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Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the Pre-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system. Describe the origin, and length

A

The pre-ganglionic SNS fibers originate from cell bodies in the Thoracic or Lumbar regions of the spinal cord. They enter the Paravertebral chain of sympathetic ganglia.

  • Short Pre-ganglionic fibers
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2
Q

Describe the Post-ganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

These fibers tend to be long- going from the spinal cord to the effector
- They often have multiple innervations- very complex

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3
Q

Describe the Pre-ganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system, length and origin

A

Length- Long pre-ganglionic fibers.

Originate from the cell bodies in the Midbrain, Medulla Oblongata, and Sacral region of the spinal cord. They enter the ganglia close to or within the innervated structure. (go further to the periphery, near the organ of innervation)

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4
Q

Describe the post-ganglionic Parasympathetic Nervous system fibers.

A

These fibers tend to be short. Pre-ganglionic neurons went all the way out to the target.

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5
Q

When evaluating the body’s mechanistic response in a fight or flight situation, how will the vasculature of the body change?

A

Constriction of the peripheral vasculature around the skin as well as the vasculature servicing the other organs associated with parasympathetic drive. This response is Alpha 1 mediated.

  • in large skeletal muscles, there is a combination of both dilation and constriction of vasculature. Depending on the muscle involved. Alpha 1 receptors will facilitate vasoconstriction. Beta 2 receptors within the muscles will facilitate vasodilation to allow for more Oxygen and glucose distribution.
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6
Q

What would happen to the vasculature if you supplied the body an Alpha adrenergic agonist?

A

You would get constriction of all the vasculature.

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7
Q

What would happen to the vasculature if you supplied the body a Beta 2 selective agonist?

A

You would get dilation of all of the vasculature including cutaneous skin vasculature.

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8
Q

What would happen to the vasculature when NE or E is presented throughout the body?

A

You would primarily get a dilatory response of the skeletal muscle vasculature due to the presence of B2 receptors. There would also be the constriction of the vasculature in the peripheral locations (skin, and organs) where Alpha 1 receptors predominate.

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9
Q

How do Alpha 2 receptors react in the presence of Norepineprine

A

in the presence of extrasynaptic norepinephrine, at the level of blood vessels, vesoconstriction is stimulated.
Once a certain concentration of Norephineprine is reached, auto-inhibition is stimulated (negative feedback), causing an inhibition of NE release.

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10
Q

How do Alpha 1 receptors respond in the presence of Norepineprine?

A

Alpha 1 receptors are found in the vascular smooth muscle, and facilitate constriction of the blood vessels.
(kidneys, skin, skeletal muscle, and viscera)

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11
Q

How is the adrenal gland stimulated by sympathetic stimulation?

A

sympathetic neurons directly innervate the adrenal gland.

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12
Q

Where do you find B1 receptors and how do they respond to the presence of Norepineprine?

A

They are found within the SA node, Atria nd Ventricles of the heart.
- They stimulate an increased heart rate, contractility and conduction velocity

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13
Q

Where do you find B2 receptors and how do they respond to the presence of Norepineprine?

A

Pulmonary airway muscles. In the presence of norepineprine, dilation of the airways occurs. This facilitates a larger delivery of O2 to muscles.
This is also found in the vasculature of the skeletal muscles and in the presence of NE, facilitates dilation of blood vessels. (to receive more O2 from the already dilated bronchioles)

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14
Q

What receptors are associated with the stimulation of lipolysis

A

B3 receptors are linked to adipose tissue and are associated with the stimulation of lipolysis.

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15
Q

List 3 examples of Catecholamines.

A

Epinephrine, Norepineprine, Isoproteronol

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16
Q

List 3 classifications of Neoncatecholamines

A

Ephedrine
Phenylephrine
B2 agonists

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17
Q

List 3 B2 agonists

A

Albuterol, Clenbuterol, and Terbutaline

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18
Q

For the drug Ephedrine explain the drug characteristics, and uses

A

This is a noncatecholamine.
Pharmacology: Alpha (probably) and Beta agonist
- used to be foudn in dietary supplements B3 response. (resulted in the stimulation of lipolysis)
- This drug is banned by the FDA
- When used appropriately, it has potential ability to control the urinary bladder in a situation of urinary incontinence

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19
Q

For the drug Phenylephrine explain the drug characteristics, and uses

A

Noncatecholamine
Pharmacology: alpha agonist
Veterinary use: Hypotention and shock. Ophthamological- pupil dilation

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20
Q

Explain the drug Albuterol

A

This is a B2 agonist from the Noncatecholamine group.

- This is found in most fast acting inhalers that are in use- act really fast and have a short half life.

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21
Q

Explain the drug Clenbuterol

A

This is a B2 agonist in the noncatecholamine group.
- This is used in a chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasess (used in horses). This also has some B3 action. this enhances the lean fat partitioning and derives a leaner phenotype by stimulating lipolysis. This is banned in intercollegate sports as well as horse racing (due to the bronchodilation effects)

22
Q

Explain the drug Terbutaline

A

This is a B2 agonist that is classified as a Noncatecholamine.
- This drug is used in small animals as a bronchodilator. Cats have side effects making them loopy.

