exam 2 Flashcards
when presence of others discourages individual from intervening in emergency situation (Latane & Darley, 1970)
Bystander Effect
action by individuals who represent neither victims nor offenders who:
help a victim
stop an offender
get others to help
Bystander intervention
Notice that something is happening
- Interpret event as an emergency
- Take responsibility for providing help
- Decide how to help
- Provide help
5 steps to helping in an emergency Latane & Darley (1970)
additional bystanders reduce personal feelings of obligation in the situation
Diffusion of Responsibility
Experience of being judged when in a group
Evaluation Apprehension
Looking to others for the proper course of action while everyone else does the same
Pluralistic Ignorance
1st generation of CPTED focuses on:
Physical Design
helps to encourage communities to act as eyes on the street & care about what they are watching
2nd Generation CPTED
Quality of life in a neighborhood is directly impacted by safety from crime & fear within that neighborhood
Quality of life result from effectively combining a holistic range of sustainable strategies (e.g. public health), rather than only modifications to physical environment
3rd generation CPTED
3 types of stolen goods handlers
Those who know goods are stolen (fence)
those who “half know”
Those who really do not know
The proper design & effective use of the built environment can lead to a reduction in fear & crime & improvement in quality of life (Crowe, 2000)
CPTED
Building/area-clean, well-maintained, & graffiti-free
Instills pride among residents
Image Management
Denying/limiting access through physical barriers
Fences/gates
Security doors
Locks
*Excessive use=fortress mentality
Target Hardening
Concerns capacity of spaces to influence crime in adjacent areas
Assess potential influence of crime levels of proximal land uses that may generate crime
Geographical Juxtaposition
places where offenders spend time before or after committing crimes
Offender Convergence settings
