary and alveolar walls

24
Q

Pulmonary capillaries

A

Capillaries surrounding the alveoli

25
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins

26
Q

Surface tension

A

The tendancy of water to stick to itself- in the alveoli it is counteracted with surfactant.

27
Q

Which of the following statements about the lymphatic system is NOT true:

A. Lymphatic fluid consists of leaked interstitial fluid.
B. Lymphatic capillaries are found adjacent to tissue cells and blood capillaries.
C. The secondary lymphoid organs are those involved with the activation of lymphocytes.
D. Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart.

A

D. Like blood, lymph flows both to and from the heart

28
Q

Which of the following is a function of the thymus:

A. Primary maturation and training site for T lymphocytes early in life
B. Blood filtering
C. Lymphocyte proliferation

A

A.Primary maturation and training site for T lymphocytes early in life

29
Q

Which of the following would be classified as a lymphatic structure?

A. Pancreas
B. Spleen
C. Tonsils 
D. Peyer's patches
E. All the above except A
F. All the above expect C
A

E. All the above except A

30
Q

Which of the following statements about the innate immune system is NOT true?

A. The innate defense system consists of the surface barriers and internal defenses
B. Skin and mucous membranes have both structural and chemical defenses
C. Inflammation is the most important mechanism of the second line of defense
D. The innate immune system communicates with the adaptive immune system to alert it of foreign molecules.
E. All are true statements

A

E. All are true statements

31
Q

Which of the following statements about inflammation is NOT true:

A. The four signs of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, and pain
B. The immune response begins with the release of inflammatory chemicals which dilate arterioles and make capillaries leakier
C. Influx of blood through leaky capillaries cause redness and heat associated with inflammation
D. Macrophages are the first phagocytes to arrive at the site of inflammation
E. All Statements are true

A

D. Macrophages are the first phagocytes to arrive at the site of inflammation

32
Q

Fever_______

A. is higher than normal body temperature that is always dangerous
B. decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy
C. production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a higher setting
D. causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication

A

C. production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body’s thermostat to a higher setting

33
Q

Which of the following statements about humoral immunity is NOT true:

A. Humoral immunity does not exhibit immunological memory
B. Humoral immunity targets extracellular invaders- bacteria, viruses, bacterial protiens
C. Humoral immunity is mediated by B lymphocytes ( B cells)
D. A B cell identifies pathogens when antibodies on its surface bind to a specific foreign antigen
E. All are true statements

A

A. Humoral immunity does not exhibit immunological memory

34
Q

Which of the following statements about cellular immunity is NOT true:
A. Cellular immunity targets specific cells- those which are damaged or infected
B. Cellular immunity is mediated by T lymphocytes (T cells)
C. T cells can respond directly to antigens as well as to antigens presented to them by antigen presenting cells (APCs).
D. When T cells are activated and replicate, some become long-lived memory cells.
E. All are true statements.

A

C. T cells can respond directly to antigens as well as to antigens presented to them by antigen presenting cells (APCs).

35
Q

Which of the following refers to the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between pulmonary capillaries and the alveoli ?

A. Pulmonary ventilation
B. External respiration
C. Internal respiration
D. Cellular respiration

A

B. External respiration

36
Q

The alveoli are well suited to gas exchange because:

A. Their combined surface is huge
B. Their walls, a single squamous epithelium, are very thin
C. The presence of surfactant which decreases surface
D. All the above

A

D. All the above

37
Q

Air moves into the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is _______.

A. less than the pressure in the atmosphere
B. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
C. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere
D. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

A

A. less than the pressure in the atmosphere

38
Q

Factors that influence pulmonary ventilation include which of he following:

A. Lung compliance
B. Airway resistance
C. Alveolar surface tension
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

39
Q

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by _______.

A. humidifying the air before it enters
B. warming the air before it enters
C. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
D. protecting the surface of the alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

A

C. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

40
Q

How is the majority of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

A. chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the RBC’s
B. as the biocarbinate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells
C. as carbonic acid in the plasma
D. chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobin

A

B. as the biocarbinate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

41
Q

What is the biggest determinant in dictating how respiratory gases move across membranes?

A. H+ concentration of the blood
B. Partial pressure of the respiratory gases
C. Temperature of the tissue where gas exchange is occuring
D. The speed with which hemoglobin can load or unload the respiratory gases

A

B. Partial pressure of the respiratory gases

42
Q

Which is the correct pathway for air entering the trachea?

A. primary bronchi- secondary bronchi- tertiary bronchi- bronchioles- respiratory bronchioles- terminal branchioles- alveoli
B. Primary bronchi- secondary bronchi- tertiary bronchi- bronchioles- terminal bronchioles- respiratory bronchioles- alveoli
C. Primary bronchi- secondary bronchi- tertiary bronchi– terminal bronchioles- respiratory brochioles- bronchioles-alveoli
D. Primary bronchi- tertiary bronchi- secondary bronchi- bronchioles- terminal bronchioles- respiratory bronchioles- alveoli

A

B. Primary bronchi- secondary bronchi- tertiary bronchi- bronchioles- terminal bronchioles- respiratory bronchioles- alveoli

43
Q

which of the following is NOT true about how oxygen is carried in the blood:

A. The binding of O2 to hemoglobin causes hemoglobin to increase its affinity for binding more 02
B. After the blood passes through the arterial system it still holds about 75% of its available oxygen
C. The release of H+ from the conversion of Co2 to HCo3- decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for o2.
D. Hemoglobin’s affinity for o2 is inversly related to the concentration of CO2
E. Only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in blood is dissolved in the plasma itself
F. all are true statements

A

F. all are true statements

44
Q 
Which of the following factors would lower the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (i.e. cause hemoglobin to more readily release its oxygen)?
A. Decreased tissue temperature
B. Decreased pH (increase H+)
C. Decreased partial pressure of co2
D. Decreased BPG levels
E. All of the above
A

B. Decreased pH (increase H+)

45
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about how carbon dioxide is carried in the blood:
A. About 20% of CO2 in the blood is carried bound to hemoglobin
B. Reduced hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) has a greater affinity for CO2
C. The majority of CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate
D. All bicarbonate (HCO3-) is carried in the plasma though it is created and broken down in the RBCs.
E.All are true statements

A

E.All are true statements

46
Q

The Bohr effect states that hemoglobin’s binding affinity for o2 is inversely related to the concentrations of Co2. This means that carbon dioxide moving into the RBCs:
A. Will increase the concentration of H+ which binds to hemoglobin and decreases its affinity for O2.
B. Will decrease the concentration of H+ which binds to hemoglobin and decreases its affinity for O2.

A

A. Will increase the concentration of H+ which binds to hemoglobin and decreases its affinity for O2.

47
Q

A car accident victim was rushed to the emergancy room with a broken rib puncturing the left side of his chest cavity. The diagnosis was a pneumothorax and collapsed lung. Why did the lung collapse?

A. Intrapleural pressure become less negative than intrapulmonary pressure
B. Intrapleural pressure became more negative than intrapulmonary pressure
C. Atmospheric pressure became more negative than intrapulmonary pressure
D. Atmospheric pressure became less negative than intrapulmonary pressure

A

A. Intrapleural pressure become less negative than intrapulmonary pressure

48
Q

True or false: According to the oxygen saturation curve, at high PO2, large changes in PO2 (such as moving from sea level to mountian top) causes only small changes in Hb saturation.

A

True

Anatomy and Phis 2 (2 decks)

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