23
Q

What are Beta blockers used for

A

They are used to decrease the blood pressure by direct B1 mediated depression on the heart to decrease the cardiac output. For a long time the most widely used antihypersensitive drugs were Beta blockers.

24
Q

Describe the drug Propanalol.

A

This drug is a Beta 1 blocker, but has B2 activity as well. Atenalol has a smaller B2 effect. The side effects associated with blocking B2 is not good.

25
Q

Describe the drug Atenolol

A

This drug is a B blocker. It is commonly used for hypertension in dogs and cats. This can be used to slow a tachycardic heart to calm B1 receptors. The use has an anti-stress/antianziety drug to keep the heart depressed. This blocks a lot of the sympathetic drive.
- The use of this is banned in NCAA rifle

26
Q

List the Alpha blockers discussed

A

Phenoxybenzamine

Phentolamine

27
Q

Describe the drug Phenoxybenzamine

A

Pharmacology: Alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist.

Veterinary use: Decreased sphincter tone (urinary incontinence)

28
Q

Describe the drug Phentolamin

A

Pharmacology: alpha 1 and alpha 2 antagonist
Veterinary use: to save epinephrine injected digits.
- Pheochromacytoma- adrenal gland producing excessive epinephrine causing a blood pressure discrepancy

This is an off label viagra substitute.

29
Q

Why is lidocaine used in combination with epinephrine?

What are potential side effects?

A

The lidocaine is functioning as a local anesthetic. the epinephrine causes vasoconstriction to keep the anesthetic at the desired site by alpha 1 adrenergic receptor mediated vasoconstriction.

Side effects: Bradycardia from stimulation of the Barro- reflex. This is due to the sharp vasoconstriction of the vasculature.

30
Q

What are clinical uses of Catecholamines?

A
  • Local anesthetics- in combination with lidocaine
  • Hemostatic- vasoconstriction
  • Cardiac arrest, AV block- stimulate vasoconstriction to increase the peripheral blood pressure. This will help stimulate the heart to work again.
  • Anaphylactic shock and allergic reactions. - B2 mediated dilation of bronchioles. This will also reestablish peripheral blood pressure.
31
Q

What nerves are considered cholinergic?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic, pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic nerves, as well as somatic nerves.

32
Q

Where do you find muscarinic ACh Receptors?

A

These receptors are on the tissue and receive input from the postganglionic parasympathetic nerves

33
Q

What neurotransmitter acts on the adrenal gland from the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

34
Q

Define Cholinergic or Cholinomimetic

A

These are drugs that produce ACh-like effects

35
Q

Define Parasympathomimetic

A

Durgs that produce ACh-like effects at parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions (muscarinic receptors)

36
Q

What are the mechanisms that parasympathomimetic drugs work?

A

Direct acting- agonists at the msucarinic ACh Receptors
Cholinesterase inhibitors- blockers of acetylcholinesterases that degreade endogenous ACh. This blocks the ACh degredation

37
Q

Define parasympatholytic

A

Drugs that block or inhibit ACh-like effects at parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions

38
Q

What muscarinic receptor is associated wtih the urinary bladder?

A

M3

39
Q

List the Cholinomimetic Alkaloids

A
  • these drugs are plant derived compounds
    Pilocarpine
    Arecoline
    Muscarine
40
Q

What drug from the Cholinomimetic Alkaloid group is highly addictive, and consumed by 10-15% of the world

A

Arecoline

41
Q

What are the common causes of urinary incontinence

A
  • hormonal deficiencies
  • neurological dysfunction
  • Ectopic ureters
  • Obstructions
42
Q

What are treatments for hormone responsive urinary incontinence?

A
  • Oral Diethylstilbesterol (DES) - hormone replacing therapy
  • Phenylpropanolamine (PPA)- Alpha adrenergic agonist helps to close the bladder sphincter
    increased urethral tone, and risk of stroke
43
Q

What is used to treat urge incontinence in dogs

A

Oxybutynin - muscarinic antagonist.

  • blocks inappropriate urge on urinary bladder that makes you have the urge of going all the time.
  • Causes dry mouth
44
Q

What drug is used to treat glaucoma?

A

Pilocarpine- targets the muscarinic receptors on the pupil

45
Q

What are adverse effects of parasympathomimetics?

A
  • slowing of the heart rate and AV block
  • Increased airway resistance
  • Hypotension- due to relaxation of vasculature
46
Q

What are reversible cholinesterase inhibitors?

A
  • Physostigmine
    Neostigmine
    Edrophonium
    Pyridostigmine
47
Q

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase?

A

it terminates the action of endogenous Ach at just about every site where Ach is released.

48
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

This is due to a decrease in nicotinic AChR due to congenitla or autoimmune attack of nAChR

49
Q

What category of drugs are irreversable Cholinesterase inhibitors?

A

Organophosphates

50
Q

When an animal has organophosphate toxicity, how does it appear.

A

This looks like a parasympathetic response.

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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